Suchergebnisse

Female Ex-Combatants, Empowerment, and Reintegration investigates the role of United Nations-led Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs in undermining female ex-combatants⁰́₉ empowerment. The participation of female combatants in conflict has increasingly been recognized in feminist literatures and in policies and programs concerned with reintegrating ex-combatants and building peace. This has illustrated that female ex-combatants often experience "empowerment" through their role as combatant; however, this empowerment is often lost upon reintegration. UN-led DDR plays an important role in the broader peacebuilding process, as it is one of the largest interventions and directly aims to reintegrate ex-combatants into civilian life. This book draws on extensive field research and interviews with female ex-combatants and DDR officials in Liberia and Nepal to develop a nuanced and comprehensive picture of female ex-combatants⁰́₉ empowerment and how this is undermined by DDR. Through reconceptualized frameworks of empowerment and an emancipatory peace, the book explores the pivotal role that DDR programs play in undermining female ex-combatants⁰́₉ empowerment. The author argues that this is detrimental to peacebuilding, because DDR officials and documentation narrate female ex-combatants in limited and gendered ways, which reproduces gendered inequalities and define how female ex-combatants should behave. This book will be of great interest to scholars and practitioners working on gender, conflict, peace, security, and development.

"This volume represents the first in-depth and comprehensive discussion of reintegration of former combatants in war to peace transitions. In addition to a systematic reflection and review of existing literature on DDR, the authors devised and applied a field research methodology to studying the reintegration of former combatants in Angola with potentially significant implications on the design and implementation of DDR programs. The volume is written for academics, students and practitioners focusing on war to peace transitions and post-conflict issues."--Jacket

The end of formal hostilities in any given conflict provides an opportunity to transform society in order to secure a stable peace. This book builds on the existing feminist international relations literature as well as lessons of past cases that reinforce the importance of including women in the post-conflict transition process, and are important to our general understanding of gender relations in the conflict and post-conflict periods. Post-conflict transformation processes, including disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs, transitional justice mechanisms, reconciliation measures, and legal and political reforms, which emerge after the formal hostilities end demonstrate that war and peace impact, and are impacted by, women and men differently. By drawing on a strong theoretical framework and a number of cases, this volume provides important insight into questions pertaining to the end of conflict and the challenges inherent in the post-conflict transition period that are relevant to students and practitioners alike.

The paper addresses the question of whether TV consumption has an impact on material aspirations. We exploit a natural experiment that took place during the period in which Germany was divided. Owing to geographical reasons, TV programs from the Federal Republic of Germany could not be received in all parts of the German Democratic Republic. Therefore, a natural variation occurred in exposure to West German television. We find robust evidence that watching TV is positively correlated with aspirations. Our identification strategy implies a causal relationship running from TV to aspirations. This conclusion resists various sets of alternative specifications and samples. -- Natural experiment ; TV consumption ; material aspirations

Intro -- FOCUS ON TERRORISM VOLUME 13 -- FOCUS ON TERRORISM VOLUME 13 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 'RED TRIGGER': LAL MASJID AND ITS AFTERMATH* -- ABSTRACT -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 2 AFGHANISTAN: POST-TALIBAN GOVERNANCE, SECURITY AND U.S. POLICY* -- ABSTRACT -- BACKGROUND -- From Early History to the 19th Century -- Early 20th Century and Cold War Era -- Geneva Accords (1988) and Soviet Withdrawal -- The Mujahedin Government and Rise of the Taliban -- Taliban Rule (September 1996- November 2001) -- The "Northern Alliance" Congeals -- Policy Pre-September 11, 2001 -- September 11 Attacks and Operation Enduring Freedom -- POST-TALIBAN NATION BUILDING8 -- Political Transition -- Bonn Agreement -- Permanent Constitution -- HAMID KARZAI, PRESIDENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN -- First Post-Taliban Elections -- 2009 and 2010 Elections and Candidates -- Governance Issues -- U.S. Policy Management and U.S. Embassy Kabul -- Karzai's Central Government and the National Assembly -- U.S. Efforts to Expand and Reform Central Government/Corruption -- Marginalization of Regional Strongmen -- Militia Disarmament: DDR and DIAG Programs -- Anti-Corruption Efforts -- U.N. ASSISTANCE MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN (UNAMA) -- Enhancing Local Governance -- Human Rights and Democracy -- Advancement of Women -- Overall Democracy and Governance Funding Issues -- Combating Narcotics Trafficking/Agricultural Development16 -- POST-WAR SECURITY OPERATIONS AND FORCE CAPACITY BUILDING -- Taliban, Al Qaeda, and Related Insurgent Groups -- Al Qaeda/Bin Laden Whereabouts -- Hikmatyar Faction -- Haqqani Faction -- The War to Date: Post-2006 Taliban "Resurgence" and Causes -- Growing U.S. Force Levels in 2007 and 2008 -- OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM PARTNER FORCES -- 2008 Perception of Deterioration -- Obama Administration Strategy Review