Suchergebnisse

The electrical energy requirements of the Maltese Islands are met in their entirety by two oil-fired electrical generation plants. In view of this complete dependence upon fossil fuels, investigations into the prospects of diversifying electrical generation by resorting to renewable energy technologies are particularly relevant. The archipelago has peculiar characteristics such as high population density, comparatively deep coastal waters and an economy based on tourism, manufacturing, marine-sector activities and services that make the integration of wind power generation projects challenging. Local government authorities commissioned the authors to assess the constraints related to wind farm development in a shallow water coastal area, known as is-Sikka l-Bajda, which could present a wind potential worth exploiting, and to recommend adequate mitigation measures to minimize any impacts and conflicts with stakeholders. These constraints include marine navigational aspects, fishing and aquaculture, tourism and other site-specific activities. Environmental constraints exist including the fact that the site is characterized by extensive seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows, that it is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive, and that the site itself is a reef - another priority habitat within the same directive. The proposed near-shore site is also in the vicinity of a protected coastal bird rafting and bird nesting site for the Yelkouan Shearwater species. Submarine noise generation - particularly during the construction phase - is also of concern in view of the regular sighting of marine mammals in Maltese coastal waters. In the site evaluation exercise, another secondary site in the Maltese Islands, located off the north Gozo coast, was also assessed. Mitigation measures specific to the Sikka l-Bajda site proposed by the authors include the deployment of silt curtains, bubble screens and unobtrusive turbine lighting devices and avoiding utilisation of the reef area closest to the protected bird colony. Such measures also relate to the choice of the array design to minimise visual impact and to the period of the year when wind plant construction and deployment should take place to minimize impact on avifaunal populations. By declaring the marine area contiguous to the proposed nearshore wind facility development as off-limits to fishing vessels, a de facto 'No-take' Marine Protected Area can also be effectively instituted. One also expects submerged components of the nearshore wind facility to be colonized within a brief period by a diverse fouling community and that the same components act as Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD's), greatly enhancing fish populations in the area. In view of the current paucity in Mediterranean nearshore wind power facilities, the proposed project could potentially serve as a pilot project for the whole region, and also become a tourist attraction. ; peer-reviewed

The paper discusses a simple methodological tool for supporting the participatory elaboration of future urban scenarios through successive approximations. It systematizes one possible way to build answers to a set of critical questions when attempting to compose strategic urban programs. To this end, we focused on devising a simple sequence of understandable, easy-to-apply Multi Criteria Evaluation instruments which - by means of 'light' 'accounting' calculation procedures - may "help (planners) to think" (Calcagno, 1972). The deliberate simplicity of this approach - an 'intelligent', transparent and intentional management of elements of analytical and intervention fields, funded on their exhaustive qualitative descriptions and on explicit statements of interests and purposes - prioritises the political side of decision – making. Thus, the paper also seeks to contribute to the reflection on the roles and views of social actors when defining and constructing urban public scenarios. First, we discuss the conceptual and political contents and implications of Diagnoses and Scenario- building, in which involved actors (i) elaborate causal interpretations of urban processes, (ii) specify and select strategic trajectories and (iii) compose and structure project portfolios, by (eventually) supporting them through progressive agreements and consensus. Next, we propose a methodological approach to assessing institutional feasibility and political viability of given strategic trajectories. Finally, we discuss some contextual and operational conditions of these analyses. On the technical side, this framework is originally focused on the interactions among Land Use, Mobility and Energy consumption patterns, three strong determinants of the socio-spatial structuring of territories which - both in Argentina and other Latin American countries - are seldom addressed through transversal, integrated planning approaches. Quite on the contrary, public urban management models – referred to those as well as to other relevant drivers of urban structuring - are most often characterized by remarkable jurisdictional and institutional disarticulation, high technical and thematic fragmentation, ritual emphases on bureaucratic processes rather than on factual objectives or results. Accordingly, formulation and evaluation of public urban policies usually present extremely low levels of systemic completeness. It is suggested that - in these types of highly fragmented governance environments - this approach may contribute to making experts' and social actors' views explicit and to enabling transversal thinking. The analysis of diverse structuring, feasibility and viability assessments may – if applied through successive approximations - help planners to reconfigure the strategic composition of public policies, whether by (i) modifying the strategy portfolio, (ii) modifying the sequence of strategies or (iii)incorporating new strategies in order to modify the balance between involved actors' rejections and supports, while maintaining the meanings, orientations and aims of the evaluated policy. ; Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları, onarıcı adalet kavramının ortaya çıkmasıyla uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Bunlardan biri uzlaşma kurumudur. Günümüzdeki anlamıyla ilk olarak Kanada'da 28 Mayıs 1974 tarihinde meydana gelen bir olayda uygulanmıştır. Uzlaşma kurumunun ortaya çıkmasının çeşitli sebepleri vardır. Bunlardan en önemlisi klasik ceza adalet sistemlerinin uyuşmazlığın taraflarını, özellikle de mağduru tatmin etmemesidir. Uzlaşma kurumu ülkemizde ilk olarak 1 Haziran 2005 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu ve 5271 sayılı Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu'nda yer alan düzenlemeler ile uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Uyuşmazlığın taraflarının özgür iradelerine dayanan uzlaşma kurumunun mağdur veya suçtan zarar gören bakımından, şüpheli veya sanık bakımından, toplum bakımından, yargı organlarının iş yükü bakımından ve kamu harcamaları bakımından birçok faydası bulunmaktadır. Tezimiz iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, uzlaşma kavramı, uzlaşma kavramının hukuki niteliği, alternatif çözüm yöntemleri ve onarıcı adalet kavramlarını ve bunların ortaya çıkış sebepleri, uzlaşmanın karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki ve uluslar arası belgelerdeki yeri inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise, uzlaşmanın koşullarını, Yüksek Yargı içtihatları doğrultusunda soruşturma ve kovuşturma aşamasındaki uygulanma sürecini, olumlu ve olumsuz sonuçlarını, faydalarını incelemeye çalıştık. Çalışmamızı, uzlaşma kurumu konusunda genel bir değerlendirme yaparak sonlandırdık. ; Alternative dispute resolution methods, with the emergence of the concept of restorative justice, began to be implemented. One of these is mediation institution. Meaning today as the first in Canada on May 28, 1974 was implemented in an event occurring. There are the various reasons for the emergence of mediation institutions. Most importantly, classic criminal justice system does not satisfy the parties to the dispute, particularly the victims. Mediation institution in our country was introduced by the regulations of the No. 5237 Turkish Penal Code and No. 5271 the Criminal Procedure Code which came into force on 1 June 2005. Mediation institution which based on the free will of the parties to the dispute has many benefits in terms of the person who has suffered damages from the crime, in terms of the suspect or the accused, in terms of the society, in terms of courts? workloads and in terms of public expenditure. Our study is composed of two main sections. At the first chapter, the concept of mediation, legal character of mediation, alternative dispute resolution methods and restorative justice concepts and their emergence causes, its places in the comparative law and on intirnational documents had been expressed. And at the second chapter, the rules of the mediation, in accordance with high judicial case law, the implementation process of the mediation at the investigation stage and prosecution stage, positive and negative results of mediation, the benefits of mediation had been expressed. At the final section, We had terminated our study making an overall assessment about the the concept of mediation with examples of decisions which we made at the practice.

Recently urban freight transport has become an important social issue in terms of the increasing level of traffic congestion, negative impacts on the environment, traffic safety and accidents as well energy consumption. The situation is getting worse by currents trends in supply chain organisation (e.g. just in time delivery, fragmentation of loads) which have led to an exponential increase in the number of freight emissions, especially for small parcels that are often carried by empty transport vehicles. The EU policy and legislation relevant to urban mobility has been developed with significant funding provided through several programmes (FP, INTERREG, LIFE, URBAN, CIVITAS, URBAN etc.). The CityLog project – co-funded within FP7 and with 18 European partners coordinated by Centro Ricerche Fiat – aims at increasing the sustainability and the efficiency of urban delivery of goods through an adaptive and integrated mission management and innovative vehicle solutions. Three action domains have been identified to improve today's city logistic system: - logistic-oriented telematic services are expected to give a decisive contribution to improve mission planning processes through an optimized routing and drivers' support systems. Towards the final customers, tracking and communication capabilities should be deployed to reduce the number of unsuccessful deliveries; - vehicle technologies will represent a key factor to increase the operational flexibility of lorries and vans. It means that the vehicles shall be requested to support different mission profiles, and this will allow to reduce their number. In other words, what should be achieved is the interoperability among the vehicles, especially in terms of load unit handling; - innovative load units shall be carefully designed to operate, like the vehicles, in different missions. Therefore, a re-configurable internal layout will enable different uses either as simple container or mobile pack station (BentoBox concept). In the latter case, the goal is the de-synchronization of the delivery process between operators and final customers in order to reduce the unsuccessful deliveries. The innovative approach of CityLog will lead to decrease the number and optimise the use of delivery trucks in urban areas, while bringing an increased quality of services. From the logistics operator point of view the groundbreaking CityLog solutions and technologies are of highest interest due to the increased energy efficiency and quality of services. Concerning the perspectives, the conference on the Future of Transport organized by the European Commission in March 2009 rightly identified the urban context as one of the main challenges to transport policies in terms of both sustainability (CO2, air pollution) and competitiveness (congestion). This will have an impact on the design of the transport system as a whole, and the urban context will increasingly serve as a "laboratory" for the transport sector in the years to come; a testing ground for the development of new technological and financial solutions.

ÖZETPolitik risk kavramının genellikle akıllara ilk getirdiği; yabancı şirketlerin faaliyet ortamlarındaki ve iş koşullarındaki değişimlerdir. Ev sahibi ülke ve yabancı şirket arasında değişen bu sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkiler, doğal olarak iş ortamını etkileyerek, yatırımcıların kayba uğramasına veya kar marjlarında düşüşe neden olmaktadır. Siyasi olaylar ile faiz oranları, enflasyon oranları gibi makro ekonomik göstergeler arasındaki bağlantı, finans literatüründe çoğu kez konu edilmiştir. Ülkelerin ekonomileri politik durumlarından izole düşünülemediğinden dolayı, siyaysi olayların hisse senedi piyasaları üzerinde de önemli etkileri vardır. Söz konusu siyasi olaylar içinde en önemli etki sahibi olanlardan biri şüphesiz ki genel seçimlerdir. Seçim sonuçları, gelecekteki olası politik kararlara ve değişimlere ilişkin bilgiler içermektedir. "Politik Konjonktür Dalgalanmaları" hakkında geliştirilen modeller, seçimlerin ekonomi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı genel ve yerel seçimlerin İMKB-100 endeksi üzerindeki etkileri tespit etmek ve Türkiye'de seçimlere dayalı Politik Konjonktür Dalgalanmaların varlığını araştırmaktır. (Araştırma, İMKB'nin kuruluşundan günümüze dek yapılmış olan tüm seçimleri kapsamaktadır). Seçimler ile hisse senedi fiyatlarındaki anormal dalgalanmaları ilişkilendirebilmek açısından "olay inceleme metod" uygulanmıştır. Seçimlerin borsa üzerinde kısa vadeli etkileri olduğu varsayımından yola çıkılarak, seçim tarihlerinden onbeş gün öncesi ve sonrasını kapsayacak şekilde otuzar günlük zaman dilimleri incelenmiştir. Yatırımcıların seçim dönemlerindeki fiyat dalgalanma beklentilerine paralel olarak, seçim tarihden önceki ve takip eden günlerin çoğunda anormal endeks değerleri tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACTPolitical risk is most likely to bring to mind the changes in the operating conditions of foreign enterprises and business environment characteristic. These changing relationships between the host and the home country including those that might be referred to as social, will affect the business environment such that investors will lose money or have a reduced profit margin. Correlation between political events and the macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, inflation rates is well established in the finance literature. Political events are also responsible for stock market volatility as the economies do not exist in isolation of politics. One of the most important political event is considered as the general elections. Election results contain information about future policies. "Political Business Cycle" models are developed to analyze the effects of elections on the economy. Aim of this study is to figure out the effects of general and local elections on ISE 100 index and to investigate the existence of electoral political business cycles in Turkey, since the establishment of ISE. In order to determine whether there is an "abnormal" stock price effect associated with an unanticipated case, "event study method" is utilized. Since it is assumed that elections have short term effects on stock markets, thirty days of event window is examined. (15 days before and after the election date). Abnormal index values are observed most of the days preceding and following the elections, parallel to investors' expectations of price fluctuations in electoral periods.

International audience ; Johannesburg ; chercheur associée au laboratoire Gecko (Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense) ; coordonne, avec le Professeur Alan Mabin (université de Wits), un programme CORUS sur « La voix des pauvres dans la gouvernance urbaine : mobilisation, participation et politique dans les grandes villes sud-africaines » A former version of this text was presented to the CORUS seminar : "The voice of the poor in uban governance-participation, mobilization and politics in South African cities", Cape Town, 23-25 November 2009 Elements of context-This research, undertaken by PLANACT (an NGO) and for which I am playing a role as research adviser, is about the place of residents' participation in a hostel renovation project i. The hostel ii is located on former mining ground, close to the metropolitan fresh products market. It is not far from the city center in absolute terms (about 10 kilometers) and well connected to it through taxi routes: but in a no man's land made up of industrial zones, mine dumps, and toxic waste. It is also a political enclave-an ANC stronghold in a DA iii ward, which mostly comprises (besides the hostel) former white working class suburbs. The hostel renovation is conducted by Joshco (Johannesburg Social Housing Company, an entity that is funded by the municipality and is accountable to it but has its own management structure), who also manages the rental units. The project is about converting a former male hostel (predominantly occupied by Xhosa residents, from the Eastern Cape) into family units, inviting the wife and children to join their long-gone husband. It is perceived by most residents as a radical change that has its own challenges (in particular when the migrant husband has established a relationship with another women; but even more generally because the coming of women challenges the former masculine environment and requires some reshuffling of traditional gender roles). In the process of conversion and renovation of the hostel, Joshco has been mainly interacting with the old Tenants Committee, composed of four men and often criticized by other stakeholders (including Joshco itself), for not being representative of all residents. Two other local organizations are powerful locally: the ANC and SANCO structures (partners in what is called the 'Alliance Forum') iv. They are said to have a wider audience, and are extremely critical of (and sometimes violently oppositional to) Joshco's project. It took a long time for us to identify who the leaders were and to organize a meeting, all the more that we were introduced in the hostel by Joshco's caretaker, who was reluctant to put us in touch with people he perceived as 'trouble makers', and was also very wary that the research process could open conflict and even violence in City Deep Hostel, especially in electoral times v. I

Dünyanın çeşitli yörelerinde başlayan bölgesel bütünleşme hareketleri, kültürel ve coğrafi yakınlıklara dayalı olsa da, temelinde ekonomik ilişkilerin olduğu bir gerçektir. Bu tür ekonomik örgütlenmelerin son zamanlarda dünyanın her tarafında hız kazandığı görülmektedir. Bu ekonomik örgütlenmelerden en önemlisi de Avrupa Birliği'dir. Gümrük Birliği, Tek Pazar gibi önemli aşamalardan sonra en son ve en kapsamlı olan Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik (EPB) aşamasına geçen Avrupa Birliği, üye ülkelerin ekonomik standartlarını birbirine yakınlaştırarak, bölgeselleşmenin başarı ile sürdürülmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda Parasal Birlik aynı zamanda, üye ülkelerin ekonomilerinde borç, fiyat istikrarı, faiz oranları, kur istikrarını içeren kriterlere uymalarını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği ile yıllardır süren ve henüz istediği aşamaya ulaşamayan bütünleşme süreci, Türkiye'nin önemli dış politika amaçlarından biri olmuştur. Bu çerçevede yapılan reform çalışmaları ve parasal birlik için istenen kriterlerin karşılanması bu tezin asıl amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Avrupa Birliği uyum sürecinde Türkiye ile yaşanan ekonomik ilişkilere değinilmiş ve ekonomik bütünleşme teorisi çerçevesinde hangi aşamanın gerçekleştiği ve bundan sonra kalan aşamalar için neler yapılması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Özellikle, birliğin en önemli ticari ortaklarından biri konumunda bulunan Türkiye'ye, bütünleşmenin yol haritasının zorlu yollardan geçirilmesi bütünleşmenin düşünüldüğü gibi kolay olmayacağının göstergesi niteliğindedir. Bu doğrultuda, Türkiye'nin bundan sonraki yaklaşımı bütünleşmenin sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmektedir. ; Although regional integration movements, that emerge in various parts of the world, are derived from cultural and geographical proximity, it is a fact that they are based on economic relations. It is observed that foundation of such economic organizations is accelerating all around the world. Most important of those organizations is the European Union. After going through important phases like Customs Union and Common Market, the European Union achieved the last and the most comprehensive stage: Economic and Monetary Union. By making the economic standards of member countries converge, the European Union successfully sustains the regionalization. Also in this regard, Monetary Union requires the debt level, price stability, interest rate and exchange rate stability of member state economies match certain criteria,. The integration process with the European Union has been of important foreign policy objectives of Turkey, although this process has been going on for years but has not reached the desired level yet. In this study, the economic relations of Turkey in the process of harmonization with the European Union are mentioned and the level of progress in the framework of economic integration theory is elaborated. Especially, headed for integration with the Union as one of the main commercial partners, the obstacles confronted by Turkey are signs that the integration process will not be as easy as expected. In this perspective, the attitude of Turkey hereafter is crucial in terms of sustainability of the integration.

Sansür, bir toplumun veya toplum içindeki bir alt grubun bilgi ve görüşlerini aktarmasını sınırlamayı içeren bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu süreç Devlet sansürü, kendi kendine sansür, yerel sansür, karma sansür şeklinde işlemektedir. Sinemanın kitleler üzerindeki etkisi anlaşılmaya başlanınca sinema filmleri için çeşitli düzenlemeler getirilmiştir. Fransa ve ABD gibi sinemadaki öcü ülkelerde de bu düzenlemeler görülmektedir. Sinemanın Türkiye'ye gelmesiyle birlikte Türk sinemasında da sansür uygulamaları görülmektedir. Osmanlı döneminden başlayarak Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından günümüze kadar Türk sinemasında çeşitli sansür uygulamaları görülmektedir. Bu uygulamayı yapan alt ve üst kurullar bulunmaktadır. Bu kurullar uygulamalarını o gün geçerli olan sansür tüzüğünün belirlediği kriterlere göre yapmaktadırlar. Türk sinemasında ki birçok yönetmen sansürün belirlediği kriterlere uygun olmayan filmler çektikleri için sansür kuruluyla ciddi çatışmalar yaşamıştır. Bu çatışmaları daha ilk filmiyle yaşayan yönetmenlerden biride Metin Erksan'dır. Metin Erksan toplumsal gerçekçilik akımının temsilcisi olarak filmlerinde toplumun sorunlarını işlemiştir ve bu nedenle sansür kuruyla sürekli sorun yaşamıştır. Çalışmamızda Metin Erksan'ın; Aşık Veysel'in Hayatı, Susuz Yaz, Yılanların Öcü, Beyaz Cehennem ve Gecelerin Ötesi filmleri Toplum Bilimsel Çözümleme yöntemiyle incelenmekte ve bu filmlerin neden sansüre maruz kaldığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Censorship is defined as a process that puts limits on the way a society or a sub-group in a society conveys their information and views. This process involves State censorship, censorship of the self, local censorship and mixed censorship. When the influence of the cinema on the masses was noticed, some regulations began to be made for films to be shown at the cinema. Such regulations are observed in countries like France and the USA, which are leading countries in terms of the cinema. With the introduction of the cinema into Turkey, practices of censorship began to be observed in the Turkish cinema, too. Various practices of censorship have been made in the Turkish cinema beginning in the Ottoman Era and from the initial years of the Republican Period to the present. There are commissions and supreme boards that implement these practices. These commissions perform their duty in accordance with the criteria laid down in the current censorship by-laws. Many directors in the Turkish cinema experienced serious conflicts with the censorship board because they have made films that did not conform to the criteria determined by the censorship board. One of the directors who got involved in these conflicts with his first film was Metin Erksan. As a representative of the social realism, Metin Erksan included problems of the society in his films and therefore constantly experienced problems with the censorship board. In our study, Metin Erksan?s films ?Minstrel Veysel?s Life, Dry Summer, Revenge of Snakes, White Hell and Beyond the Nights? were examined using the Sociological Analysis technique and an effort was made to explain why these films were subjected to censorship.

The enlargement of EU coupled with harmonization of regulations and standards have opened new market segments and geographical areas resulting in grown market shares and innovative behaviour of timber construction firms. The role of policies aiming at increased competitiveness and innovativeness of the European forest sector through integrating innovation has been studied within a COST Action running from 2006 to 2010. COST Action E51 "Integrating Innovation and Development Policies for the Forest Sector" aimed at increasing our understanding of the role of policies and development programs to improve competitiveness and specifically innovations in the forest sector. One of the sub-groups studied the timber construction value chain and the type and diffusion of innovations. This report presents empirical data of timber construction industries from eight European countries. The data include the general construction environment and the policy superstructure of each country and one characteristic example of innovation and innovation process within the timber construction industry of each country respectively. The description of the construction industry follows the concept that construction is a complex product system (CoPS, Hobday, 1998) relating actors in an innovation system approach manner. The timber construction industry is gradually moving from supplier to system integrators thus modifying the overall system.The results indicate a large difference between studied industries in terms of type of innovation, supportive actions from society and industry organizations, and the effect of the innovation on the overall building process and infrastructure. ; Utvidgningen av EU tillsammans med harmonisering av regler och standarder har öppnat nya marknadssegment och geografiska områden för träbyggindustrin, resulterande i ökade marknadsandelar och möjligheter till innovativt beteende. Påverkan av nationella policies och program på den utvecklingen har studerats inom ett COST Action som löpt under perioden 2006 till 2010. COST Action E51 "Integrating Innovation and Development Policies for the Forest Sector" syftar till att öka vår kunskap om vilken roll policies och nationella utvecklingsprogram spelar för att öka konkurrenskraften och specifikt innovationsförmågan inom skogssektorn. Träbyggindustrin var en av värdekedjorna som studerades utifrån typ och spridning av innovationer. Denna rapport innehåller information on träbyggindustrin in åtta europeiska länder. Träbyggindustrierna beskrivs utifrån den generella byggindustrin, viktiga politikområden i respektive land samt en karaktäristisk innovation och dess utbredning inom träbyggindustrin. Byggindustrin och dess innovationsförmåga ses utifrån ett innovationssystemperspektiv och där byggandet är ett komplext produktsystem (CoPS; Hobday, 1998). Träbyggindustrin uppstår och utvecklas i gränssnittet mellan leverantör och systemintegratör vilket påverkar hela systemet.Resultatet pekar på stora skillnader mellan de studerade industrierna i fråga om typ av innovation, vilka stödaktiviteter samhället och branschorganisationer erbjuder samt effekten av innovationen på den övergripande byggprocessen och infrastrukturen. ; Godkänd; 2010; 20100909 (lms) ; Lean Wood Engineering

The SudBiotech project is targeting PhD and Masters Programmes in Universities and Excellence Research Centres located in developing countries. It proposes an integrative and multidisciplinary approach under the form of a one-week discovery and training itinerary. SudBiotech is aimed at addressing various different fields of Plant Biotechnology, under the specific socioeconomic context of scientific communities from these countries. Our main goal is to train students, research staff, deciders, professionals and journalists to the basic knowledge underlying applications of plant biotechnologies, in order to both update the amount of knowledge which is requested at Master's level and to acquire a solid body of information which is indispensable for any decision making, in a field of research which is often the target of political, social and media-related pressure. The team of Professors involved in the project shares a strong experience in teaching and training in overseas French Speaking Universities (AUPELF-UREF projects in Marocco, Tunisia, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, TEMPUS Programme in Lebanon, AUF-Actions de Recherche en Réseau in Benin). The team is composed of senior scientists acting in various complementary fields, namely: Biochemistry/Physiology (A. Nato), Plant Breeding/Molecular Biology (Y. Henry), Tropical Agriculture/Epigenetics (A. Rival). Thanks to these complementarities, SudBiotech is able to propose a training itinerary which is diversified and integrated, covering areas from the plant cell and its original potentialities to the most recent industrial applications of plant biotechnologies (GMOs), their public acceptance in developing and emerging nations and their applicability to tropical plant commodities. The training offer is amplified and enriched through the active role of local research and training staff, who are encouraged to actively participate in the SudBiotech project under various forms including lectures, field visits, practical sessions, etc. SudBiotech relies on original research results, which support and illustrate the various different basic notions evoked during lectures. The case of the bio-production of high added value pharmaceutical products by genetically engineered cells or plants under confined condition is a good example of this integration. Our priority is to establish a long-term, continuous system for training and capacity building, based on appropriate tools for scientific communities in developing and emerging countries: training of PhD students, job opportunities in their native country/region, overseas training, access to scientific information and literature and access to funders and international networks. It is important to note that any training material which is produced under the framework of SudBiotech is graciously given without any Intellectual Property Rights to partner institutions, in order to constitute a local basis for training in Plant Biotechnologies in beneficiary countries.

Wind energy, like other forms of renewable energy, has the potential to contribute to a more sustainable energy future but it has remained a fringe energy source. The acceleration of wind energy development is difficult and depends on the choices of policy options, policy formulation and other policy-making processes. It is therefore of policy and scholarly interest to examine whether policy learning, a process by which policy stakeholders adjust a policy in response to past experiences and new information (Hall, 1993), may improve the efficacy of the policies for wind energy. In this paper, we assess the role of policy learning in improving the efficacy of energy policies by examining the evolution of the pricing policies for wind energy in China since 1994 when China's first pricing policy for wind was introduced. A distinctive feature of the wind pricing policies in China was the prolonged debate regarding the relative merits of two competing policies - the tendering policy (a policy of price liberalization) and the fixed-price policy (a policy of price regulation). It is in this Chinese context that this paper contrasts the developments of three distinctive phases of pricing policies for wind energy between 1994 and 2009, and compares the local policy responses in three Chinese provinces, Guangdong, Shanghai and Xinjiang. This paper adopts a case-study approach. The analysis of this paper focuses on the policy changes at the national level, including the move away from the tendering policy to a fixed-price policy in 2009, and the diversity of local policy responses that ranged from the introduction of a local fixed-price policy in Guangdong to the local implementation of the tendering model in Shanghai and the introduction of a de facto fixed-price policy in Xinjiang. Our findings suggest that technical and conceptual forms of policy learning have taken place in China in relation to the policies for wind energy, but the progression towards a high-order of policy learning, social learning, was severely constrained under the established fabric of central-local relations. This paper shows that policy learning improved policy coherence. Another benefit of policy learning is a better understanding of the unintended policy outcomes and the underlying incentive structures among policy stakeholders. The progression of policy learning was achieved through a number of enablers, including knowledge creation, institutions for knowledge accumulation and information disclosure, and the emergence of an issue network. However, overcentralisation, the inertia against institutional changes and the failure to recognize the need for a more deliberative decision-making process, which all emerge from the current central-local tensions in China's governance system, were identified as the key barriers to the policy learning process.

Исследуется кадровая ситуация в региональной журналистике периода хрущевской «оттепели». В центре внимания автора штатные сотрудники и внештатные авторы СМИ автономных республик Поволжья. Рассматриваются основные направления государственной кадровой политики в области региональных СМИ: конвергенция журналистов печати, радио, телевидения, развитие рабселькоровского движения, «разбавление» журналистов из потомственной интеллигенции выходцами из рабочего класса и крестьянства, формирование университетской системы подготовки в регионах. ; The analysis of the staffing situation of the media of Volga autonomous republics during the Khrushchev's "thaw", time period allows to follow the continuity of the state policy traditions in regional media. The intensive development of the state media system in regions during 1953-1964 showed the shortage of professional journalists. In order to find the solution to staffing problems various steps were taken by the government. The object of study is the media of the Volga autonomous republics. The article tells about republican TV, press and radio. Local government and party organs paid lots of attention to its activity. The subject of study is the development of professional journalists in local media. Chronological framework includes the 1953-1964. The validity of the framework is caused by the Khrushchev's "Global Warming" time period, which is characterized as a striking contradiction: processes of de-Stalinization and liberalization attempts of the society were restrained by the conservative tendencies and well-defined ideological framework, that directly affected the activity of media journalists and the formation of its staffing policy. The degree of studiness of this topic could not be claimed as sufficient. There are studies of journalism theorists and historians, sociologists, which are devoted to the history and problems of development of journalistic education in Russia (including university education). Ideological approach, correlated with the social order of dominating political regime in the country, is typical for soviet historiography. (B.E.Esin, A.F. Bereghnaya, V.E. Kyzin, S.V. Karavashkova, E.L. Khudyakov, Y.N. Zasurskyi etc.). The studies of "Perestroika" and "Post-perestroika" years (V.P. Talavov, L.G. Svitich, A.A. Shyryaeva, N.V. Trofimova, E.M. Dzyaloshinskii and others) give a more objective picture of media staffing situation of soviet period the attempts to research the political context of changes in soviet journalism are made. A certain interest to staffing problems of regional media is peculiar for last studies. Scientific novelty. In the article for the first time the state of journalistic staff in regional media is researched during the Khrushchev's "Global Warming" time period, that played a special role in the history of Russian journalism; the attention is focused on staffing situation features of important and interesting Volga region. The status of autonomous soviet republics had a special imprint on spiritual state of society and was one of the main factors, which affected the local media.

Artiklen analyserer kampagnen: "Leg dig sund", som er tilrettelagt af Fødevarestyrelsen og Sundhedsstyrelsen. "Leg dig sund" retter sig mod især udsatte familier og deres vilje, viden og handlekapacitet til at leve sundt. Centrum i artiklen er kampagnens kobling til leg. Hvordan kan det være, at leg står så centralt i kampagnen? Hvad har leg og kampagne med hinanden at gøre? Hvad har sundhed og leg med hinanden at gøre? Et centralt træk ved kampagnen er, at den på én gang vil og ikke vil være en kampagne, på én gang vil og ikke vil være styring. Det hænger sammen med, at den iagttager modstand blandt de udsatte familier både i forhold til styring og i forhold til sundhedsfremme. Samtidigt vil man ikke anerkende familierne som modstandere. Man vil hellere gå uden om modstanden i en erkendelse af, at sundhedsfremme virker bedst, når den ikke ligner en sådan, og styring styrer mest, når den ikke er tilrettelagt som styring. Leg ses her som et alternativ. Artiklen ender i en diskussion af hvilken stat, der kommer til syne i en sådan praksis. Måske er det en tegneseriestat? Det er en stat, der ikke sætter grænser for sig selv overfor borgeren, for hvorfor skulle man beskytte borgerne mod leg?

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Niels Åkerstrøm Andersen: Who is Yum-Yum?

The Cartoon State in the Making
This article analyzes the campaign "Play Yourself Healthy". The campaign is organized by the Danish Food Agency and the Danish Health Agency and focuses on socially "weak" families in an attempt to influence their will, knowledge and capacity to act in order to live healthy lives. The article concentrates on the link between campaigning and playing. How has play become so important to the campaign? What are the connections between playing and developing campaigns? What are the connections between health and play? The campaign wants to be both a campaign and not a campaign, both steering and not steering. This is because of the resistance among the target families to steering and health promotion. No one wants to identify the families as opponents, however, so the authorities work around their resistance by presuming that health promotion works best if it does not look like promotion, and that steering works best when it is not arranged as such. Play is seen here as an alternative, and the article hopes to foster discussion about the form of the state that emerges in the campaign practices. It offers the hypothesis that the "new state" does not limit itself in the means it uses to govern citizens. After all, why should it protect citizens against playing?

Key words: Steering, campaigning, health promotion, resistance, media, play.

The subject of this presentation is a synthesis of recent ideas of scientific, professional and political community concerning what directions should reform of social protection system - the part relating to children and juveniles with delinquent behavior follow. The main purpose of the article is to give a critical analysis of reform ideas and point out certain dilemmas and controversies which are brought about in this field in respect of reform procedures. The analysis done indicates the possibility of identification of the three basic directions of reform of social protection system related ti juvenile delinquency. These are as follows: decentralization, redefinition of functions and standards of institutions and deinstitutionalization. These main directions of social protection system reform are based on several key principles such as: rights and best interest of children and juveniles plurality (alternatives) of services rendered; participation/partnership of users, social services and other institutions of local community; support to parenthood and preservation of the family; early detection of children under risk; enhancing of quality and continual upgrading of professional work. Within the identified directions and principles of reform, special attention is given to the issues of prevention and social protection, institutional and non-institutional measures and methods of protection of juvenile delinquents, concept and standards of social services work, mode evaluation and upgrading of quality of professional work, alternative forms of social protection of this group children, etc. ; Predmet ovog rada jeste sinteza dosadašnjih ideja naučne, stručne i političke javnosti o tome u kom pravcu treba da se kreće reforma sistema socijalne zaštite u tranzicijskim društvima koja sa odnosi na decu i maloletnike sa delinkventnim ponašanjem. Osnovni cilj rada je kritička analiza reformskih ideja i ukazivanje na određene dileme i kontroverze koje su pogledu reformskih zahvata u ovoj oblasti javljaju. Analiza ukazuje da je moguće identifikovati tri osnovna pravca reforme sistema socijalne zaštite maloletnih delinkvenata. To su decentralizacija, redefinisanje funkcija standarda usluga i de institucionalizacija. Ovi glavni pravci reforme sistema socijalne zaštite zasnivaju se na nekoliko ključnih principa kao što su prava i najbolji interes deteta i maloletnika; pluralitet (alternativnost) usluga i pružaoca; participacija/partnerstvo korisnika, socijalnih službi i drugih institucija lokalne zajednice; podrška roditeljstvu i očuvanju porodice; rano otkrivanje dece u riziku; podizanje kvaliteta i kontinuirano usavršavanje stručnog rada. U sklopu ovih identifikovanih pravaca i principa reforme posebna pažnja se posvećuje pitanjima prevencije u socijalnoj zaštiti, institucionalnih i van institucionalnih mera i metoda zaštite maloletnih prestupnika (koje se sprovode u sistemu socijalne zaštite) koncepcije i standarda usluga socijalnih službi, načina evaluiranja i podizanja kvaliteta stručnog rada, alternativnih oblika socijalne zaštite ove grupacije dece i drugo.

This paper employs quantitative analysis to explore the issue of cultural barriers to accessing highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in developing countries. It begins with an econometric analysis of potential socio-economic determinants of HAART coverage, i.e. the number of people on HAART as a percentage of the total number needing it. The analysis suggests that language fractionalisation (a widely used indicator of cultural diversity) acts as a barrier to HAART coverage, whereas ethnic fractionalisation is not significant, although politically salient ethnic divisions may be. The most important drivers of HAART coverage are: region (notably, living in the hyper-epidemic region of the Southern part of the African continent); and access to donor funding. The effect of 'region' may, of course, be proxying for unmeasured 'cultural' variation that is not being picked up by the language and ethnic diversity variables. But it may also be picking up other imperfectly measured variables such as level of economic development and institutional strength or even unmeasured factors such as different variants of HIV. One thus cannot conclude from the fact that regional differences exist, that these have roots in cultural differences. The question of 'cultural barriers' to HAART is usually interrogated at a domestic or local level where understandings of disease aetiology and healing, stigma, conceptions of masculinity etc can be explored (e.g. Ashforth, 2005; Nattrass 2005; Ashforth and Nattrass, 2005; Nattrass, 2008a; Steinberg, 2008). Similarly, country-level research can help shed light on how political factors, such as government leadership on AIDS and civil society mobilisation in favour of HAART, also affect the pace and level of HAART coverage (e.g. Nattrass, 2007; Robbins, 2009). Political factors are crucial in shaping access to HAART (Bor, 2007; de Waal, 2006; Iliffe, 2006; Nattrass, 2008b) but these are not immutable and can be transformed rapidly through domestic and international pressure. The same is true of cultural understandings of HIV and HAART which can change quickly in the presence of civil society mobilisation and in response to the lived experience of successful antiretroviral treatment. This paper, by virtue of its focus on cross-country differences in HAART coverage, does not address the kinds of cultural and political obstacles that are more appropriately addressed through ethnographic research. However, the analysis highlights a potentially important over-arching cultural issue which is easily missed by country-level analysis – namely the role of donor attitudes and beliefs in shaping access to HAART. Donor funding is typically seen as an economic issue. But to understand it merely as a resource flow is to miss the importance of 'donor culture' in shaping and sustaining that resource flow.