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Intro; Title Page; Foreword; Contents; Introduction; Chapter 1. Policy and Diplomacy; Cyber Defense of Japan -- Proposal of Conceptual Framework; Dealing with an Evolving Cyber Threat Picture -- Developing a Joint European Response; Japan's IoT Security Policies; Deterrence by Resilience in Cyberspace; Chapter 2. Operations and Technology; The Data-Centric Defense-in-Depth Approach in the Cyberspace Operations; Understanding Offense in Cybersecurity; Efficient Cyber Security Operations with New Emerging Technologies

Abstract
The growing importance of cyberspace to modern society, and its increasing use as an arena for dispute, is becoming a national security concern for governments and armed forces globally. The special characteristics of cyberspace, such as its asymmetric nature, the lack of attribution, the low cost of entry, the legal ambiguity, and its role as an efficient medium for protest, crime, espionage and military aggression, makes it an attractive domain for nation-states as well as non-state actors in cyber conflict.
This paper studies the various non-state actors who coexist in cyberspace, examines their motives and incitements, and analyzes how and when their objectives coincide with those of nation-states. Literature suggests that many nations are currently pursuing cyberwarfare capabilities, oftentimes by leveraging criminal organizations and irregular forces. Employment of such non-state actors as hacktivists, patriot hackers, and cybermilitia in state-on-state cyberspace operations has also proved to be a usable model for conducting cyberattacks. The paper concludes that cyberspace is emerging as a new tool for state power that will likely reshape future warfare. However, due to the lack of concrete cyberwarfare experience, and the limited encounters of legitimate cyberattacks, it is hard to precisely assess future effects, risks and potentials.

While the deterrence of cyber attacks is one of the most important issues facing the United States and other nations, the application of deterrence theory to the cyber realm is problematic. This study introduces cyber warfare and reviews the challenges associated with deterring cyber attacks, offering key recommendations to aid the deterrence of major cyber attacks.

"As a society that has revered learning and education for millennia, China has a long history of valuing information. As early as the 1980s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) began to pay attention to information technology."--Provided by publisher

Defence date: 9 November 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Nehal Bhuta, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Professor Jean d'Aspremont, University of Manchester; Professor Marco Roscini, University of Westminster; Professor Joseph H. H. Weiler, European University Institute & New York University ; This doctoral dissertation investigates the wide range of conceptualizations and categorizations that are applicable to state-sponsored cyber operations. State-sponsored cyber operations, namely recourse to cyber means by one State against another, are generally labelled 'cyber warfare'. This is neither a legal nor a prescriptive term; it reflects, however, a disproportionate focus on the realm of warfare. Avoiding hasty or overly simplistic characterizations of situations as cyber warfare is important to avoid further deterioration of their relations leading potentially to military escalation. This dissertation defines state-sponsored cyber operations according to international law and demonstrates that the majority of these incidents fall outside of the realm of (cyber) warfare and, therefore, need to be addressed separately and approached differently. Most state-sponsored cyber operations do not actually violate the prohibition of the use of force or the law of armed conflict, but rather they impinge the territorial sovereignty of the targeted States, the principle of nonintervention, or human rights. Cyber warfare is only the tip of the iceberg. An entire world lies submerged: cyber operations below the threshold of cyber warfare. While the emerged part concerning cyber warfare is well-studied and widely known, this thesis endeavours to shed light on the submerged, and arguably bigger, part that has been understudied and is less known. Parts I and II map the circumstances in which state-sponsored cyber operations violate international law. They demonstrate inter alia that most cyber operations remain under the threshold of cyber warfare, while they may constitute a breach of territorial sovereignty, the principle of non-intervention or even human rights law in most cases. Part I also analyzes the duty of diligence of third States. Part III deals with the attribution of cyber operations, analysing the attribution to the machine, to the human perpetrator, and focusing more specifically on the attribution to the sponsoring State. Part IV focuses on the consequences of an internationally wrongful cyber operation, mainly the obligations deriving from the law of State responsibility, and the remedies to address it, notably the recourse to self-defence, retorsion and countermeasures.

In "Cyber Persistence Theory", Michael P. Fischerkeller, Emily O. Goldman, and Richard J. Harknett argue that this current theory only works well in the cyber strategic space of armed conflict but it is completely misaligned for conflict outside of war - where most state-sponsored adversarial cyber activity occurs. As they show, the reigning paradigm of deterrence theory cannot fully explain what is taking place with respect to cyber conflict. Therefore, the authors develop a novel approach to national cyber security strategy and policy that realigns theory and practice.

Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Reader's Guide to Related Documents -- Introduction -- 1. U.S. Cyber Strategy Documents -- Document 1: National Security Strategy of the United States (1987) -- Document 2: National Military Strategy of the United States of America: A Strategy of Flexible and Selective Engagement (1995) -- Document 3: National Military Strategy of the United States of America: Shape, Respond, and Prepare Now: A Military Strategy for a New Era (1997) -- Document 4: Quadrennial Defense Review (1997) -- Document 5: A National Security Strategy for a New Century (1999) -- Document 6: Quadrennial Defense Review Report (2001) -- Document 7: The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace (2003) -- Document 8: The National Military Strategy of the United States of America: A Strategy for Today -- a Vision for Tomorrow (2004) -- Document 9: The National Defense Strategy of the United States of America (2005) -- Document 10: Quadrennial Defense Review Report (2006) -- Document 11: National Defense Strategy (2008) -- Document 12: National Security Strategy (2010) -- Document 13: Quadrennial Defense Review Report (2010) -- Document 14: The National Military Strategy of the United States of America: Redefining America's Military Leadership (2011) -- Document 15: International Strategy for Cyberspace (2011) -- Document 16: Quadrennial Defense Review (2014) -- Document 17: National Security Strategy (2015) -- Document 18: The National Military Strategy of the United States of America: The United States Military's Contribution to National Security (2015) -- Document 19: The Department of Defense Cyber Strategy (2015) -- Document 20: National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2017) -- Document 21: Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America (2018).

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Figures -- Tables -- Introduction: Into the Cyber Realm -- Cybersecurity Governance -- The Argument -- Plan of the Book -- Implications for Policy -- 1 Cybersecurity Governance -- The "Cyber" Prefix -- War and Cyberwar -- Data Weaponized -- Internet Penetration -- Proliferation of Cyber Military Units -- Issues of Democratic Governing -- Governance and Internet Penetration -- The Dataset -- Empirical Findings -- Brief Analysis -- Discussion and Conclusion -- 2 Cyber Responses and the State -- States and Cybersecurity Governance

The growing importance of cyberspace to modern society, and its increasing use as an arena for dispute, is becoming a national security concern for governments and armed forces globally. The special characteristics of cyberspace, such as its asymmetric nature, the lack of attribution, the low cost of entry, the legal ambiguity, and its role as an efficient medium for protest, crime, espionage and military aggression, makes it an attractive domain for nation-states as well as non-state actors in cyber conflict. This paper studies the various non-state actors who coexist in cyberspace, examines their motives and incitements, and analyzes how and when their objectives coincide with those of nation-states. Literature suggests that many nations are currently pursuing cyberwarfare capabilities, oftentimes by leveraging criminal organizations and irregular forces. Employment of such non-state actors as hacktivists, patriot hackers, and cybermilitia in state-on-state cyberspace operations has also proved to be a usable model for conducting cyberattacks. The paper concludes that cyberspace is emerging as a new tool for state power that will likely reshape future warfare. However, due to the lack of concrete cyberwarfare experience, and the limited encounters of legitimate cyberattacks, it is hard to precisely assess future effects, risks and potentials.

The first 7 years of U.S. Cyber Command operations are paved with milestones that mark the steady operationalization of modern cyberspace as the newest domain of military conflict as well as a realm of international power. The creation of the Cyber Mission Force and Joint Force Headquarters-Cyber are significant steps toward improving the timeliness and effectiveness of cyberspace operations that directly support combatant commands and the whole-of-government responses to cyberspace threats. It focuses on the central question: "What is the context in which different military services approach cyberspace component operations internally as well as with the Department of Defense?" ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1381/thumbnail.jpg

1. A short history of cyber warfare / Richard Stiennon -- 2. Understanding cyber-attacks / Duncan Hodges and Sadie Creese -- 3. The attribution of cyber warfare / Neil C. Rowe -- 4. The strategic implications of cyber warfare / Danny Steed -- 5. The regulation of cyber warfare under the jus ad bellum / James A. Green -- 6. The regulation of cyber warfare under the jus in bello / Heather A. Harrison Dinniss -- 7. The relevance of the just war tradition to cyber warfare / David Whetham and George R. Lucas, Jr.

"This edited book focuses specifically on military and defense operations, expenditure, technologies, and tools, and the ethics surrounding technologies like weaponry and artificial intelligence in the military, covering a wide and diverse range of military and defense applications while providing crucial information on the functions, security, and reliability of these technologies"--

News Stories Archive ; Understanding the role of cyberspace in military operations is not limited to just the cyber experts and practitioners, especially in this modern era of Great Power Competition. With this in mind, the. Read More