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Not all law is written down. Sometimes, informal norms and expectations about what the law is or ought to be constrain behavior. Lawyers and legal commentators instinctively understand this concept and have written about it, but none have discussed the interaction or relationship between these unwritten norms—which I refer to as law's "dark matter"—and traditional formal law, like case law and statutes—which I refer to as law's "ordinary matter." I venture into this overlooked relationship to reveal a fascinating and important dynamic that shapes the development of law. In this Article, I explore law's dark matter by observing its effect on law's ordinary matter. I focus on the interaction between dark matter and court precedent, and I show how dark matter can play a significant, and even primary, role in shaping behavior despite the existence of contrary precedent in the field. I illustrate this curious phenomenon primarily with reference to The Chinese Exclusion Case, an 1889 Supreme Court decision that remains formally "on the books" but seems inimical to modern conceptions of constitutional law. I also briefly examine Korematsu v. United States, Buck v. Bell, and their interaction with subsequently developed dark matter. From my examination of these cases and their subsequent treatment by legal actors, I argue that, counterintuitively, dark matter can weaken ordinary matter—formal law—while at the same time insulating that ordinary matter from review and possible rescission. I identify three factors that can lead to the development of dark matter with this effect. I also posit that dark matter has more influence on legislative bodies and courts than on the executive branch, and I examine the implications of this discrepancy in dark matter's power.

We explore the possibility that dark matter interactions with Standard Model particles are dominated by interactions with neutrinos. We examine whether it is possible to construct such a scenario in a gauge invariant manner. We first study the coupling of dark matter to the full lepton doublet and confirm that this generally leads to the dark matter phenomenology being dominated by interactions with charged leptons. We then explore two different implementations of the neutrino portal in which neutrinos mix with a Standard Model singlet fermion that interacts directly with dark matter through either a scalar or vector mediator. In the latter cases we find that the neutrino interactions can dominate the dark matter phenomenology. Present neutrino detectors can probe dark matter annihilations into neutrinos and already set the strongest constraints on these realisations. Future experiments such as Hyper-Kamiokande, MEMPHYS, DUNE, or DARWIN could allow to probe dark matter-neutrino cross sections down to the value required to obtain the correct thermal relic abundance ; This work is supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie SklodowskaCurie Grant agreements 674896-Elusives, 690575-InvisiblesPlus, and 777419-ESSnuSB, as well as by the COST Action CA15139 EuroNuNet. MB, EFM, and SR acknowledge support from the "Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación" (AEI) and the EU "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER) through the project FPA2016-78645-P; and the Spanish MINECO through the "Ramón y Cajal" programme and through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program under Grant SEV-2016-0597. MB also acknowledges support from the Göran Gustafsson foundation. SP and AOD are also (partially) supported by the European Research Council under ERC Grant "NuMass" (FP7- IDEAS-ERC ERC-CG 617143). SP would like to acknowledge partial support from the Wolfson Foundation and the Royal Society.

We present integral field spectroscopy of galaxy cluster Abell 3827, using Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) and Very Large Telescope/Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. It reveals an unusual configuration of strong gravitational lensing in the cluster core, with at least seven lensed images of a single background spiral galaxy. Lens modelling based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging had suggested that the dark matter associated with one of the cluster's central galaxies may be offset. The new spectroscopic data enable better subtraction of foreground light, and better identification of multiple background images. The inferred distribution of dark matter is consistent with being centred on the galaxies, as expected by A cold dark matter. Each galaxy's dark matter also appears to be symmetric. Whilst, we do not find an offset between mass and light (suggestive of self-interacting dark matter) as previously reported, the numerical simulations that have been performed to calibrate Abell 3827 indicate that offsets and asymmetry are still worth looking for in collisions with particular geometries. Meanwhile, ALMA proves exceptionally useful for strong lens image identifications. ; The authors are grateful for helpful conversations with Jean-Paul Kneib, Subir Sarkar, and Felix Kahlhoefer. RM and TDK are supported by Royal Society University Research Fellowships. Durham authors were also supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant numbers ST/P000541/1, ST/H005234/1, ST/I001573/1, and ST/N001494/1). JL acknowledges the computational resources and services provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government, department EWI. LLRW would like to acknowledge the computational resources of the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. JM has received funding from the European Union's FP7 and Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmes under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement numbers 627288 and 664931.

This document is the final report of the ATLAS-CMS Dark Matter Forum, a forum organized by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations with the participation of experts on theories of Dark Matter, to select a minimal basis set of dark matter simplified models that should support the design of the early LHC Run-2 searches. A prioritized, compact set of benchmark models is proposed, accompanied by studies of the parameter space of these models and a repository of generator implementations. This report also addresses how to apply the Effective Field Theory formalism for collider searches and present the results of such interpretations. ; The authors would like to thank Daniel Whiteson for helping in the review of this document. This research was supported by the Munich Institute for Astro- and Particle Physics (MIAPP) of the DFG cluster of excellence "Origin and Structure of the Universe''. The authors would like to express a special thanks to the Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP) for its hospitality and support. P. Pani wishes to thank the support of the Computing Infrastructure of Nikhef. In addition we thank CERN and acknowledge the support of: DOE and NSF (USA), including grant DE-SC0011726 for the preparation of this manuscript; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MINECO, Spain; European Union, where the preparation of this manuscript is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 679305); IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada; INFN, Italy; FNRS and FWO, Belgium; STFC, United Kingdom; ARC, Australia; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; SRC, Sweden; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria; MOE and UM, Malaysia; National Research Foundation and Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Korea; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; Atomic Energy Commission, Pakistan; DNRF, ...