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Cyberspace operations have become pervasive in the United States, and they enable many aspects of modern life for the average citizen, such as entertainment, communication, education, transportation, banking, and voting. The continuing development of the U.S. Army and Department of Defense (DoD) Reserve component cyberspace units can leverage the capabilities and experience of industry and academia to help protect critical information infrastructure and enhance national security. What opportunities and challenges surround the integration of these forces into a still-evolving joint cyberspace force? ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1383/thumbnail.jpg

This article addresses the question 'what considerations should be taken by cyber commands when designing attack infrastructure for offensive operations?'. Nation-states are investing in equipping units tasked to conduct offensive cyberspace operations. Generating 'deny, degrade, disrupt, destroy or deceive' effects on adversary targets requires to move from own ('green'), through neutral ('grey'), to adversary ('red') cyberspace. The movement is supported by attack infrastructure for offensive cyberspace operations. In this paper, we review the professional and scientific literature identifying the requirements for designing an attack infrastructure. Next, we develop and define the concepts for attack infrastructure. Finally, we explain and describe the considerations for designing attack infrastructure. The research question is answered by proposing a framework for designing attack infrastructure. This framework is vital for military and civilian commands designing attack infrastructure for offensive cyberspace operations.

Pundits debate whether conflict in cyberspace is more likely to trigger or preempt conflict in other domains. We consider a third possibility. Rather than directly complementing or substituting for traditional forms of conflict, the Internet could separately affect both virtual and kinetic dispute behavior. Specifically, we argue that a country's increasing Internet access causes it to engage in aggressive cyberspace behavior more often. At the same time, economic and social changes associated with the information age reduce the utility of pursuing more traditional forms of conflict. Cyberspace offers an attractive domain in which to shape the balance of power, interests, and information in a technological era, while territorial conquest has become somewhat anachronistic. We test our theory using an innovative estimation approach, applied to panel data on cyber versus conventional disputes. Our findings confirm this indirect substitutability between cyber and conventional conflict.

View the Executive SummaryMilitary cyberspace operations have evolved significantly over the past 2 decades and are now emerging into the realm of military operations in the traditional domains of land, sea, and air. The goal of this monograph is to provide senior policymakers, decisionmakers, military leaders, and their respective staffs with a better understanding of Army cyberspace operations within the context of overall U.S. military cyberspace operations. It examines the development of such operations in three major sections. First, it looks at the evolution of Department of Defense cyberspace operations over the past decade to include the founding of U.S. Cyber Command from its roots in various military units focused on defensive and offensive cyberspace operations. Second, it examines the evolution of the Army implementation of cyberspace operations toward the initial establishment of Army Cyber Command as well as recent efforts to establish Fort Gordon, Georgia as the center of gravity for Army cyberspace activities. Third, it explores the role of cyberspace operations in the escalation of international conflict, focusing on the sufficiency of the current cyberspace force structure to address an international environment of multiple actors interacting with varying degrees of tension. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1470/thumbnail.jpg

Over the last century, the domains of air, space, and cyberspace have joined the traditional warfighting domains of land and sea. While the doctrine for land operations is relatively mature, the doctrine for space and cyberspace continue to evolve, often in an unstructured manner. This monograph examines the relationships among these domains and how they apply to U.S. Army and joint warfighting. It concentrates on the central question: How are U.S. military operations in the newest domains of space and cyberspace being integrated with operations in the traditional domain of land? This inquiry is divided into three major sections: • Existing Doctrine: This section presents an overview of the current state of joint and U.S. Army doctrinal development for each of the domains of land, space, and cyberspace. • Operations in Multiple Domains: This section examines the concept of cross-domain synergy and its ability to enhance globally integrated operations. • Future Operations: This section explores probable future operating environments as well as the resulting implications for U.S. Army and joint force development. It includes recommendations for policymakers and senior leaders regarding the future development and integration of space and cyberspace doctrine. Anticipated future trends favor the decreased emphasis on traditional large-scale land operations and increased frequency and intensity of conflict in space and cyberspace, perhaps even where these newer domains may become preeminent for a given operation. The joint staff's pursuit of achieving cross-domain synergy in planning and operations offers a credible method to face some of the challenges of the future joint force, but this will likely remain an evolutionary vice revolutionary endeavor. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1399/thumbnail.jpg

This edited volume explores a wide array of ethical issues surrounding the advent of cyberwarfare. The moral complexities presented by cyberwar are many and they challenge our traditional understandings of just war theory and the ethics of war. This volume directly addresses the pressing need for serious scholarly analysis of this new form of warfare.

The product of a three-year project by twenty renowned international law scholars and practitioners, the Tallinn Manual identifies the international law applicable to cyber warfare and sets out ninety-five 'black-letter rules' governing such conflicts. It addresses topics including sovereignty, State responsibility, the jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, and the law of neutrality. An extensive commentary accompanies each rule, which sets forth the rule's basis in treaty and customary law, explains how the group of experts interpreted applicable norms in the cyber context, and outlines any disagreements within the group as to each rule's application

Prepared for: Naval Postgraduate School Homeland Security Leadership Development Program, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Justice ; This report consists of a learning module on the legal aspects of operations in cyberspace. The learning module was developed specifically for use in the Naval Postgraduate School Homeland Security Leadership Development Program's curriculum for the Homeland Defense specialization of the Master of Arts degree in National Security Affairs. Given the complexity of the law governing cyber operations, it is vitally important that policymakers and their legal advisers share a common intellectual framework for evaluating and responding to attacks in cyberspace. This learning module provides the student with an introduction three overlapping legal regimes within which to conduct cyber operations: law enforcement, intelligence collection, and military operations. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Contemporary global security environment could be labeled as complex, dynamic, multidimensional and ''beyond limits'' of conventional understanding of Warfare. Diversity of threat forms and its interactions and non-conventionality contribute that most of the actual security crises and conflicts are marked as Hybrid security endangering, or Hybrid Warfare. Globalised tehnology introduce new ''battlefild'' in global digital arena. Massive application of information and communication technology has brought about new risks and threats represented by physical and software related dangers to critical information infrastructure and cyberspace that are of relevance to the nation and its security. In same hand, wolnurability and inportance of Cyber space tends to provoke necessity for ultimate resilaince copabilities against ataks and informational warfare. Hybrid form and asimetrical nature of endangerment of Cyber space which is crutial for national defence copabilites, rised analiticial approach to the political, security and organizational forms as well as clasification of threats in cyber space which were elaborated in this paper. Authors' contribute to the understunding of threats in Cyber secyrity arena, trough analyses of China PLA approach to the subject. In addition, unique contribution is given with analyses of Cyber-Information Warfare during 1999 NATO aggression to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Faced with relentless technological aggression that imperils democracy, how can Western nations fight back? Before the cyber age, foreign interference in democratic politics played out in a comparatively narrow arena. The rapid expansion of cyberspace has radically altered this situation. The hacking activities of Russian military agents in the 2016 US presidential election and other major incidents demonstrate the sophisticated offensive strategies pursued by geopolitical adversaries. The West is winning the technology race--yet losing the larger contest over cybersecurity. Lucas Kello reveals the failures of present policy to prevent cyberattacks and other forms of technological aggression. Drawing upon case studies and interviews with decision-makers, he develops a bold new approach: a concentrated and coordinated response strategy that targets adversaries' interests and so recaptures the initiative. Striking Back provides an original solution to national security challenges in our era of intense technological rivalry.

Everywhere you turn these days, it's cyber-this and cyber-that. Never mind that this prefix is fungible at best and takes on whatever meaning the speaker imbues it with in that moment, it seems the easiest was to show that you are hip to emerging technologies in warfare is to liberally sprinkle the word "cyber" into any document of context. Before we can properly employ emerging technologies in armed conflict we must learn to speak intelligently about the conduct of military operations in and from cyberspace. So what do you do? How do you even begin? Here are five simple suggestions from a newly-minted MOC Warfighter with a background in cyberspace operations. This site displays abstracts of MOC Warfighter articles. Department of Defense CAC-authenticated users may download full copies of the articles at this site. Others may request copies of specified articles by contacting the MOC Warfighter administrator.

The dynamic civilisation transformations observed worldwide in recent years have arisen from the rapid development of information and the ICTs that support it. Cyberspace is a new sphere affected by these processes, and it evolves alongside the threats occurring therein. Nowadays, no country's cyberspace is entirely secure. Cyber threats are characterised by unpredictability and global reach. In modern times, cyberspace is a symbol of development, the freedom of speech, and the right to privacy and every interference in the behaviours of its users is associated with an attack on these values. The article discusses the fundamental problems concerning operations in cyberspace justified by the violation of human rights but should also be assessed in the context of interference with the scope of individual rights and freedoms, including in times of seemingly normal functioning, namely in times of peace.

Approaching Military Revolutions -- The Epistemology of RMA -- A Paradigm Shift -- Understanding (1): Piercing the Fog of War in Fluid Spaces -- Understanding (2): Fluidifying the Solid? -- Waging War in Network-centric Conditions -- Striking in Network-centric Conditions.