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Tobacco control's unparalleled success comes partly from advocates broadening the focus of responsibility beyond the smoker to include industry and government. To learn how this might apply to other issues, we examined how early tobacco control events were framed in news, legislative testimony, and internal tobacco industry documents. Early debate about tobacco is stunning for its absence of the personal responsibility rhetoric prominent today, focused instead on the health harms from cigarettes. The accountability of government, rather than the industry or individual smokers, is mentioned often; solutions focused not on whether government had a responsibility to act, but on how to act. Tobacco lessons can guide advocates fighting the food and beverage industry, but must be reinterpreted in current political contexts.

Recognize Wall Street tactics for what they are, and make smarter decisions with your money Wall Street Potholes shares insights into the money management industry, revealing the shady practices that benefit the salesman far more than the client. Bestselling author Simon Lack brings together a team of experienced money managers to give you straight-from-the-source intel, and teach you how to recognize bad advice and when it's better to just walk away. Investors are rightly suspicious that many products are sold more because of the fees they generate than their appropriateness to the client's situation, and that's only the beginning. This book lays it all bare so you can walk into your next deal with your eyes wide open. You'll learn just how big the profit margin is on different products, and why Wall Street intentionally makes things as complicated as possible. You'll learn expert tactics for combatting these practices, so you can avoid buying overpriced products and confidently discriminate against advisors who put their own interests first. For all the volumes of investment advice on the market, dissatisfaction with the financial services industry has never been higher. This book describes the reason for that disconnect, and tells you how to see through the smoke and mirrors to make the best decisions for your money. Discover the profit margin built into some popular products Learn the reason behind bundling and why Wall Street fears comparison shopping Consider the importance of benchmarking, and why so many firms avoid it Become better informed so you can easily recognize poor investment advice If asking questions of your financial advisor only nets more confusion, if you want to have more control over your money, you need a firm grasp of how these firms manipulate your trust. Wall Street Potholes tells you what you need to know to become a smarter investor.

In the article, based on the analysis of scientific views, theoretical positions and legislation, the problem of determining the crime article - deliberate entry into the market of Ukraine (release to the market of Ukraine) of dangerous products has been investigated. The purpose of the article is to solve the problematic issues of determining the crime article – deliberate entry into the market of Ukraine (release to the market of Ukraine) of dangerous products. According to the disposition of Article 227 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine the object of the crime provided by this norm is dangerous products, that is, such products that do not meet the requirements on product safety established by regulatory legal acts. The Law of Ukraine of October 2, 2010 No. 2735-VI, in particular, changed the characteristics of the object of the crime under investigation - products (and/or goods) from defective or incomplete to dangerous. This was erroneous in order to ensure the legal protection of consumers' rights to the proper quality of goods (works, services) and to substantiate the prevention of illegal acts with defective products. The legislation of Ukraine does not definitively regulate the relation between the concepts of "products", "goods", "works" and "services". Product safety is one of the components of its quality. Therefore, dangerous products are a kind of poor-quality products. In order to protect the rights of consumers to the proper quality of goods (works, services) by criminal means in the new edition of the title and disposition of Part 1 of Article 227 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the following is proposed. A feature of the article of this crime is offered - the danger of being replaced by bad quality. It is suggested to add product, work and service indications to the product listing. It is proposed that the article of this crime be recognized as defective goods, products and materialized results of services and works. It is proposed to provide a sign of danger of products, goods, works or services ...

AbstractA firm sells a dangerous product to heterogeneous consumers. Higher consumer types suffer accidents more often but may enjoy higher gross benefits. The firm invests resources to reduce the frequency of accidents. When the consumer's net benefit function (gross benefits minus expected harms) is decreasing in consumer type, the firm contractually accepts liability for accident losses and invests efficiently. When the consumer's net benefit function is increasing in consumer type, the firm contractually disclaims liability and underinvests. Legal interventions, including products liability and limits on contractual waivers and disclaimers, are necessary to raise the level of product safety.

An exploration of the the policy-making patterns of US local, state, & federal governments with regard to the safety & effectiveness of dangerous inventions. Two major patterns of regulatory machinery creation & operation are identified: (1) a pattern associated with inventions that are viewed as similar to existing ways of doing things (eg, the horseless carriage), & (2) another associated with inventions that are regarded as entirely new (eg, the airplane). In the former case, an initial policy direction is established quickly, & the invention's dangers are regulated within the established legal & administrative framework. Entirely new inventions are usually followed by a period of governmental inaction, with response eventually occurring at the federal level. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 54 References. Modified HA

Legislative Decree March 2003, n. 65 brought about implementation of Directive 1999/45/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council dated 31 May 1999 and Directive 2001/60/EC of the Commission dated 7 August 2001 concerning laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations come into force. Directive 1999/45/EC brought about a series of modifications representing the new regulatory framework for dangerous preparations. The above-mentioned Decree supplies the criteria for the evaluation of hazardous preparations, regardless of their intended use, and completes previously undertaken steps, in strict connection with the analogous Directives of the EU, for the problematic complexity of the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances and preparations. The applicative importance of Directive 99/45/EC derives directly from these innovations. Among these, for the first time, the category of "dangerous for the environment" has been extended also to preparations. Moreover, also for the first time, the scope of the Directive is extended to plant protection products and biocides. This paper provides an overview on the results of the hazard classification procedure carried out at national level for plant protection products in light of the new rules and the outcomes in terms of variations of the labels through comparison between previous and new classification. Furthermore the most significant issue which come up during the classification process and the criteria applied for their solution are also reported.

For consumer protection across borders, the European Union has established the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products (RAPEX), with the overarching goal of preventing or limiting the sale and use of non-food products that present a serious risk for the health and safety of consumers. In our study, we comprehensively analyzed RAPEX notifications associated with products posing a microbiological risk from 2005 through 2017. Additional information was retrieved from national laboratory reports. A total of 243 microbiologically harmful consumer products triggered notifications in 23 out of 31 participating countries. About half of the products were reported by Spain, Germany, and Italy. Notifications mainly included contaminated toys, cosmetics, and chemical products. Depending on the notifying country, measures taken to prevent the spread of dangerous products were predominantly ordered either by public authorities or economic operators. The interval between microbiological diagnosis and the date of RAPEX notifications considerably varied between RAPEX member states, ranging between a few days and 82 weeks. The nature and extent of RAPEX usage substantially differed among member states, calling for harmonization and optimization. Slight modifications to RAPEX could help to systematically record microbiological hazards, which may improve the assessment of potential health risks due to contaminated non-food products.

Today, every food industry must putting food safety as a bottom line to keep their product on a high quality. Fisheries product must be keeping the role of food safety to keep consumers safe to consumed a fisheries product. Traceability is a system to keep the food safety of a product to be safe on consumer table. Indonesian government have been released some decree which regulating the food safety role as a consumers protection program. Regulation of Indonesian government should be examined on the effectiveness perspectives. This research is aiming on the effectiveness perspectives of Indonesian government decree implementation of food safety. Research method was using descriptive analysis. Research was found that implementation of regulation Indonesian government about food safety was lack of effectiveness to keep food safety on the fisheries product, especially from the food additives perspective. Law enforcement is an urgent issue on the food safety regulation.

For consumer protection across borders, the European Union has established the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products (RAPEX), with the overarching goal of preventing or limiting the sale and use of non-food products that present a serious risk for the health and safety of consumers. In our study, we comprehensively analyzed RAPEX notifications associated with products posing a microbiological risk from 2005 through 2017. Additional information was retrieved from national laboratory reports. A total of 243 microbiologically harmful consumer products triggered notifications in 23 out of 31 participating countries. About half of the products were reported by Spain, Germany, and Italy. Notifications mainly included contaminated toys, cosmetics, and chemical products. Depending on the notifying country, measures taken to prevent the spread of dangerous products were predominantly ordered either by public authorities or economic operators. The interval between microbiological diagnosis and the date of RAPEX notifications considerably varied between RAPEX member states, ranging between a few days and 82 weeks. The nature and extent of RAPEX usage substantially differed among member states, calling for harmonization and optimization. Slight modifications to RAPEX could help to systematically record microbiological hazards, which may improve the assessment of potential health risks due to contaminated non-food products.

Borax can be used to treat a variety of health problems, including joint pain, kidney stones, osteoporosis and chronic fatigue.