Suchergebnisse

National audience ; The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols' handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences' frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980's to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations. ; Cet article vise à reconstituer les différentes étapes du processus institutionnel qui ont conduit à la structuration des sciences cognitives en France entre 1985 et 2003. L'analyse des rapports produits pour le CNRS et le ministère de la recherche sert de support à cette étude qui met en évidence les intérêts disciplinaires des acteurs concernés. Les deux grandes orientations qui guident les chercheurs en sciences cognitives sont perceptibles tout au long de cette étude. Pour ceux qui ...

National audience ; The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols' handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences' frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980's to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations. ; Cet article vise à reconstituer les différentes étapes du processus institutionnel qui ont conduit à la structuration des sciences cognitives en France entre 1985 et 2003. L'analyse des rapports produits pour le CNRS et le ministère de la recherche sert de support à cette étude qui met en évidence les intérêts disciplinaires des acteurs concernés. Les deux grandes orientations qui guident les chercheurs en sciences cognitives sont perceptibles tout au long de cette étude. Pour ceux qui ...

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols' handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences' frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980's to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations. ; National audience Cet article vise à reconstituer les différentes étapes du processus institutionnel qui ont conduit à la structuration des sciences cognitives en France entre 1985 et 2003. L'analyse des rapports produits pour le CNRS et le ministère de la recherche sert de support à cette étude qui met en évidence les intérêts disciplinaires des acteurs concernés. Les deux grandes orientations qui guident les chercheurs en sciences cognitives sont perceptibles tout au long de cette étude. Pour ceux qui ...

National audience ; The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols' handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences' frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980's to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations. ; Cet article vise à reconstituer les différentes étapes du processus institutionnel qui ont conduit à la structuration des sciences cognitives en France entre 1985 et 2003. L'analyse des rapports produits pour le CNRS et le ministère de la recherche sert de support à cette étude qui met en évidence les intérêts disciplinaires des acteurs concernés. Les deux grandes orientations qui guident les chercheurs en sciences cognitives sont perceptibles tout au long de cette étude. Pour ceux qui assimilent les fonctions cognitives à des opérations logiques, l'ordinateur est un bon modèle et la pensée est perçue comme un système de manipulations de symboles ; tandis que pour ceux qui s'intéressent aux mécanismes neurophysiologiques, l'étude de l'esprit relève essentiellement des neurosciences. L'analyse du processus institutionnel montre que les frontières des sciences cognitives sont soumises à négociation entre disciplines et que des facteurs économiques et politiques contribuent à en modifier les contours. Une comparaison avec les Etats-Unis indique un décalage de vingt ans, le premier centre en science cognitive américain ayant été créé en 1960. Le développement de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) pendant la période de la guerre froide n'est pas étranger à ce décalage, une concentration des ressources et des ordinateurs les plus performants ayant bénéficié aux centres contrôlés par les pionniers américains de l'IA. Quant aux chercheurs en neurosciences, que ce soit en France ou aux Etats-Unis, ce n'est qu'au milieu des années 1980 qu'ils se sont s'impliqués activement dans le processus d'institutionnalisation des sciences cognitives en en modifiant les orientations premières.

National audience ; The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols' handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences' frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980's to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations. ; Cet article vise à reconstituer les différentes étapes du processus institutionnel qui ont conduit à la structuration des sciences cognitives en France entre 1985 et 2003. L'analyse des rapports produits pour le CNRS et le ministère de la recherche sert de support à cette étude qui met en évidence les intérêts disciplinaires des acteurs concernés. Les deux grandes orientations qui guident les chercheurs en sciences cognitives sont perceptibles tout au long de cette étude. Pour ceux qui assimilent les fonctions cognitives à des opérations logiques, l'ordinateur est un bon modèle et la pensée est perçue comme un système de manipulations de symboles ; tandis que pour ceux qui s'intéressent aux mécanismes neurophysiologiques, l'étude de l'esprit relève essentiellement des neurosciences. L'analyse du processus institutionnel montre que les frontières des sciences cognitives sont soumises à négociation entre disciplines et que des facteurs économiques et politiques contribuent à en modifier les contours. Une comparaison avec les Etats-Unis indique un décalage de vingt ans, le premier centre en science cognitive américain ayant été créé en 1960. Le développement de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) pendant la période de la guerre froide n'est pas étranger à ce décalage, une concentration des ressources et des ordinateurs les plus performants ayant bénéficié aux centres contrôlés par les pionniers américains de l'IA. Quant aux chercheurs en neurosciences, que ce soit en France ou aux Etats-Unis, ce n'est qu'au milieu des années 1980 qu'ils se sont s'impliqués activement dans le processus d'institutionnalisation des sciences cognitives en en modifiant les orientations premières.

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.

To examine the problem of verification and application in the social sciences, we consider it on three levels : facts, hypotheses, theories, taking examples from Economies. Our general conclusion is that verifying and applying a piece of scientific knowledge fundamentally consists in testing a correlation between a system of objects and a system of operations.

To ask oneself whether sociology of law is really a science leads unavoidably to the following questions : what is the definition of this discipline, what place is assigned to sociology of law within the general theories of law and of society, and what are the limits of its object. One of the main difficulties of sociology of law, when compared to natural sciences or even when compared to other sections of sociology, is a matter of definition of the object of the study of law because of its uncertain boundaries and of cultural fluctuations. According to the author, there is no general, universal sociology of law ; sociology of law can only be « a science of small and middling findings, and of middle range theories at least in the short run ». He proposes a general framework for the social study of law in Western countries and groups the contents of the discipline under three main headings : the analysis of social forces which produce or influence the legal system, the analysis of the operation of the legal system itself and the analysis of the impact of law.