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Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are the next generation of engineered systems into which computing, communication, and control technologies are now being closely integrated. They play an increasingly important role in critical infrastructures, governments and everyday life. Security is crucial in CPS, but they were not, unfortunately, initially conceived as a secure environment, and if these security issues are to be incorporated, then security must be considered from the very beginning of the system design. One way in which to solve this problem is by having a global perspective, which can be achieved by employing a Reference Architecture (RA), since it is a high-level abstraction of a system that could be useful in the implementation of complex systems. It is widely accepted that adding elements in order to address many security factors (integrity, confidentiality, availability, etc.) and facilitate the definition of the security requirements of a Security Reference Architecture (SRA) is a good starting point when attempting to solve these kinds of cybersecurity problems and protect the system from the beginning of the development. An SRA makes it possible to define the key elements of a specific environment, thus allowing a better understanding of the inherent elements of the environments, while promoting the integration of security aspects and mechanisms. The present paper, therefore, presents the definition of an SRA for CPS by using UML models in an attempt to facilitate secure CPS implementations.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are the next generation of engineered systems into which computing, communication, and control technologies are now being closely integrated. They play an increasingly important role in critical infrastructures, governments and everyday life. Security is crucial in CPS, but they were not, unfortunately, initially conceived as a secure environment, and if these security issues are to be incorporated, then security must be considered from the very beginning of the system design. One way in which to solve this problem is by having a global perspective, which can be achieved by employing a Reference Architecture (RA), since it is a high-level abstraction of a system that could be useful in the implementation of complex systems. It is widely accepted that adding elements in order to address many security factors (integrity, confidentiality, availability, etc.) and facilitate the definition of the security requirements of a Security Reference Architecture (SRA) is a good starting point when attempting to solve these kinds of cybersecurity problems and protect the system from the beginning of the development. An SRA makes it possible to define the key elements of a specific environment, thus allowing a better understanding of the inherent elements of the environments, while promoting the integration of security aspects and mechanisms. The present paper, therefore, presents the definition of an SRA for CPS by using UML models in an attempt to facilitate secure CPS implementations.

Part 1: Knowledge Discovery and Sharing ; International audience ; According to a widely shared view, manufacturing is currently un- dergoing its fourth industrial revolution, termed "Industrie 4.0" in the high-tech strategy of the German government. Smart Factories with vertically and hori- zontally integrated production systems are enabled through the realization of machines, storage systems and utilities as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), which are able to share information, act, and control each other autonomously. The development of CPS requires the collaboration of different disciplines, like mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science. This cre- ates new challenges for Requirements Engineering (RE), which needs to estab- lish a common perception of the targeted CPS for the involved stakeholders. This paper will elaborate the specific challenges in RE for CPS based on a lit- erature review. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used as an approach to automatically translate shared informal requirements specifications to formal domain specific models for the involved disciplines, to develop a comprehen- sive RE methodology for CPS.

This unique introduction to the foundational concepts of cyber-physical systems (CPS) describes key design principles and emerging research trends in detail. Several interdisciplinary applications are covered, with a focus on the wide-area management of infrastructures including electric power systems, air transportation networks, and health care systems. Design, control and optimization of cyber-physical infrastructures are discussed, addressing security and privacy issues of networked CPS, presenting graph-theoretic and numerical approaches to CPS evaluation and monitoring, and providing readers with the knowledge needed to operate CPS in a reliable, efficient, and secure manner. Exercises are included. This is an ideal resource for researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering and computer science, as well as for practitioners using cyber-physical systems in aerospace and automotive engineering, medical technology, and large-scale infrastructure operations.

This paper is closed access until it is published. ; For several industries, the development of a safety case for the systems they use is a legal requirement. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) introduces high levels of complexity due to the significant levels of embedded intelligence they include and their highly interconnected nature. Current approaches to safety case development are challenged by CPS. In this paper, we present an approach to safety case development that is applicable to interconnected systems (Systems of Systems) that include human behavior. Although the approach is shown to work well for a military close air support case study, it is not considered adequate for most CPS. The approach is presented, as this may be helpful for those interested in developing safety cases for wellbounded Systems of Systems, but it is considered that further research is required to develop an approach suited to CPS more generally.

Kardas, Geylani/0000-0001-6975-305X ; WOS:000637166600001 ; The development of Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) draws more interest from both researchers and industrial practitioners considering the opportunities they offer in almost all areas of industry. However, the engineering and management of CPS are challenging tasks due to their inherent heterogeneity and complexity characteristics. Regarding the development of CPS, there currently exists no standard methodology owing to the complexity of the domain. One of the key approaches to reduce the development complexity for CPS is Model-driven Engineering (MDE), which is frequently used in many industrial domains for software development to increase the level of platform abstraction. Nevertheless, it is always almost challenging, especially for the new researchers in this field, to determine the appropriate tools and languages to perform a particular MDE activity during CPS development. To the best of our knowledge, there is no guideline that demonstrates which language(s)/tool(s) to use for the various MDE techniques/phases for the development of CPS. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study that focuses on identifying and classifying the recent research practices pertaining to CPS development by applying MDE approaches. With the objective of providing a general overview of the field, the study evaluates 140 research papers published during 2010-2018. Accordingly, a precise view of the various MDE tools and languages used in the development life-cycle of CPS, addressed MDE techniques/activities, and targeted CPS components is presented. We believe that the conducted study will guide researchers and practitioners to identify appropriate tools and languages according to the system requirements. It may also help in getting an overall understanding of the research trends for further research and development on the MDE of CPS. ; Turkish Government for Turkiye Scholarships (YTB) Program; COST Action: Multi-Paradigm Modeling for Cyber-Physical Systems (MPM4CPS) [IC1404]; EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 ; Mustafa Abshir Mohamed would like to thank Turkish Government for Turkiye Scholarships (YTB) Program. Moharram Challenger and Geylani Kardas would also like to thank the European Cooperation in Science & Technology COST Action networking mechanisms and support of COST Action IC1404: Multi-Paradigm Modeling for Cyber-Physical Systems (MPM4CPS). COST was supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020.

Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung IPA in Stuttgart entwickelt cyber-physische Systeme (CPS) für das Produktionsumfeld. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Arbeiten und Anwendungen sind Teil des Showcases "Autonome Produktion" im "Applikationszentrum Industrie 4.0". Abteilungsübergreifend wurden verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche für cyber-physische Systeme in der Produktion erforscht und anwendungsnahe Lösungen entwickelt. Ausgewählte Arbeiten werden getrennt nach den Themenbereichen IT, Intralogistik, Sicherheit und Produktionsoptimierung vorgestellt.
 
The Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA in Stuttgart develops cyber-physical systems (CPS) for the production environment. The research and applications presented in this article are part of the showcases "Autonomous Production" in the "Application Center Industrie 4.0". Different areas of application for cyber-physical systems in production have been evaluated and application-oriented solutions developed. The article presents selected work according to the thematic areas of IT, intralogistics, safety and production optimization.

Design, development and deployment of cyber-physical systems (CPS), in particular human-centric CPS, is growing at a rapid pace, with the continuing downward trend in silicon costs and increasing demand for automation in the home, office, cities and national infrastructure, to cut costs, increase efficiencies and use less natural resources. Human-centric CPS can play pivotal a part in improving human well-being and safety, improve security and emergency evacuation, as well as helping us meet the worldwide targets for climate change set out by the Paris Agreement, involving the development and deployment of smart-homes, -cities and -countries developed by government, industry and academia, to reduce energy and resource waste. However, simulating and analysing a human-centric CPS remains a challenging task, involving simulation of distributed systems in tandem with human-mobility, real-world physics and phenomena. Instead these simulations are often carried out in distinct disconnected tools, resulting in poor end-to-end testing and disjointed analysis of the CPS in different scenarios. Cyber-physical systems interact with the physical world, hence, poorly tested systems can cause more harm than good, damaging infrastructure, harming people and even risking lives when systems fail. Existing tools for simulating and analysing human-centric cyber-physical systems do not support real-time simulation of environments with dynamic human-mobility and phenomena-on-demand, instead only supporting static scenarios using recorded traces. In this thesis we present a novel cyber-physical system simulation framework for the simulation and analysis of human-centric cyber-physical systems. The framework utilises a video game engine to simulate the real world, create human-mobility of individuals and crowds that adapt to the environment, and generate phenomena-on-demand. The CPS is simulated using the Cooja WSN simulator, providing accurate and scalable simulation of deployable code. Using the virtual world within the game engine, we've developed a novel approach to analysing simulations, coined ``visual diffing'', enabling developers to visually compare the physical and virtual activity of two simulations simultaneously intuitively within the context of the visual simulation. We demonstrate the framework through two human-centric CPS case studies, which evaluate the problems of presence-based office lighting and dynamic fire evacuation navigation. Both problems rely upon the accurate simulation of the virtual environment, the human agents within it and the interaction between the cyber, physical and human aspects of the system. We demonstrate that the use of a game engine to simulate the real world, model human-mobility using behaviour trees and enable visual diffing, provides a feasible way to simulate and analyse human-centric CPS to test and discover differences between different simulated scenarios. We also evaluate the performance and trade-offs of realising this approach. ; Open Access

This article investigates the possible benefits of complex system governance (CSG) as a foundation for enhancing cybersecurity in critical cyber-physical systems (CPS). CPS are intrinsically linked to cyberspace and vulnerable to a wide range of risks stemming from physical and cyber threats. There remains a lack of robust frameworks for addressing the issue of cybersecurity for CPS at the metasystem level. In response, the authors suggest CSG as an organizing construct capable of providing a greater degree of cohesion and as a means to provide for design, execution, and evolution of 'metasystemic' functions necessary to provide for communication, control, and coordination, and integration is critical to the cybersecurity of CPS. In this article, CSG is introduced as a potential construct for enhancing cybersecurity in CPS. A hypothetical case study application is then provided to illustrate the potential for this research. Finally, the authors offer conclusions and suggest future research. Keywords Case Study, Complex System Governance, Cyber-Physical Systems, Management Cybernetics, Metasystem Function, Power Grid, Systems Thinking

In the field of model-based design of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), seamless traceability of the process, from requirements to models to simulation results, is becoming increasingly important. It can be used to support several activities such as variant handling, impact analysis, component reuse, software maintenance and evolution, verification, and validation. Despite the fact that the relevance of traceability in the model-based design of CPSs is well known, current tools that support traceability management are inadequate in practice. The lack of comprehensive whole-lifecycle systems engineering support in a single tool is one of the main causes of such ineffective traceability management, where traceability relationships between artifacts are still manually generated and maintained. This paper aims at presenting an approach and a prototype for automatically generating and maintaining the appropriate traceability links between heterogeneous artifacts ranging from requirement models, through design models, down to simulation and verification results throughout the product life cycle in model-based design of CPSs. A use case study is presented to validate and illustrate the proposed method and prototype. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Government; European Union in the H2020 INTO-CPS project; Vinnova in the ITEA OPENCPSVinnova; EMBRACE project; Open Source Modelica Consortium

The manufacturing industry is facing a technology paradigm change, as also captured in the Industrie 4.0 vision as the fourth industrial revolution. Future smart industries will require to optimize not only their own manufacturing processes but also the use of products and manufacturing resources, their maintenance and their recycling. In this context the strengths and weak nesses of two key concepts, namely Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Intelligent Product (IP) are discussed, and it is suggested that an integration of these two approaches to meet the introduced emergent requirements is beneficial. The integration of CPS and IP is shown via two real-world industrial cases, covering different phases of the product life-cycle, namely the production, use and maintenance phases. ; Surferl@b is partially funded by ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), and the authors wish to thank the European Union and the Nord-Pas -de-Calais in France region for their support. This work is also (partially) funded by the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization – COMPETE 2020 and by FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This book chapter is in closed access. ; Focussing primarily on ground vehicles, this chapter identifies the priority research challenges for transportation cyber-physical systems (TCPS) to be cyber-physical security, verification of cyber-physical systems and human–CPS interaction. Failure to address these challenges satisfactorily will negatively impact deployment of highly autonomous vehicles within public spaces. A variety of operational models have been proposed for autonomous vehicles, including shared mobility, which represents significant societal changes in vehicle use; research is needed into the implications of such models, which will in turn influence the regulatory environment and the application of research results. Opportunities exist for the European Union (EU)–United States collaboration in TCPS; the cultural differences in transport models between the EU and US cities offer the prospect of interesting and informative comparison in the development of TCPS.

Unlike practices in electrical and mechanical equipment engineering, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) do not have a set of standardized and harmonized practices for assurance and certification that ensures safe, secure and reliable operation with typical software and hardware architectures. This paper presents a recent initiative called AMASS (Architecture-driven, Multi-concern and Seamless Assurance and Certification of Cyber-Physical Systems) to promote harmonization, reuse and automation of labour-intensive certification-oriented activities via using model-based approaches and incremental techniques. AMASS will develop an integrated and holistic approach, a supporting tool ecosystem and a self-sustainable community for assurance and certification of CPS. The approach will be driven by architectural decisions (fully compatible with standards, e.g. AUTOSAR and IMA), including multiple assurance concerns such as safety, security and reliability. AMASS will support seamless interoperability between assurance/certification and engineering activities along with third-party activities (external assessments, supplier assurance). The ultimate aim is to lower certification costs in face of rapidly changing product features and market needs. ; This project has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 692474. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Spain, Czech Republic, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Italy, United Kingdom, France