Component: 1.3.6. Establishing case studies on approaches to MSP implementation Sub-component: CS#1 Assessment of concomitant pressures in the Bay of Biscay The SIMNORAT case study "Bay of Biscay" aims to demonstrate the cross-border cooperation between Spain and France in a technical analysis to support implementation of maritime spatial planning (MSP). This case study draws perspectives on the evaluation of offshore anthropogenic pressures and their effects on cetaceans and seabirds. These species are common in this area, have a high mobility and face multiple cross-border anthropogenic pressures. Furthermore, they are on the top of the marine food chain and are therefore good indicators of the global state of ecosystem. Spanish-French collaboration was established to select, standardize and share relevant datasets (activities, pressures, ecological components) between the two countries and to carry out first cumulative effect assessment attempts. ; This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop ...
We estimate the effect of grant aid on poor college students' attainment and earnings using student-level administrative data from four-year public colleges in Texas. To identify these effects, we exploit a discontinuity in grant generosity as a function of family income. Eligibility for the maximum Pell Grant significantly increases degree receipt and earnings beginning four years after entry. Within 10 years, imputed taxes on eligible students' earnings gains fully recoup total government expenditures generated by initial eligibility. To clarify how these estimates relate to social welfare, we develop a general theoretical model and derive sufficient statistics for the welfare implications of changes in the price of college. Whether additional grant aid increases welfare depends on (1) net externalities from recipients' behavioral responses and (2) a direct effect of mitigating credit constraints or other frictions that inflate students' in-school marginal utility. Calibrating our model using nationally representative consumption data suggests that increasing grant aid for the average college student by $1 could generate negative externalities as high as $0.50 and still improve welfare. Applying our welfare formula and estimated direct effects to our setting and others suggests considerable welfare gains from grants that target low-income students.
The article presents an analysis of the provisions of Directives 93/104/EC and 2003/88 and of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which supports the conclusion that the characteristic features of working time must be cumulatively met so that a time frame falls within this category. Next, the importance and consequences of this requirement are outlined regarding the process of delimiting working time from rest time. ; JEL Classification: K24, K31, K22, D16, E24, F16, F66, J01, J41, J42, J44, J46, J53, J81, J83
Multi-storey buildings are vertical buildings that are made to meet human needs as places of education, government, commerce, sports facilities and others. As the development of science and technology, especially in the field of civil engineering, many computer programs have been developed to help in analyzing and designing a building structure. There are several computer programs developed to analyze and design structures, including SAP 2000 (Structural Analysis Program), with this program, it will be easier for writers to plan a building.The research carried out was to plan the structure of a six-story hotel building. This hotel building is the object of research planned by the author and was designed using the help of the SAP2000 program. Building design planning only includes planning beams and columns. In this plan the writer uses references such as regulations, PPPURG 1987, SNI 03-2847-2002, SNI - 1726 - 2002The results of the design of the hotel building structure used three variations that have the results of column K1 used size 45 cm x 45 cm, reinforcement base 12 D16 and stirrup reinforcement ?10-90, column K2 used size 35 cm x 35 cm, base reinforcement 8 D16 and stirrup reinforcement ?10-90, B1 beam used size 20 cm x 40 cm, support reinforcement 7 D14, field reinforcement 7 D14, waistline 2 D12, and support stirrup reinforcement ?10-80 and field stirrup ?10-170, beam B2 used size 15 cm x 20 cm, 75D14 support reinforcement, 5 D14 field reinforcement, 2 D12 waistline, and pedestal stirrup ulangan10-30 and field stirrup ?10-70
The book titled The Collaborative Economy in Action: European Perspectives is one of the important outcomes of the COST Action CA16121, From Sharing to Caring: Examining the Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy (short name: Sharing and Caring; sharingandcaring.eu) that was active between March 2017 and September 2021. The Action was funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology - COST (www.cost.eu/actions/CA16121). The main objective of the COST Action Sharing and Caring is the development of a European network of researchers and practitioners interested in investigating the collaborative economy models, platforms, and their socio-technological implications. The network involves scholars, practitioners, communities, and policymakers. The COST Action Sharing and Caring helped to connect research initiatives across Europe and enabled scientists to develop their ideas by collaborating with peers. This collaboration opportunity represented a boost for the participants' research, careers, and innovation potential. The main aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the collaborative economy (CE) in European countries with a variety of its aspects for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. For this reason, in July 2017, an open call for country reports was distributed among the members of the COST Action Sharing and Caring. Representatives of the member countries were invited to produce short country reports covering: definition(s) of the CE; types and models of the CE; key stakeholders involved; as well as legislation and technological tools relevant for the CE. Submitted reports varied in length and regarding the level of detail included, in accordance with how much information was available in each respective country at the time of writing. Editors of the book have compiled these early reports into a summary report, which was intended as a first step in mapping the state of the CE in Europe. The Member Countries Report on the Collaborative Economy, edited by Gaia Mosconi, Agnieszka Lukasiewicz, and Gabriela Avram (2018) that was published on the Sharing and Caring website, represented its first synergetic outcome and provided an overview of the CE phenomenon as interpreted and manifested in each of the countries part of the network. Additionally, Sergio Nassare-Aznar, Kosjenka Dumančić, and Giulia Priora compiled a Preliminary Legal Analysis of Country Reports on Cases of Collaborative Economy (2018). In 2018, after undertaking an analysis of the previous reports' strengths and weaknesses, the book editors issued a call for an updated version of these country reports. Prof. Ann Light advised the editorial team, proposing a new format for country reports and 4000 words limit. The template included: Introduction, Definition, Key Questions, Examples, Illustration, Context, Developments, Issues, Other Major Players, and Relevant Literature. The new template was approved by the Management Committee in October 2018. The task force that had supported the production of the first series of country reports (Dimitar Trajanov, Maria del Mar Alonso, Bálint Balázs, Kosjenka Dumančić, and Gabriela Avram) acted as mentors for the team of authors in each country. The final reports arrived at the end of 2018, bringing the total number of submissions to 30 (twenty-nine European countries plus Georgia). A call for book editors was issued, and a new editorial team was formed by volunteers from the participants of the COST Action: Andrzej Klimczuk, Vida Česnuityte, Cristina Miguel, Santa Mijalche, Gabriela Avram, Bori Simonovits, Bálint Balázs, Kostas Stefanidis, and Rafael Laurenti. The editorial team organized the double-blind reviews of reports and communicated to the authors the requirements for improving their texts. After reviews, the authors submitted updated versions of their country reports providing up-to-date interdisciplinary analysis on the state of the CE in 2019, when the reports were collected. During the final phase, the chapters were again reviewed by the lead editors together with all editorial team members. At the time, the intention was to update these reports again just before the end of the COST Action Sharing and Caring in 2021 and to produce a third edition. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed these plans. Thus, this final volume was created by 82 scholars-editors and contributors-and consists of reports on 27 countries participating in the COST Action.
This study examines the extent and nature of social, economic, and environmental reporting practices of Bangladeshi-listed banks. Using content analysis technique, Information was gathered from the available annual reports of 25 banks from 2014 to 2019. Findings revealed that overall reporting of environmental information has increased by 47% from 2014 to 2019, whereas overall social reporting has increased by 30% from 2014 to 2019. Again, we tried to explore sustainability reporting practices of these banks considering 26 categories too, where the first 12 categories are used to identify environmental accounting and reporting practices and the rest 14 for social and economic reporting. The findings of 26 categories of sustainability reporting reflect that social, economic, and environmental reporting has increased greatly by 74.90% in 2019. Most of the banks disclosed mostly about energy consumption (D6) from environmental reporting while economic social (D16), education, and training (D18), health and safety (D19) and culture (D20) from social perspectives and least about activities undertaken for tree plantation (D3) from an environmental perspective. This study has great implications for the policymakers of the corporate sector and government.
This open access book considers the development of the sharing and collaborative economy with a European focus, mapping across economic sectors, and country-specific case studies. It looks at the roles the sharing economy plays in sharing and redistribution of goods and services across the population in order to maximise their functionality, monetary exchange, and other aspects important to societies. It also looks at the place of the sharing economy among various policies and how the contexts of public policies, legislation, digital platforms, and other infrastructure interrelate with the development and function of the sharing economy. The book will help in understanding the future (sharing) economy models as well as to contribute in solving questions of better access to resources and sustainable innovation in the context of degrowth and growing inequalities within and between societies. It will also provide a useful source for solutions to the big challenges of our times such as climate change, the loss of biodiversity, and recently the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). This book will be of interest to academics and students in economics and business, organisational studies, sociology, media and communication and computer science.
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders' networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.
Foundation planning must be done carefully and correctly. The planning of this foundation aims to compare the axial forces acting with the carrying capacity of the foundation between the original foundation that spooked the spun pile and bored pile on the construction of the Lamongan Regency Government office building to obtain safe control. The carrying capacity of the foundation is planned to use the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The initial calculation of loading analysis includes dead load, live load, and earthquake. These expenses are combined then analyzed with the Staad.Pro program. The reduction calculation uses a method of reduction in clay. Calculation of pile cap and foundation reinforcement using SNI 1726-2012. The output of the Staad.Pro program is obtained axial force in the column that is reviewed at 1260 kN. Carrying capacity of a single-pole diameter of 40 cm with a depth of 20 m obtained compressive strength of 431.49 kN. Taking into account the efficiency figures obtained group carrying capacity (Qg) of 1715.52 kN> 1260 kN so that it meets the requirements. The flexural reinforcement D16-125 mm is planned to hold the moment in the pile cap which occurs at 211.6 kN-m. The decrease in total (St) is the immediate total decrease (Si) and the decrease in consolidation (Sc) which is 1.673 <15 cm. The decrease in total (St) on the group pole meets the permitted conditions for the building based on the Geotechnical RSNI.Keywords: Foundation carrying capacity, Pile cap, Group drop, Bored Pile Perencanaan fondasi harus dilakukan dengan cermat dan benar. Perencanaan yayasan ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan gaya aksial yang bertindak dengan daya dukung yayasan antara yayasan asli yang membuat tiang pancang dan tiang pancang pada konstruksi gedung kantor Pemerintah Kabupaten Lamongan untuk mendapatkan kontrol yang aman. Daya dukung yayasan direncanakan untuk menggunakan data Uji Penetrasi Standar (SPT). Perhitungan awal analisis pemuatan meliputi beban mati, beban hidup, dan gempa bumi. ...
У роботі проаналізована можливість використання еволюційних методів розрахунку з генетичним алгоритмом оптимізації для розробки і створення радіопоглинаючих покриттів на основі феритів, що збіль-шують радіопоглинальну здатність та зменшують ефективну площу розсіювання (ЕПР) в діапазоні час-тот 8–12 ГГЦ. Для цього було підібрано ряд феритних матеріалів, у яких експериментально визначалися частотні залежності величин діелектричної (f) та магнітної проникності (f), що є показниками їх ра-діопоглинаючих властивостей. Отримані залежності (f) та (f ) зводились до бази даних і використову-вались далі у якості вихідних для генетичного алгоритму пошуку феритних матеріалів, що забезпечували б максимальну радіопоглинальну здатність і мінімальну ефективну поверхню розсіювання (ЕПР) в діапазоні частот 8–12 ГГЦ. Потім, за допомогою того ж генетичного алгоритму оптимізації, відбиралися варіан-ти послідовностей нанесення шарів з цих феритних матеріалів і проводилась оптимізація їх товщин. За отриманими даними було змодельовано ряд чотиришарових покриттів на пластинах з алюмінієвого сплаву Д16, який використовується у виробництві планерів військових винищувачів. Для перевірки достовірності отриманих результатів один з варіантів покриття був реалізований на практиці. В ході реалізації спочатку виготовлялись складові на основі латексного компаунда PUNTACOL C, змішаного з феритними матері-алами, що пройшли відбір генетичним алгоритмом, потім вони пошарово наносилися на поверхню пластин алюмінієвого сплаву Д16. Після нанесення покриттів проводились вимірювання радіопоглинальної здатнос-ті та величини ЕПР. Вимірювання радіопоглинальної здатності проводилося методом віднімання відбитих енергій в безлуновій камері спеціально виготовленим приладом. Вимірювання ЕПР проводилося за допомо-гою моностатичних радіовимірювань в діапазоні частот 8–12 ГГц в тій же безлуновій камері. Результати вимірювань показали, що нанесення обраного виду покриття значно підвищує радіопоглинальну здатність відбивальних поверхонь і знижує ЕПР в діапазоні частот 8–12 ГГЦ. ; В работе была проанализирована возможность использования эволюционных методов расчета с генетическим алго-ритмом оптимизации для разработки и создания радиопоглощающих покрытий на основе ферритов, способных увеличи-вать радиопоглощающую способность отражающих поверхностей и снижать эффективную площадь рассеяния в интер-вале частот 8–12 ГГЦ. Для этого был подобран ряд ферритных материалов, у которых экспериментально определялись частотные зависимости показателей диэлектрической и магнитной проницаемостей (f) и (f), от которых зависят ра-диопоглощающие свойства покрытий. Полученные данные зависимостей (f) и (f) были сведены в базу данных и использо-вались потом в качестве исходных для генетического алгоритма поиска наиболее подходящих ферритных материалов, способных обеспечивать максимальную радиопоглощающую способность и минимизацию эффективной поверхности рас-сеяния (ЭПР) в интервале частот 8–12 ГГЦ. С той же целью, и при помощи того же генетического алгоритма оптими-зации установлен ряд возможных последовательностей нанесения слоев из отобранных ферритных материалов и проведе-на оптимизация их толщин. По полученным в результате оптимизации данным был смоделирован ряд четырехслойных покрытий на пластинах из алюминиевого сплава Д-16, используемого в производстве планеров военных истребителей, которые в теории должны существенно повышать радиопоглощающую способность и снижать ЭПР. Для проверки ис-тинности полученных результатов оптимизации и моделирования был выбран один из вариантов покрытия, который был реализован на практике. В ходе реализации были подготовлены специальные составы на основе латексного компаунда PUNTACOL C, смешанного с ферритными материалами, прошедшими отбор генетическим алгоритмом, и послойно нано-сившимися на поверхность пластин алюминиевого сплава Д-16. После нанесения покрытий были проведены измерения ра-диопоглощающей способности и величины ЭПР. Измерение радиопоглощающей способности проводилось методом вычи-тания отраженных энергий, в безэховой камере специально изготовленным прибором. Измерение ЭПР проводилось при помощи моностатических радиоизмерений в интервале частот 8–12 ГГц в той же безэховой камере. В результате измере-ний было установлено, что нанесение выбранного вида покрытия значительно повышает радиопоглощающую способность отражающих поверхностей и снижает ЭПР в интервале частот 8–12 ГГЦ. ; The possibility of using the evolutionary methods of computation based on genetic optimization algorithm for the development and creation of ferrite radar absorbing coating, increasing the radio absorption of reflecting surfaces and reducing radar cross-section (RCS) within 8-12 GHz range was analyzed. For this purpose selected a number of ferrite materials which frequency depend-ences of the dielectric and magnetic permeabilities were determined experimentally The obtained data of dependencies (f) and (f) were compiled into a database, which served as the basis for a genetic algorithm for finding the most suitable ferrite materials capable of providing maximum radio absorbing capacity and minimizing the radar cross-section in the frequency range of 8-12GHz. For the same purpose, and with the help of the same genetic optimization algorithm, a number of possible sequences of layers from the se-lected ferrite materials were established and their thickness was optimized. For the same purpose, and with the help of the same ge-netic optimization algorithm, a number of possible sequences of layers from the selected ferrite materials were established and their thickness was optimized. For the resulting optimization data were modeled a number of four-layer coatings on the plates of aluminum alloy D16, which is uses in the manufacture of gliders military fighter jets, and that in theory should significantly improve radar-absorbing capacity and reduce the RCS. To verify the validity of the obtained results of optimization and modeling, one type of coat-ings out of possible has been chosen and implemented in practice. During the implementation, the special compositions based on the latex compound PUNTACOL C mixed with ferrite materials were prepared, and then layer-by-layer applied on surface of D16 alumi-num alloy plates. After deposition of coatings, measurements of the radio absorbing ability and the magnitude of the RCS were made. Measurements of radar absorbing ability were conducted by subtracting the reflected energy by specially manufactured device in an anechoic chamber. The RCS measurements were carried out using monostatic radio measurements in the frequency range 8-12GHz in the same anechoic chamber. As a result of measurements it was found that the application of the selected coating significantly in-creases the radar absorbing ability of reflecting surfaces and reduces the RCS in the frequency range 8-12 GHz.
