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Coronavirus pandemic has affected many lives, and several rigid rules and policies had to be implemented across the globe to curb the spread of the disease. A nation-wide lockdown was announced on March 22, 2020, in India to curb the spread of the Coronavirus (COVID – 19) pandemic. The entire nation was brought to a standstill with only the essential services running. The pandemic had put many of the organizations on the moratorium, especially the travel industry. Indian Railways were no exception to it. But they have risen to the occasion to stand strong with the nation. The efficient disaster management planning of the Indian railways has helped them to fight the battle bravely. Though the passenger trains were brought to a halt in the initial lockdown period, the freight services were functional, carrying out essential duties during the lockdown. From manufacturing and distribution of PPE kits, transportation of essential commodities, service from medical warriors, Indian Railways has taken all the possible steps in the nation's fight against the pandemic. This article focuses on the COVID-19 guidelines followed by the Indian Railways and their noble work during the COVID-19 national crisis for the wellbeing of employees, passengers, and the general public by using secondary data such as journals, newspapers, magazines, and memorandums.

COVID-19 sent a wave of pandomania across Nigeria, like in every other country due to health risk that it come with, which was declared pandemic. However, its impact has been felt on all aspect of human endeavour; social economic and political. In Nigeria, the pandemic has affects security governance due to pivoted role assigned security agencies in the enforcement of restriction of movement and lockdown imposed by the federal government of Nigeria. The security agencies involved has not been limited to police but it include both military and paramilitary as the case may be. In the midst of continues spread of diseasesand multiplicity of security agencies, security governance became a serious issues. Through the government adopted a pragmatic approached, the result has been of mix blessing. It is in light of the above that the paper examines security, government in theCOVID-19 pandemic periodusing Nigeria as a case study.

The sharp increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases in late 2021 and early 2022, which is associated with the spread of a new strain of coronavirus - omicron - is of great concern and makes it necessary to make at least approximate forecasts for the pandemic dynamics of the epidemic. As this rapid growth occurs even in countries with high levels of vaccinations, the question arises as to their effectiveness. The smoothed daily number of new cases and deaths per capita and the ratio of these characteristics were used to reveal the appearance of new coronavirus strains and to estimate the effectiveness of quarantine, testing and vaccination. The third year of the pandemic allowed us to compare the pandemic dynamics in the period from September 2020 to January 2021 with the same period one year later for Ukraine, EU, the UK, USA, India, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, Australia, and in the whole world. Record numbers of new cases registered in late 2021 and early 2022 once again proved that existing vaccines cannot prevent new infections, and vaccinated people can spread the infection as intensively as non-vaccinated ones. Fortunately, the daily number of new cases already diminishes in EU, the UK, USA, South Africa, and Australia. In late January - early February 2022, the maximum averaged numbers of new cases are expected in Brazil, India, EU, and worldwide. Omicron waves can increase the numbers of deaths per capita, but in highly vaccinated countries, the deaths per case ratio significantly decreases. Highlights: Vaccinated persons can get and pass the new coronavirus variants. The probability of death is much lower for vaccinated persons.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA).Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

An estimated 90% of all confirmed COVID-19 cases occur in rural and urban areas around the world, where all industries and sectors have been severely impacted. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and intensified many of the difficulties and uncertainties local governments face in carrying out their responsibilities. Apart from restoring normalcy, local governments in the National Capital Region face specific challenges, as they must double their efforts and interventions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as restore and reinforce community resilience in both short and long-term response and action. Local government plays a significant role in providing social services in normal times and ensures that these public services are accessible in times of adversity and distress, as well as acting as first responders in disaster prevention, rescue, and restoration. While the world has not yet crossed everyone, and some issues remain unresolved, the author agrees that unprecedented decisions and good practices from neighboring countries should have been taken to protect citizens, especially the most vulnerable. The author examined and reviewed the various mechanisms used by various local governments in Metro Manila, as well as the SDG framework, to analyze the challenges and good practices for local responses to the pandemic and mitigating its effects. The author finds that identifying the challenges faced by various local governments in Metro Manila as well as how they deal with these challenges and recognizing their good practices would aid local governments in long-term sustainability planning and development.

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