Suchergebnisse

On 1 January 2006, a tariff system replaced the quota system in force in the EU since 1993. The customs tariff is henceforth EUR 176 per tonne. Only ACP exporters are exempted from this for a quantity of up to 775 000 t. Beyond this, the common regime applies. Repercussions on market equilibrium are difficult to forecast. The new regime has yet to endure its baptism of fire.

After two failures at the WTO, both the European Union and Latin American suppliers have their backs to the wall. A compromise must be found quickly so that the European market-the largest in terms of volume and the most profitable-can continue to function on 1 January 2006.

Analysis of the world banana trade (14 million tonnes) reveals the influence exerted by the European Union on the major world balances. This economic zone has developed a common market organisation of banana (CMOB) since 1993; it is based on a quota system that has succeeded in maintaining a precarious balance between origins with different levels of competitiveness and smoothly setting up the single banana market. However, opposition to the system-whether from within or outside the EU has led to the condemning of the CMOB by the WTO on many occasions. It has been reformed and rendered more fragile several times. On 1 January 2006, the CMOB should become a tariff-only system for third countries, except for ACP states that will have a duty-free quota, and thus complete the almost total deregulation of the European market.

Pascal Lamy pulled a real coup. The shock caused by his statement on the future of the common market organisation of banana (CMOB) resulted in many people taking positions. The Guayaquil seminar held by the Ecuadorean Banana Exporters' Association (AEBE) on 29 and 30 November 2004 was an opportunity for governments and trade operators to discuss the subject. Three approaches vied with each other: the status quo or continuation of the existing system, the fastest possible switch to a tariff system combined with duty of less than 75 euros per tonne or a midway solution consisting of a decrease in duty in the medium term. The different systems are often evaluated and validated from a price gap viewpoint. And what if the truth were elsewhere? For example in close knowledge of the trade mechanisms and behaviours on a market which, if suddenly liberalised, would break completely with the rules of operation generated by our old quota regime and on which our way of thinking is based.

L'environnement est devenu un enjeu planétaire durant les années 1980. Le discours international sur la gestion des forêts tropicales promeut la nécessité d'impliquer les populations locales dans la gestion des ressources forestières à travers la valorisation des pratiques et des savoirs traditionnels. Au Cameroun, la nouvelle loi forestière de 1994 offre aux populations locales de nouvelles possibilités de développement notamment par la mise en oeuvre de trois modes de gestion forestière décentralisée: la Redevance Forestière Annuelle, la Forêt Communale et la Forêt Communautaire. L'étude réalisée dans la province Sud du Cameroun a pour objectif de confronter les modalités légales de ces procédures de décentralisation aux applications sur le terrain. Plus précisément, elle tente de répondre à la question suivante: comment les pratiques forestières actuelles des villageois ont-elles été influencées par les nouvelles réglementations forestières en matière de gestion décentralisée des ressources et comment ces pratiques affectent à leur tour le niveau de biodiversité des forêts gérées dans le cadre du processus de décentralisation ? L'influence des nouvelles réglementations sur les pratiques locales concerne principalement la revendication lignagère d'une ancienne implantation villageoise pour percevoir une partie de la Redevance Forestière Annuelle et l'exploitation artisanale du bois d'oeuvre dans la Forêt Communautaire. Les pratiques agricoles ont faiblement été affectées par la décentralisation. En effet, ces pratiques sont maintenues dans la forêt communautaire ainsi que les modes d'appropriation "traditionnels" des ressources naturelles. L'impact du processus de décentralisation sur l'environnement et la biodiversité est indirect et dépend surtout de la confiance de la population envers le transfert effectif du pouvoir. Par peur que l'Etat ne leur retire les nouveaux droits transférés, une exploitation rapide de la ressource au niveau local serait à craindre. De plus, la forêt communautaire d'Nkolenyeng - localisée dans le site d'étude - a une superficie d'environ 1 000 ha. Peut-on parler de conservation de la biodiversité au sein d'un espace si réduit ? Néanmoins, la décentralisation forestière, en impliquant les populations rurales, pourrait contribuer à préserver l'environnement par la prise de conscience au niveau local que la gestion forestière peut être une source de bénéfices monétaires. Les processus de décentralisation sont récents au Cameroun et une phase d'apprentissage pour les différents acteurs concernés est en cours.

As might have been expected, the disappointment of French banana producers matched the hopes that they had placed in a possible increase in compensatory aid for loss of income in 2003. In spite of the repeated requests by French professionals and numerous approaches by the French government to the European Commission, the latter did not give in. Reform of the internal component of the common market organisation (CMO) of bananas is necessary more than ever.

The European Union and the United States are the world's leading consumer markets for banana. The 4 million tonnes sold in the EU in 2002 represent about a third of the total volume of bananas traded world-wide. However, thanks to its special supply system, the EU is undoubtedly the most profitable market in the world.

Cette communication donne des éléments de compréhension de l'open access, de ses évolutions et avancées. Elle présente les différents modèles de diffusion en libre accès des résultats de la recherche : des revues ouvertes (voie dorée) aux archives ouvertes (voie verte), en passant par les dérives du modèle auteur-payeur, des revues hybrides et des éditeurs dits "prédateurs". La diffusion en libre accès via l'auto-archivage des publications par l'auteur est largement abordée, principalement avec le dépôt dans les archives ouvertes, mais aussi sur d'autres sites comme les réseaux sociaux scientifiques. Cette option nécessite de prendre en compte les contraintes liées au droit de diffusion : les questions de copyright, de politiques des éditeurs vis-à-vis du libre accès, les possibilités d'addendum au contrat d'édition sont discutées ainsi que les possibilités offertes par l''utilisation des licences Creative Commons. Quelques pistes sont données sur les avancées de la diffusion publique des données de la recherche (open data) et les approches sur le dépôt des jeux de données dans les entrepôts de données ou la publication d'articles de type data paper. Enfin, les politiques de dépôt sont évoquées, notamment en Europe à travers le projet pilote Horizon 2020 et en France avec la loi pour une République numérique adoptée en septembre 2016. Les principes adoptés pour la diffusion des résultats de la recherche publique sont une avancée pour l'open science. (texte intégral)

International treaties and national legislations organize and secure genetic resources exchanges,but, at the same time , they make them more and more complex and restrictive. Meanwhile, the exploration and exploitation of plant germplasm resources have become easier and cheaper with present - day high - throughput, low - cost genotyping technologies, efficient phenotyping systems, and powerful tools for bioinformatics and statistical analyses. Cotton genetic resources are more and more needed for continued progress in yield, fibre quality, pest resistance, adaptation to climate change and marginal environments. Many traits of high breeding value are present in the cotton germplasm resources, some being already exploited, some under intensive research efforts, and probably many others we can expect to be present. In the new regulatory context limiting or impeding germplasm exchanges, solutions for pursuing and developing the study, the valorisation and the protection of cotton germplasm collections can benefit from the new scientific tools and international cooperation.

Adopted during the first International Congress of Ethnobiology (1988), the Belem Declaration acknowledged for the first time biologists' responsibility to better address the needs of indigenous and local populations and recommended compensating them for the utilization of their biological resources and knowledge. Since then, the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) and its recently adopted Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (2010), along with the International Treaty of the FAO (2001), have generalized the principle of channeling returns-whether monetary or non-monetary-back to a range of designated groups, whether bilaterally or through collective means such as a benefitsharing fund. These principles are implemented through a set of mechanisms such as prior informed consent or material transfer agreements that formalize the practices of access, exchange and use of genetic resources and associated knowledge. The current contribution aims to analyze the effect that these regulations have on scientists' behavior related to the acquisition and contribution of genetic resources for food and agriculture (GRFA). The paper explores in particular the connection between the importance of genetic diversity in scientists' research activities and GRFA sourcing strategies and behavior. The analysis goes beyond current research to examine institutional, economic, and attitudinal explanations for patterns in scientists' use of genebanks. It is based on a survey that covers GRFA exchange and use practices in two different countries (US and France) and four different types of organizations (university, national research institute, company, and government). The analysis covers individual as well as project level, such that it is possible to investigate some portion of the collaborative network of the scientists, their exchange behavior and the institutional context within which they conduct research. Findings will inform current understanding about access, exchange and use behavior of researchers. Conclusions will discuss implications for practice and policy.

Agribusiness value chains in developing countries have experienced the impact of a double State reform process. The first generation of reforms imposed through the Washington Consensus aimed at economic stabilization, reduction of State budget deficits, and removal of trade barriers. The second generation focuses more on institution building in particular the creation of effective and independent regulatory agencies. This process puts institutional change in the foreground and therefore faces the resistance of entrenched vested interests. This paper develops the concept of quaternary institutions, that is, constitutive institutions for governance and discusses the conditions of emergence of new co-ordination rules in agribusiness value chains in developing countries that favour the inclusion of smallholders and less powerful stakeholders. A brief review of relevant concepts in institutional economics is conducted to clarify the role, the forms and the functions of these institutions. It leads to paying special attention to information generation and sharing as a crucial factor of institutional change. The role diverse actors such as the State, private organisations and external bodies can play in the emergence of quaternary institutions is then highlighted.

European standards concerning the maximum residue limit (MRL) for ethephon on pineapples are being reconsidered. In July 2001, the ceiling Is to be changed to 0.5 mg/kg but may subsequently be Increased to 2 mg If this limit Is approved by the Codex alimentarius. This stop-and-go pattern clearly Illustrates the complexity of the situation resulting from Insufficient scientific knowledge of the technical components of the problem and the Interference of numerous economic aspects. It first of all concerns producers in Côte d'Ivoire, the main suppliers of the European Union.

The most populated and industrialized region of Latin America, the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo host 18 millions people in 39 municipalities. The urban water services are managed in a centralized way by a state firm which provides for a domestic demand of 63 m3/s of which 50 % is imported from a neighbouring catchment. Half of the water comes from the periurban catchments of the agglomeration which are submitted to a rapid subnormal urbanization with inadequate sanitation arrangement that directly impact the quality of the water. The tensions are likely to increase with the increasing population and difficulties for the sanitation authorities to keep pace with the urbanization processes. Land management is under the responsibility of the municipalities but a specific land legislation to control urbanization in the catchment defined in the 70's did not permit to control urbanization. The implementation since 1995 of an integrated water management policy has permitted to implement multi-stakeholder platforms for water managemen called catchment commiteet, to better articulate land management and water management, as well as to facilitate the participation of civil society in the process.

The emergence and rapid spread of voluntary sustainability standards are transforming the boundaries between the public and private regulation, particularly regarding tropical agribusiness value chains. Following agricultural deregulation and international trade liberalization in the late 1980s, agribusiness value-chains regulations through new governance arrangements rely on the "retreat of the State" rhetoric. However, although the growing influence of non-state actors in world politics looks obvious, States are far from being sidelined. The development of voluntary sustainability standards contributes further to a change of the role of the state, instead of their retreat. This contribution aims at characterizing these transformations of the public action resulting from voluntary sustainability standards, through case studies conducted in two countries: Brazil and Malaysia. To do this, surveys have been conducted on two value chains in Brazil (sugarcane and beef) and one value-chain (palm-oil) in Malaysia. The results show firstly that voluntary sustainability standards are far from operating alone. Instead, in various cases, their effectiveness depends on a strong public action, as shown by the success of the fight against deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Furthermore, our work shows that the emergence of private standards implies a deep transformation of public action. In Brazil, for instance, new technologies of government have been set. By conditioning access to credit on sustainability goals and putting pressure on retailers and manufacturers, the Brazilian government has forced the cattle industry to self-organize in order to set-up sustainability standards that will make them "politically acceptable" on the global markets. However, these standards do not target family agriculture or the informal sectors, for which the social and environmental issues remain significant. In Malaysia, however, many public actors have expressed resistance facing the changes brought about by the development of voluntary sustainability standards. These private standards have been considered by the government as barriers to free trade and a threat to the sovereignty of the State. Public action is then reflected in attempts at re-appropriation of private standards through the creation of national standards, in order to compete or circumvent transnational private standards. These transformations of public action reveal differentiated strategies of states to maintain a certain level of control on the regulation of industrial sectors that are increasingly constrained by private form of transnational environmental governance.

The Malagasy land reform, ongoing since 2005, belongs to the new generation of land reforms. It promotes the legal recognition of existing landholders' rights (through certification) and the decentralization of land management. Despite the change of paradigm underlying this new wave of reforms, premises and expectations remain unchanged: a) rights legalization is justified by large tenure insecurity and b) rights formalization is a prerequisite to reduce conflicts over land rights, improve access to credit, boost productive investments and stimulate land markets. But before analyzing economic impacts, the relations between land reform and tenure security need to be explored. In this line, the paper first explores the determinant of the sense of tenure insecurity and underlines the complementary role of certification to informal and existing modes of rights validation (petits papiers). It shows then that decentralization of land management (through the creation of local land offices) offers a better and a more equitable access to legal information, land administration institutions, legalization of rights and devices of conflict resolution. But it also underlines that this ongoing process of legal empowerment still need to be more inclusive for the poor and discusses the ways to reinforce this process without denying the reality of local/customary land practices.