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Correspondence regarding the commemoration of the anniversary of the death of Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Correspondence from the Gen. Alvaro Obregón Civic Association whose President is B.A. Aarón Sáenz and Chief Clerk is Engr. Luis G. Franco. Invitation to the literary and musical night event dedicated to Gen. Alvaro Obregón and organized by the Executive Regional Committee of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Invitation to attend the tribute at the monument to Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Invitation to the dedication of an obelisk in Teoloyucan, State of Mexico, organized by the Bloque of Intellectual Laborers, presided over by Engr. Juan de Dios Bojórquez. / Correspondencia relativa a la conmemoración del aniversario de la muerte del Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Correspondencia de la Asociación Cívica Gral. Alvaro Obregón cuyo Presidente es el Lic. Aarón Sáenz y cuyo Oficial Mayor es el Ing. Luis G. Franco. Invitación a la velada literario-musical dedicada al Gral. Alvaro Obregón y organizada por el Comité Ejecutivo Regional del Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Invitación para asistir al homenaje en el monumento al Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Invitación a la inauguración de un obelisco en Teoloyucan, Estado de México, organizada por el Bloque de Obreros Intelectuales, presidido por el Ing. Juan de Dios Bojórquez.

He explains that history examines the rise and fall of nations and cultures, with their heroes and political leaders, as well as a testimony of human experiments to live together in war and in peace; of their struggles for bread, comfort and faith; of their general ideas and of their collective symbols. ; Explica que la historia examina el surgimiento y el ocaso de las naciones y de las culturas, con sus héroes y sus líderes políticos, así como es un testimonio de los experimentos humanos para vivir juntos en la guerra y en la paz; de sus luchas por el pan, la comodidad y la fé; de sus ideas generales y de sus símbolos colectivos.

" Correspondence exchanged among Mrs. María Tapia-Obregón and Misters Humberto, Fernando Torreblanca and B.A. Aarón Sáenz, regarding the commemoration of the anniversary of the death of Gen. Alvaro Obregón and Humberto Obregón's disappointment that the events are being organized by B.A. Aarón Sáenz, who he considers to be undeserving of this job. A brochure is included which includes Engr. Luis L. León's speech and Captain of the Guard Gustavo Villatorio's poem, recited by Manual Bernal. Essay and speech from Engr. Carlos Contreras H. in honor of Gen. Alvaro Obregón. / Correspondencia entre la Sra. María Tapia Vda. de Obregón y los Srs. Humberto Obregón, Fernando Torreblanca y Lic. Aarón Saénz, relativa a la conmemoración del aniversario de la muerte del Gral. Alvaro Obregón y al disgusto de Humberto Obregón porque son organizados por el Lic. Aarón Sáenz, a quien él considera poco digno. Se incluye un folleto que contiene el discurso del Ing. Luis L. León y el poema del Cap. del Estado Mayor, Gustavo Villatorio, declamado por Manuel Bernal. Escrito y discurso del Ing. Carlos Contreras H. en honor del Gral. Alvaro Obregón."

Se reseñan las siguientes obras: - Cabrera, Ángel L. Manual de la flora de los alrededores de Buenos Aires . 1953. - Instituto Geográfico Militar. Atlas de la República Argentina. Físico, político y estadístico . 1ª ed., 1953. - Font Quer, P. Diccionario de Botánica . 1953. - Faucher, D. Geographie agraire. (Types de cultures) . 1949. - Tyner, L. E. The control of loose smut of barley and wheat by Spergon and by soaking in water at room temperature . Phytopathology 43 (6): 313-316, 1953. - Stevens, N. E. and R.B. Stevens. Disease in plants . 1 vol., 1952. - Verona, O. Microbiologia delle fermentazioni e microbiologia industriale . 1952. - Wellman, F. L. The Americas face up to threat of coffee rust . Foreign Agriculture, 17 (3): 47-52, 1953. - Timmons, F. L. India fights a land invader. Part of a determined nation's effort to grow more food . Foreign Agriculture, 16 (5): 99-102, 1952. - Hojas divulgadoras. - Boletín informativo. ; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Correspondence exchanged among Misters Fernando Torreblanca, Enrique Liekens, B.A. Aarón Sáenz and Engr. Luis G. Franco, President and Secretary, respectively, of the Gen. Alvaro Obregón Civic Association. The correspondence is in regards to the organization of the tributes and meetings in honor of Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Anthem dedicated to Gen. Alvaro Obregón; lyrics by Enrique Liekens and music by Maestro Pablo Marín Hernández. Invitation to attend the tribute. Brochure which includes the speech given by B.A. Guillermo Ibarra at the tribute to Gen. Alvaro Obregón. It is titled "Alvaro Obregón, Guide of the Mexican Revolution" and was published by the Regional Executive Committee of the Revolutionary Institutional Party. Printout of the following article: ABITIA, Jesús H., "The secret of Gen. Alvaro Obregón's success", DIARIO DE MEXICO, Mexico City. July 17th, 1957. Letter from the Governor of Sonora, Mr. Alvaro Obregón, thanking Mr. Fernando Torreblanca for all the attention he gave to the anniversary of the death of the former's father. / Correspondencia entre los Srs. Fernando Torreblanca, Enrique Liekens, Lic. Aarón Sáenz e Ing. Luis G. Franco, Presidente y Secretario respectivamente, de la Asociación Cívica Gral. Alvaro Obregón, relativa a la organización de los homenajes y reuniones en honor del Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Himno al Gral. Alvaro Obregón; letra de Enrique Liekens y música del Mtro. Pablo Marín Hernández. Invitación para asistir al homenaje. Folleto que contiene el discurso pronunciado por el Lic. Guillermo Ibarra en el homenaje al Gral. Alvaro Obregón; lleva el título "Alvaro Obregón, Guía de la Revolución Mexicana", y fue publicado por el Comité Ejecutivo Regional del Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Impreso del artículo: ABITIA, Jesús H., "El secreto del éxito del Gral. Alvaro Obregón", DIARIO DE MEXICO, México, D.F. Julio 17, 1957. Carta del Gobernador de Sonora, Sr. Alvaro Obregón, agradeciendo al Sr. Fernando Torreblanca todas las atenciones que tuvo enel aniversario de la muerte de su padre.

The supremacy of the public service principleover the "merit" ando "career" principies needs to be stressed. The'la:fter' two are rneans ofattracting and retaining the bestqualified candídates; but in certain' situations undue emphasis given to them may' .actually undermine' administr.ative efficiency, guaranteeing tenure to inept employees, and shielding party or group efforts to insure special advantages for their members. As an over-reaction to the spoils system, an unqualified separation between politics and personne1 management has frequently been postulated in theory and practice. The rnerit system, however, cannot be carried into efect if it lacks sincere support from the political authorities. On the other hand, the party that comes to power needs a loyal and capable administration of its programo The danger exists, too, of consolidating a bureaucracy inmune, and therefore irresponsible, to the electoral decisions. If the behavior of the civil servants is patterned after the more basic norms and values of the politícal constitution and of the culture, the continuity of the administrative services through succesive changes of parties in power will be insured. What is essential, firstly, is to achieve consensus on fundamental issues. Then, to proceed with more specific instrumentation. Each society must adhere elosely to its own socio-psycho-cultural outline. Since 1907 Cuba has a Civil Service Law, patterned after the United States. Its aim: to guarantee the merit system. Its achievement: notorious cynicism, corruption and inefficiency. Colombia's 1938 Administratíve Career Law is almost inoperative, although it ineludes many , progressive and worthwhile elements. In Ecuador a law to establish the administrative career on the basic of rnerit failed, because no effort was made toeducate either citizens or leaders. Since 1950 El Salvador keeps up, in paper, a merit system which cannot be put into practioe because the basic law has not been passed. In 1907 Puerto Rico enacted a Civil Service Law, which specified procedures, norms and penalties. In 1931 a training program, a classi-fication scheme.and a salary plan were drawn, but not until 1947 were the basic principles achieved. After all these years, the Office of Personne1 stands today upon firm political support and has attained high levels of honesty, efficiency and dernocratic responsibility. These different Latin American case histories point to certain conclusions. The systematization of legal precepts, institutional structures and techniques, should be firrnly based on political support and on the capacity of those who are to administer the Civil Service. The role of the principal political leaders will be decisive in this respecto The examples cited iUustrate the errors incurred .when, without making the necessaryadaptations, a culture borrows indiscriminately from the techniques developed by others ; Resumen en inglés.

The new Federation of the British territories of the Caribbean area will come into being in 1957, with the first federal elections under the new constítutional arrangements probably being held early in 1956. In this article Professor Lewís sets out the general background of West Indian society wíthin which the Federal Government will operate. A short inítial historical background of the federal idea is followed by .a discussion of the varied factors that make Federation a logical step for these dispersed and poverty-stricken islands. This is followed, in turn, by two larger sections, The first of these deals in detail with the general socia'! and psychological conditions of West Indian society; with sorne particular reference being paid to social attitudes of the peasant and worker in that society; the relationship between them and the elements of West Indian government; the role of color in social and individual relationships; the problem of a superimposed British culture-pattern upon a colonial people; and the kind of public policy that will have to be pursued by imaginative government if a West Indian answer 1S to be provided to the West Indian question, The second larger section analyzes the character of politics and political parties in the British Caribbean. It includes a description of the pllesent forms of constitutional and political rule in the Crown Colonysystem and an analysis of the various factors that explain the comparative imrnaturity of disciplined and principled political partíes in the region. Note is taken of the recent rise of new party organizatíons which promise to replace the old forrns with new structures and new social and economic philosophies more attuned to the rising demand for responsible self-government in the area, possibly to end in Dominion Status of the region within the Cornrnonwealth. Note is likewise taken of those aspects of the proposed Federa'! Constitution which impíge upon these aspects of West Indian government. The final and shorter section of the article deals with the growth of a Caribbean national culture and consciousness within the British area. For the development of federal self-government is only one aspect of the rise of colonial nationalism within the Caribbean; one of the problems of the federal venture, in turn, will be that of adjusting its machinery and its outlook to the demands of that nationalist spirít. In this sense, the Caribbean reflects the larger spirit of racial and nationalist self-assertiveness that is to be seen in the Asian and African continents. The article closes by drawing attention to the fact that the stubborn anglophilism of the British Caribbean, along with its nearness to the United States, suggests that the region may become an experiment in the meeting and the mixture of the old and the new worlds in the twentieth century. ; Resumen en inglés.

Reversible actions and reactions between organism and environment in regard to life upon the American high plateaus lead to en adaptative process whose goal is acclimatization. As a consequence of the alluded interactions the organism may become adjusted either to live in the altitude individual acclimatization or to Iive and to reproduce, race acclimatization. To the author this phase of adjustment (adaptation) implies a form of Mountain Sickness to which he was the first to call attention in 1928. When Mountain Sickness is cured, acclimatization supervenes. Some men never get acclimatized. They develop Chronic Mountain Sickness and die. A form of survival is migration to the low lands. The environment assailment-climatic aggresion,-may be defined as the noxious action of the Andean climate ("temple", from the Greek, meaning "dwelling-place") upon the dwellers from low lands and that of the sea coast upon the mountain men. The physiografic forces act upon the individual and the race in such a definite way that the behavior of high plateau societies has been confronted by its perennial influence. Thus it is not surprising that it can be traced in the historic documents and books about Tahuantisuyo and the Colonial Spanish Epoch. It has been proved that these facts were contemplated in the Inca's social legislation and that Pachacutec and other kings tood advantage of their knowledge in their war tactics (Garcilaso de la Vega). Climatic aggresion can be traced also in human and animal reproduction. The "San Nicolas de Tolentino miracle" concerning the first offspring born from Spanish ascendance fifty years after the Spaniards arrived at Potosi (12000 feet altitude), finds that the biological explanation is through a slow process of progressive race acclimatization of the human specie. The act of foundation of Lima (Lima, the capital of Perú, was foundation in 1535 and is 500 feet above sea level). points out that the capital was transferredfrom Jauja (10,500 feet altitude) to sea level because the pigs, horses and fowl did not reproduce. The observations of Father Cobo (XVII century) concerning the descendants (by crossing Spanish and Indian blood) might be considered as Mendelian anticipations. As a result of the balanced interdependence of man and milieu, acclimatization of Andean natives and foreign people may he considered as a rule by the fixation of men and animals on the Andes from a prehistoric time.Training for athletes implies the compensation of an oxygen debt produced by progressive exercise above normal requirements. Therefore the permanent altitude oxygen deficit, conversaly, must condition a compulsory stimulus to create athletics. Thus, to get accustomed to exercise is the altitude law of the body. Now, all the investigators agree on the extraordinary strength of the Andean men, and Colonial writers stress the fact that physical culture was incorporated in their daily life: in locating their cities and houses on trop of the countains; in their social organization, foot messengers (Chasquis) and Inca stretcher carriers; in the different cult expressions (apachetas ), in the selection of the nobility class (Huaracu's festivity and the "orejones", big ear rings ordeal) and finally in the wedding ceremonials (Acataimita and Paltay festivals). In these cases the training was carried out as for Olympic games, according to the strictest rules: camp concentration, adequate food, psychological tests, physical culture, abstinence and hygienic life in order to be fitted for the games. To the winners belonged the rights and honors. A bio-climatic determinism was actually impressed in the building of their societies so deeply saturated with the telluric environment. That is the answer to the sense of human migrations to lands of the same climate and the return nomadism which constitute the mitimaes organization, some kind of internal colonization built up on a cIimatic foundation. As a consequence, the continuous changes of population brought a perennial crossing of men from different lands but always keeping this transfer at a similar altitude and the same land. Thus the Inca's sociology was bio-cIimatic. The biological influence of the altitude was noticed in the individual, the race and the societies of America in peace, war and in colonization. The Spanish crown knew this fact and tried to promote it with adequate legislation that unfortunately remained only written. The Republic ignores this problem. During the emancipation wars whenever the Argentine troops fought in low lands as it happened in the proximity of Jujuy (1236 meters above sea level}, Salta (1185 meters) and Tucuman (477 meters) they were the winners, while they were defeated by the Andean high altitude troops in the Alto Perú, above 3,000 meters of altitude (Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma and Guaqui.). San Martin refused to cross the high plateaus, as if he had an intuition about the climatic agression which had defeated the men of the low, lands previously. All the writers agree on the outstanding feature of the contradictory behavior of men: in their place of origin they were prominent warriors or showed good fighting spirit, but they lost their skill when they were at a high altitude. From the industrial standpoint, the knowledge of inferlity brought about by high altitude, has allowed selection of animals suited for reproduction. This selection has greatly improved the farming industry at high plateaus. As we have emphasized, climatic aggression on the reproductive organs has been shown since the arrival of the Spaniards to the Andes. The wisdom of the Inca's sociological laws as it appears from a historic standpoint confirms the knowledge they had about the influence of the high plateaus climate upon the individual, the race and the andean american soeieties. ; Acciones y reacciones reversibles entre organismo y ambiente crean un proceso permanente adaptativo que conduce a la aclimatación. En realidad la adaptación es una forma de Mal de Altura cuya curación es la aclimatación. Se trata pues de una noxa climática que actúa sobre el individuo y la raza a punto tal que ha quedado enjuiciado en los relatos, documentos y libros de los comentarios o Historiadores del Tahuantisuyo y la Colonia, La "agresión climática" aparece definida por la acción nociva del "temple" andino para los costeños y del 'temple" costeño para los serranos. Tal factor fué contemplado en la Legislación social del Incario y Pachacutec y otros Incas la utilizaron en la táctica de la guerra (Garcilaso ). Se dejó sentir visiblemente la "agresión climática" en la reproducción humana y animal, Sobre lo primero el milagro de San Nicolás de Tolentino referente al primer hijo de padres españoles logrado en Potosí, tiene todas las características de un tan sensacional acontecimiento que entró en la tradición de la Villa hasta que la Escuela Médica Peruana encontró su explicación biológica, demostrando que, en la altura, a la fertilidad se llegó mediante un proceso lento de aclimatación progresiva de las razas españolas en los elevados altiplanos de Sud-américa. Análogo hecho se recoge del Acta de la Fundación de Lima y al mismo se refiere insistentemente el Padre Cobo. También aparecen informaciones precisas sobre la preocupación genética de las sociedades autóctonas del Tahuantisuyo al prohibirse el matrimonio entre hermanos contra lo admitido generalmente, pues sólo fué a partir del gobierno de Tupac Yupanqui, que se autorizó tal cosa y únicamente para sujetos de sangre real. Es interesante anotar que sobre el mestizaje indo-hispánico estableciera el Padre Cobo conclusiones genéticas que pueden estimarse como anticipaciones mendelianas. Queremos dejar claramente establecido que la adaptación, y la aclimatación de raza en la altura constituye un hecho perfectamente establecido como lo demuestra la descendencia hispánica en los Andes,. La regla en la aclimatación es la fertilidad. Si al atletismo se obtiene creando un déficit de oxígeno por encima del requerimiento normal; el déficit de oxígeno permanente de la altitud debe conducir necesariamente al atletismo. Luego el acostumbramiento a la fatiga debe ser la ley orgánica de altura. Pues bien todos los Cronistas están conformes en hablamos de la extraordinaria resistencia física del andino y como el cultivo del esfuerzo se incorporó profundamentalmente en su vida diaria -ciudades y viviendas en las cumbres; en su organización social, chasquis y cargadores del Inca; en las distintas formas del culto-apachetas; en la selección de la nobleza, fiesta del Huaracu, orden de los "orejones" y en fin en las ceremonias nupciales, fiestas del Atacaimita y Paltay - En todas ellas el entrenamiento en lo que respecta a concentración, alimentación y ejercicios atléticos y vida rigurosamente higiénica era análogo a lo que ocurrió en los juegos olímpicos de Grecia y en la preparación actual de las Olimpiadas. La raza autóctona estuvo tan hondamente impregnada del ambiente telúrico que en la constitución de las sociedades tenía que actuar, imperativamente, un determinismo bio-climático. Así se explica el sentido de las migraciones a localidades del mismo temple y el nomadismo de retorno de la organización de los Mitimaes, lo que trajo como consecuencia un cruzamiento incesante que daba homogeneidad a la raza, cuidando siempre de la estabilidad del clima de altura. La Sociología incaica pues fué bio-climática; la influencia biológica del altiplano se dejó sentir en el hombre, la raza y las sociedades de América en la paz, en la guerra y en la colonización. La Corona de España conoció el hecho y trató de fomentarlo con una abundantísima legislación que sólo quedó escrita. La República ignora este problema. En las guerras de emancipación toda vez que las tropas porteñas combatieron en localidades de escasa elevación, como ocurrió en las proximidades de Jujuy (1236 m. sobre el nivel del mar), Salta (1185 m.) y Tucumán (477 m.) salieron vencedoras, mientras que fueron derrotadas por los ejércitos andinos en el Alto Perú, por encima de 3000 m. de altitud, Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma y Huaqui. San Martín se negó a atravesar el altiplano como si tuviera la intuición biológica de la agresión climática que históricamente venció a los hombres del Llano. El Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina hace un llamamiento para que los pueblos indo-hispánicos reciban de los poderes del Estado la protección que su biología reclama y que el problema de la vida y de las sociedades andinas que con tanta devoción lo está resolviendo la Universidad de San Marcos reciba todo el apoyo que la Nación debe darle.