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Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes it unattractive as a screening tool in community studies of CKD in SSA.

Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes it unattractive as a screening tool in community studies of CKD in SSA.

Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes it unattractive as a screening tool in community studies of CKD in SSA.

Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes it unattractive as a screening tool in community studies of CKD in SSA.

International audience ; Background: Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. Methods: In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). Results: The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. Conclusions: ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes ...

International audience ; Background: Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. Methods: In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). Results: The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9-11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52-24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28-16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35-3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. Conclusions: ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes ...

BACKGROUND: Most studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been conducted in urban settings. They relied on GFR estimated from serum creatinine alone and on the inexpensive, convenient urinary dipstick to assess proteinuria. The dipstick for proteinuria has not been directly compared with the gold standard albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a large-sized study in SSA. We hereby assessed the influence of rural versus urban location on the level, interpretation, and diagnostic performance of proteinuria dipstick versus ACR. METHODS: In a cross-sectional population-based study of CKD in both urban (n = 587) and rural (n = 730) settings in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we assessed the prevalence, performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) and determinants of a positive dipstick proteinuria as compared with albuminuria (ACR). Albuminuria was subdivided into: A1 (< 30 mg/g creatinine), A2 (30 to 299 mg/g creatinine) and A3 (≥ 300 mg/g creatinine). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of positive dipstick proteinuria (≥ 1+) was 9.6 % (95 % CI, 7.9–11.3) and was higher in rural than in urban residents (13.1 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.001), whereas the prevalence of albuminuria (A2 or A3) was similar in both sites (6 % rural vs. 7.6 % urban, p = 0.31). In both sites, dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + had a poor sensitivity (< 50 %) and positive predictive value (< 11 %) for the detection of A2 or A3. The negative predictive value was 95 %. Diabetes [aOR 6.12 (1.52–24.53)] was a significant predictor of A3 whereas alkaline [aOR 7.45 (3.28–16.93)] and diluted urine [aOR 2.19 (1.35–3.57)] were the main predictors of positive dipstick proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: ACR and dipstick proteinuria have similar positivity rates in the urban site whereas, in the rural site, dipstick was 2-fold more often positive than ACR. The poor sensitivity and positive predictive value of the dipstick as compared with ACR makes it unattractive as a ...

Goma city, at the eastern border of DRCongo, is highly exposed to natural hazards, especially from Nyiragongo volcano, located directly North of it. In January 2002, the city centre of Goma was devastated by lava flows and several thousands of people were temporarily displaced. Defining and quantifying population vulnerability to natural hazards, and lava flow hazards in particular, is a crucial element to evaluate and manage the risk. This paper aims at assessing the vulnerability of the population facing volcanic hazards in Goma, and its spatial variation across the city, in order to support volcanic risk prevention and management at the local levels. In this data scarcity context, two parallel methodologies are tested based on data collected through a large-scale household survey: the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) as defined by Cutter et al. (2003) based on a statistical data reduction; the other using fewer significant indicators in order to develop an Operational Vulnerability Index (OVI). Results show that the spatial distribution of the vulnerability levels with both approaches is quite similar, but the construction of an OVI can help to communicate the message more easily to political authorities for risk management actions – e.g. to target neighborhoods where to develop priority prevention programs – but also in terms of spatial urban planning – e.g. to identify areas where to act. Population vulnerability assessment, together with the lava flow hazard invasion probability and population exposure, is one of the crucial steps towards the lava flow risk assessment. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Understanding the origin, evolution and distribution of life in Universe - the subject of astrobiology - requires unambiguous knowledge of the different stages of evolution of life on Earth, the only planet where, for the moment, the existence of life is an absolute evidence. This requires the contribution of several scientific disciplines (biology, geology, geochemistry, geophysics, micropaleontology .) in the production of data relating to the Precambrian, period during which life appeared on Earth and knew its first stages of evolution. This study focusses on a key period of life evolution, and in particular the diversification of early eukaryotes, during the Proterozoic. It presents the results on the micropaleontology, palaeoecology, chemostratigraphy and geothermometry of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup, located in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This sedimentary sequence is dated between 1065 and 1000 Ma (late Mesoproterozoic). The results obtained using conventional analyzes (optical microscopy, mass spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, XRD, solid bitumen reflectance and TAI) reveal: (1) a well-preserved assemblage of organic-walled microfossils, consisting of 49 taxa of which 11 unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. This assemblage is similar to other contemporaneous assemblages known elsewhere in the world, impliyng a connection with the other oceanic basins, and permitting to improve Proterozoic biostratigraphy ; (2) a redox stratification of ocean water into oxic, anoxic iron-rich and anoxic sulfidic-rich zones during the deposition of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup; (3) an abundance and better preservation and perhaps habitats of eukaryotes in proximal anoxic and iron-rich environments; (4) δ13Ccarb variations similar to contemporaneous variations elsewhere in the world; (5) a similarity between the different ranges of temperature estimates from Raman geothermometers, solid bitumen reflectance or Kübler index obtain on clays. This has shown that extraction of kerogen by acid attack does not alter its chemical signal. This moderate diversity of eukaryotes at ~ 1065 Ma makes it possible to set back the great diversification of the first eukaryotes which is generally estimated at 800 Ma, and to show that it also happened in Africa.

In diesem Beitrag schätzen wir ein strukturelles autoregressives Modell (SVAR), um den Trend der zugrunde liegenden Inflation in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo zu analysieren, und folgen dem Identifikationsansatz von Blanchard und Quah (1989), um langfristige Restriktionen auf der Grundlage der Wirtschaftstheorie aufzuerlegen. Tatsächlich wird die Inflation im Lichte der Lehren der Monetaristen als ein rein monetäres Phänomen wahrgenommen, und die Neuausrichtung der Geldpolitik auf das Ziel der Preisstabilität entspringt der fast einhelligen Ansicht von Ökonomen und Zentralbankern, dass die Geldpolitik die Aktivität langfristig nicht beeinflusst. Daher haben mehrere Zentralbanken Preisstabilität als oberstes Ziel ihrer Geldpolitik festgelegt. Diese wichtige Rolle können die Zentralbanken jedoch nicht in vollem Umfang wahrnehmen, ohne die Kerninflation zu kontrollieren, da nur diese auf monetäre Faktoren zurückzuführen ist. Zu diesem Zweck verwenden wir kongolesische Daten zur Wachstumsrate der Aktivität und der Inflationsrate von 2002Q1 bis 2019Q4. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen im Großen und Ganzen die in der Literatur gefundenen und zeigen, dass der monetäre Schock in Übereinstimmung mit der Identifikationsbeschränkung fast keine Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaftstätigkeit hat, was dazu tendiert, die Vertikalität der Phillips-Kurve zu bestätigen und die Persistenz des negativen realen Schocks erklärt die Volatilität der Inflation in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRK) erheblich. ; In this paper, we estimate a structural autoregressive model (SVAR) to analyze the trend of underlying inflation in the Democratic Republic of Congo and follow the identification approach of Blanchard and Quah (1989) to impose long-run restrictions based on economic theory. Indeed, in the light of the teachings of monetarists, inflation is perceived as a purely monetary phenomenon, and the refocusing of monetary policy on the objective of price stability comes from the almost unanimous view of economists and central bankers that ...

The present work is based on a case comparison. The author takes to five UN missions on the African continent in the views that have since the 1990s developed with varying results.

News, documentaries and humanitarian campaigns in the mass media have become the source of accounts on the systematic violence perpetrated against women in the DRC since 1996. These accounts, whether political or media, exploit the specific facts regarding these attacks on women's bodies, rarely visibilizing the true impact of sexual violence on women's lives. This has helped shape a standpoint —already to some extent historically consolidated and ensconced in international forums— that identifies Congolese women as passive victims, as mere raped bodies. It is a standpoint that mobilises pity and compassion in the public and generates an immobilist approach to humanitarian intervention and international aid, rather than promoting frameworks in which Congolese women are relevant players in peacebuilding. This article analyses the different narratives circulating on sexual violence from the perspective of the «social body,» rendering visible problems that arise from the abuse of this type of narrative practice. ; Las noticias, los documentales y las campañas mediáticas de la industria humanitaria se han convertido en los principales relatos sobre la violencia sexual sistemática que se ha perpetrado contra las mujeres en la República Democrática del Congo desde el año 1996 hasta el día de hoy. Las narraciones, ya sean políticas o mediáticas, explotan los hechos concretos que tienen que ver con los ataques contra los cuerpos y rara vez dan cuenta del auténtico impacto que tiene la violencia sexual en las vidas de las mujeres, más allá de las lesiones y la enfermedad. Este hecho ha contribuido a forjar la visión, que ya de por sí goza de cierta potencia histórica y está cómodamente instalada en los foros internacionales, que identifica a la mujer congoleña como víctima pasiva, como mero cuerpo violable. Esta visión moviliza la lástima y la compasión en el público general y genera enfoques inmovilistas en los sectores de la ayuda internacional, en lugar de promover marcos que consideren a las mujeres congoleñas como actoras relevantes de transformación social y de construcción de paz. Este artículo analiza las diferentes narrativas que se han puesto a circular sobre la violencia sexual desde la perspectiva de los «cuerpos sociales» con el fin de visibilizar los problemas que surgen del abuso de este tipo de prácticas narrativas.

News, documentaries and humanitarian campaigns in the mass media have become the source of accounts on the systematic violence perpetrated against women in the DRC since 1996. These accounts, whether political or media, exploit the specific facts regarding these attacks on women's bodies, rarely visibilizing the true impact of sexual violence on women's lives. This has helped shape a standpoint —already to some extent historically consolidated and ensconced in international forums— that identifies Congolese women as passive victims, as mere raped bodies. It is a standpoint that mobilises pity and compassion in the public and generates an immobilist approach to humanitarian intervention and international aid, rather than promoting frameworks in which Congolese women are relevant players in peacebuilding. This article analyses the different narratives circulating on sexual violence from the perspective of the «social body,» rendering visible problems that arise from the abuse of this type of narrative practice. ; Las noticias, los documentales y las campañas mediáticas de la industria humanitaria se han convertido en los principales relatos sobre la violencia sexual sistemática que se ha perpetrado contra las mujeres en la República Democrática del Congo desde el año 1996 hasta el día de hoy. Las narraciones, ya sean políticas o mediáticas, explotan los hechos concretos que tienen que ver con los ataques contra los cuerpos y rara vez dan cuenta del auténtico impacto que tiene la violencia sexual en las vidas de las mujeres, más allá de las lesiones y la enfermedad. Este hecho ha contribuido a forjar la visión, que ya de por sí goza de cierta potencia histórica y está cómodamente instalada en los foros internacionales, que identifica a la mujer congoleña como víctima pasiva, como mero cuerpo violable. Esta visión moviliza la lástima y la compasión en el público general y genera enfoques inmovilistas en los sectores de la ayuda internacional, en lugar de promover marcos que consideren a las mujeres congoleñas como actoras relevantes de transformación social y de construcción de paz. Este artículo analiza las diferentes narrativas que se han puesto a circular sobre la violencia sexual desde la perspectiva de los «cuerpos sociales» con el fin de visibilizar los problemas que surgen del abuso de este tipo de prácticas narrativas.

The present work is based on a case comparison. The author takes to five UN missions on the African continent in the views that have since the 1990s developed with varying results.