Rezultati kvantitativnih i bibliometrijskih istraživanja, kao i odluke koje na temelju tih rezultata mogu proizaći i utjecati na određene politike, uvelike ovise o kvaliteti ulaznih podataka preuzetih iz bibliografskih i citatnih baza. Ova je tvrdnja izravno povezana s velikim brojem bibliometrijskih i scientometrijskih istraživanja koja nekritički preuzimaju podatke iz bibliografskih i citatnih baza WoS – Web of Science ili Scopus. U ovome istraživanju, koje je rađeno u okviru hrvatskoga nacionalnog projekta Research activity, collaboration and orientation in social sciences in Croatia and other post-socialist European countries – RACOSS, voditeljice dr. sc. Maje Jokić, analizirana je uloga klasifikacijskoga sustava kod preuzimanja i obrade podataka, odnosno donošenja zaključaka. Preuzeti bibliografski zapisi, objavljeni u 4 896 časopisa, rezultat su strategije pretraživanja znanstvene produktivnosti i citiranosti znanstvenika iz društvenih znanosti u 15 europskih postsocijalističkih zemlja (Bugarska, Hrvatska, Češka, Estonija, Mađarska, Latvija, Litva, Poljska, Rumunjska, Slovačka, Slovenija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Sjeverna Makedonija, Crna Gora i Srbija) od 1996. do 2013. godine. Scopus svoju klasifikaciju znanosti temelji na predmetnoj i sadržajnoj orijentaciji indeksiranih časopisa. Različitost klasifikacijskoga sustava koji koristi Scopusovu klasifikaciju određene zemlje može dovesti do krive interpretacije na temelju prikupljenih podataka. U radu smo napravili analizu časopisa i radova, a usporedna analiza pripadnosti pojedinoga časopisa području društvenih znanosti rađena je na temelju Scopusa i hrvatske klasifikacije društvenih znanosti, koja se temelji na OECD Frascati fields of science. Nakon što su predmetni stručnjaci provjerili časopise i usporedili ih s klasifikacijskim sustavom koji se koristi u Hrvatskoj, početni uzorak za pouzdane bibliometrijske analize smanjio se na udio od 44 %. Pripadnost pojedinomu području rađena je na temelju predmetne i sadržajne orijentacije indeksiranih časopisa. Da bi se dobili radovi koji pripadaju samo društvenim znanostima, potrebno je, osim filtriranja pojedinih znanstvenih polja, i ručno provjeriti pripadnost časopisa određenomu području. Tako se, osim bitno manjega broja radova i časopisa, pojavila i bitna razlika i u citiranosti. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja upozoriti istraživače na moguće i stvarne nedostatke ulaznih podataka koji se koriste za vrjednovanje na primjeru uzorka baze Scopus, koja je relativno pouzdan izvor podataka za bibliometrijska istraživanja. ; Results of quantitative and bibliometric research, as well as decisions that might be made on the basis of those results and influence on certain policies, greatly depend on the quality of input data downloaded from bibliometric and citation databases. This assertion is directly connected to a high number of bibliometric and scientometric research that uncritically download data from bibliographic and citation databases, WoS – Web of Science or Scopus. This research, which has been conducted in the framework of the Croatian national project Research activity, collaboration and orientation in social sciences in Croatia and other post-socialist European countries – RACOSS, lead by Maja Jokic, PhD, analyzes the role of the classification system in downloading and processing data, i.e. making conclusions. Bibliographic records, downloaded in the period from 1996 to 2013, published in 4896 journals, represent the result of strategy on searching the scientific productivity and citation index of social scientists from 15 European post-socialist countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). Classification of science by Scopus is based on the subject and content orientation of indexed journals. Diversity of classification system that uses the Scopus classification of a certain country can cause wrong interpretation on the basis of collected data. In this paper we made the analysis of journals and papers, and contrastive analysis of a certain journal affiliation to the field of social sciences was made on the basis of Scopus and Croatian classification of social sciences based on OECD Frascati fields of science. After the experts in this area had checked the journals and compared them to the classification system used in Croatia, the initial sample for reliable bibliometric analyses decreased to the portion of 44%. Affiliation to a certain field was made on the basis of the subject and content orientation of the indexed journals. Besides filtration of scientific fields, it is necessary to check the affiliation of a journal to the certain field by hand in order to get papers that belong only to social sciences. In this way there appeared a significant difference in the citation index additionally to lower number of papers and journals. The aim of this research is to warn researchers to possible and real deficiencies of input data used for evaluation on the example of the Scopus database, which is relatively reliable source of data for bibliometric research.
Kao povijesno-kulturne ustanove, arhivi prikupljaju, obrađuju i daju na korištenje različite kategorije podataka sadržanih u arhivskom gradivu, vodeći se pritom domaćim i međunarodnim stručnim standardima, pravnom regulativom i dobrom praksom. Jedna od znatnije zastupljenih kategorija su osobni podatci građana, o kojima se u recentnoj stručnoj literaturi najviše pisalo s aspekta njihove dostupnosti, tj. uvjeta i načina korištenja. U ovom članku analiziraju se i naglašavaju neki praktični i etički aspekti u vezi s opisivanjem arhivskih fondova i zbirki koji sadrže takve podatke, posebno u kontekstu primjene Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). Daje se i pregled preporuka koje je u listopadu 2018. izradila Europska arhivska grupa (European Archives Group, EAG) kao pomoć europskoj arhivskoj službi u implementaciji te Uredbe. Time se nastoji dati poticaj za daljnju znanstvenu i stručnu obradu te teme, posebno u vidu izrade odgovarajućega nacionalnoga priručnika za opis arhivskoga gradiva koje sadrži osobne podatke i druge kategorije ograničeno dostupnih podataka u kojem bi primjena normi i važećih propisa bila ilustrirana odgovarajućim praktičnim primjerima. ; In order to present archival records they store and facilitate their usage archives produce various types of finding aids. Previously these finding aids were accessible in Croatian archives in archival reading rooms in printed form, whereas in recent times they have become more accessible in digital form on websites of archives or on network information systems. In this way the descriptions of archival records become publicly available to a large number of users, without geographical or time constraints, by which archives mostly do not possess tools or resources to monitor the manner users further dispose of that descriptive data. This further reinforces the practical and ethical issues regarding the formation of archival description in a way that it provides the whole information on records' contents and the context of their creation, without hiding (omitting) and at the same time does not reveal data responsible for the possible limited availability of records. For the last twenty years Croatia has been applying ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF), the international archival standards for describing archival records. Despite that, there are departures in practice and misgivings regarding the interpretation of contents and the role of individual descriptive elements, as well as the structure of finding aids. Such departures are also expected in the segment that describes personal data, bearing in mind that both ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF) contain general rules without particular guidelines for the description of archival records containing data with limited availability. Misgivings in practice can result in a passive approach in processing and describing personal data which can, for example, manifest by producing finding aids only for internal needs (without making them available to users), ignoring or (un)intentionally withholding information on the existence of personal data in archival records and terms of their availability. Since 2018 Croatia has been applying two new provisions that are important in the context of the processing and description of personal data in archival records. They are the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Act on Archival Records and Archives. The paper describes in detail and compares some of the principles from these two provisions and analyses their influence on the current practice of description of personal data in archival records (defining personal data, processing the data of deceased individuals, the principle of reducing the quantity of data, encouraging the acquirement of data that is important for raising awareness of totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences). With regard to the very broad definition of personal data archivists always face the question whether the data they will supply in the title or the description of archival units can cause the direct or indirect identification of an individual i.e. the particular issue of endangering someone's privacy, dignity and other rights. Furthermore, bearing in mind that the Regulation and the Croatian archival act do not impose any limitations regarding the processing of deceased individuals' data, it can be concluded that there are no formal impediments either for archival description or publishing such data. However, the question remains, regardless of the fact it concerns the data of deceased individuals, whether the ethical principle that archivists abstain from overly exposing data should be upheld, particularly if it concerns sensitive data which can influence the violation of dignity of family members of those individuals. The basic principles of the Regulation include the principle of reducing the quantity of data. It entails that personal data must be appropriate, relevant and limited to necessities in relation to purposes for which they are processed. The application of this principle is particularly important in the context of creating and enhancing the trust between the archives and the public. In other words, this approach conveys the message to the public that they can trust the archival service not to unjustifiably or excessively reveal and publish personal data. Within the context of processing data which is important for enhancing the awareness on the totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences there is a practical and ethical question on how to maintain the neutral position of archivists and archives as institutions in terms of providing objective description, without the endeavour to interpret on the political or ideological level. Concerning the indicated practical and ethical issues, the application of the guidelines created in October 2018 by the European Archives Group as assistance in implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation is recommended. The guidelines are connected with the Principles of Access to Archives by the International Council on Archives from 2012. This demonstrates that even before the General Data Protection Regulation was adopted the archival community paid considerable attention to ethical issues and standards of good professional practice regarding protection, processing and description of personal data in archival records. However, within the context of the new legislation the paper's intention is to encourage further scientific and professional addressing of this topic within the Croatian archival community, including producing a guide regarding all aspects of managing personal data in archival records. Besides, the prevailing view is that there is a need for producing a special manual for the description of archival records which contain personal data and other categories of data with limited access, in which the application of standards and current provisions would be illustrated with appropriate practical examples.
U radu se analizira veza između dohodovnih nejednakosti i redistributivnih preferencija. Glavni su ciljevi rada: utvrditi u kojoj su mjeri stvarne dohodovne nejednakosti povezane s redistributivnim preferencijama, koji su korelati redistributivnih preferencija na makrorazini te koje mehanizme redistribucije preferiraju građani u zemljama EU-a. Kao izvori podataka o redistributivnim preferencijama korišteni su agregirani podaci iz dvaju specijalnih istraživanja Eurobarometra (2010. i 2018.), dok su makrostatistički pokazatelji uzeti iz Eurostatove baze podataka. U radu su korištene bivarijatne korelacijske analize, linearna regresija i klaster analiza. Opći je nalaz da su visoke redistributivne preferencije prisutne u gotovo svim zemljama EU-a. Izgleda da rast dohodovnih nejednakosti nije ključni čimbenik visoke razine redistributivnih preferencija, već je to percepcija dohodovnih nejednakosti i osjetljivost građana na ekonomske nejednakosti. Građani u zemljama EU-a često pogrešno percipiraju razinu nejednakosti u društvu i svoje mjesto na dohodovnoj ljestvici. Ispitanici iz postsocijalističkih zemalja imaju veću »averziju« prema dohodovnim nejednakostima i žele veću ulogu države u redistribuciji i društvenom životu. Stanovnici EU-a podržavaju sve ključne mehanizme dohodovne redistribucije (porezi, obrazovanje, socijalna zaštita i minimalna plaća), ali najveću potporu daju poreznom sustavu i progresivnom oporezivanju bogatijih, dok je najviše dilema vezano za potpuno besplatno obrazovanje. ; The paper analyses the relationship between income inequalities and redistributive preferences. The objectives have been: determine to which degree income inequalities are associated with redistributive preferences, which are the correlates of redistributive preferences on the macro level and which mechanisms of redistribution have been preferred by citizens in the EU countries. Aggregated data from two special Eurobarometer surveys (2010 and 2018) were used as the data source on redistributive preferences, while macro-statistical indicators were taken from the Eurostat database. Bivariate correlational analyses, linear regression and the cluster analysis were used for data processing. A general finding is that redistributive preferences are high in almost all EU countries. It seems that an increase of income inequalities is not the key factor of high redistributive preferences, but it is the perception of income inequalities and the sensitivity of citizens towards income inequalities. Citizens in the EU countries often incorrectly perceive the level of inequalities in society and their place on the income scale. The respondents from post-socialist countries have a larger "aversion" towards income inequalities and want a stronger role of the government in the redistribution and social life. Inhabitants of the EU countries support all key mechanisms of income redistribution (taxes, education, social protection and minimum wage), but they give the largest support to the tax system and the progressive taxation of the wealthy, while there are a lot of suspicions regarding fully free education.
Delfi metoda se već nekoliko desetljeća koristi kao prognostička metoda kojom se dobivaju podaci iz specifičnih područja istraživanja, a na temelju mišljenja i predviđanja stručnjaka toga područja. Osmišljena kako bi ukazala na trendove i mogući napredak u pitanjima koja se prvenstveno odnose na gospodarstvo, ekonomiju i politiku, uspješnošću u rezultatima pokazala se izuzetno prikladnom i u kvalitativnim istraživanjima odgoja i obrazovanja. Razlog je taj što su suvremena istraživanja usmjerena upravo na predviđanja uspješnosti određenih promjena i reformi u području odgoja i obrazovanja. Provedbi delfi metode u suvremenim istraživanjima u prilog ide ubrzani razvoj i napredak elektroničkih medija, odnosno digitalizacija komunikacije. Time se otvaraju drugačije i bolje mogućnosti provedbe delfi metode, razmjeni informacija, pristupu ispitanicima i obradi podataka. Ovaj rad donosi prikaz delfi metode, počevši od svrhe njene primjene do detaljnih metodoloških smjernica. Rad prvenstveno sadrži osvrt na rezultate suvremenih kvalitativnih istraživanja koja su delfi metodom pristupila problematici u pitanjima odgoja i obrazovanja. Ovim se radom također donose razmatranja uspješnosti primjene delfi metode u odgoju i obrazovanju, ali i neke dileme oko provedbe te istraživačke metode, a koje nalazimo u rezultatima suvremenih istraživanja ovog područja. ; Delphi method was used for several decades as a prognostic method by which information is retrieved from the specific areas of research, and is based on the opinions and predictions of experts in the field. Designed to highlight the trends and possible progress on issues primarily related to the business, economy and politics, the success of the results proved that method can also be very convenient in qualitative research studies in education. Reason for this scientific question lies in a fact that contemporary research studies are particularly focused on predicting the success of certain changes and reforms in the field of education. Implementation of the Delphi method in current research studies is supported by the rapid development and progress of the electronic media, especially digitization of communication. This opens different and better possibilities for implementation of the Delphi method, as well as for the exchange of information, access to respondents and data processing. This paper provides the overview of the Delphi method, starting from the purpose of its application to the detailed methodological guidelines. It primarily includes review of the results of the contemporary qualitative research studies that approached to the issues of education applying the Delphi method. This paper also reviews observations of successful application of the Delphi method in research studies in education, but also some dilemmas of implementation of this method that are found in results of the contemporary studies in this field of research.
Promjene zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta rezultat su složene interakcije čovjeka i okoliša. U radu se analizira promjena zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta u Donjoneretvanskom kraju 1990. – 2020. godine. Promjene političkoga i ekonomskoga sustava početkom 1990-ih posredno su i neposredno utjecale na promjene u pejzažu. Obradom multispektralnih snimaka izrađeni su kartografski prikazi zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta za 1990., 2005. i 2020. godinu. Osnovni izvor podatka bile su multispektralne satelitske snimke Landsat 5, Landsat 7 i Landsat 8. Struktura zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta utvrđena je hibridnim pristupom, tj. kombinacijom nenadzirane i ručne (vizualne) klasifikacije. Vrednovanje točnosti klasifikacija odrađeno je s pomoću matrice konfuzije i kappa koeficijenta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u navedenom razdoblju došlo do porasta udjela izgrađenih površina za gotovo 33 %. Poljoprivredne površine te šume i travnjaci također su zabilježili porast, dok je udio močvara i površina s oskudnom vegetacijom reduciran. ; Changes in land use and land cover are the result of complex interactions between humans and their environment. This study examines land use and land cover changes in the Lower Neretva Region between 1990 and 2020. Political and economic changes in the early 1990s resulted in changes in the landscape, both directly and indirectly. Multispectral image processing was used to create thematic maps of land use and land cover for 1990, 2005, and 2020. Satellite images from Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 were the main source of data. Land use and land cover structure was assessed using a hybrid approach, combining unsupervised and manual (visual) classification methods. An assessment of classification accuracy was carried out using a confusion matrix and kappa coefficient. According to the results of the study, the percentage of built-up areas increased by almost 33%. Agricultural land and forests and grasslands also increased, while the proportion of swamps and sparse vegetation areas decreased.
Starogradsko polje aktivni je ruralni krajolik, na kojem se tokom milenijskog kontinuiteta korištenja prostora respektirala njegova osnovna geometrijska struktura, postavljena u 4. st. pr. Kr. grčkom parcelacijom zemljišta. Osim nacionalne formalne zaštite krajolika, Polje je upravo zbog najbolje očuvane grčke podjele zemljišta (unutar koje se nalazi 90 zasad otkrivenih pojedinačnih arheoloških nalazišta te brojni ostaci etnološke baštine) i nepromijenjenog načina korištenja prostora upisano na UNESCO-ov popis svjetske baštine. Ovaj rad bavi se metodološkim okvirom za valorizaciju pojedinačnih arheoloških nalazišta unutar zaštićenog područja Starogradskog polja. Na prvoj razini predstavlja način obrade postojećih podataka o nalazištima i terenski rad kojim se stekao uvid u trenutno stanje baštine. Na drugoj razini donosi rezultate retrogradne analize kojom se detektiralo vrijeme i način nastanka promjena na vrjednijim nalazištima tijekom duljeg razdoblja, što je omogućilo revalorizaciju njihova stanja. Ovakvim pristupom, definirajući uzroke promjena i evaluirajući spremnost za njihovu sanaciju, omogućuje se ocjena uspješnosti provođenja politika zaštite baštine. Rezultati analize stanja arheološke baštine unutar zaštićene zone Starogradskog polja, kao i krajolika u cjelini, ukazuju na potrebu za hitnom intervencijom, za čiju je provedbu neophodna suradnja službi za zaštitu spomenika od nacionalne do lokalne razine. ; The Stari Grad Plain is an active rural landscape, where basic geometric structure, set in the 4th century BC by the Greek land division, has been respected over millennia of its continuous use. Precisely because of this best preserved Greek chora (within which 90 individual archaeological sites, as well as numerous ethnographic heritage remains, have thus far been discovered) and the unaltered use of this area, the Plain is scheduled national monument and also inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. This paper proposes the methodological framework for the valorization of individual archaeological sites inside the protected area of the Stari Grad Plain. At its first level, it describes a method of processing existing data about the sites and subsequent fieldwork which provided an insight into the current state of the heritage. At its second level, paper presents the results of a retrograde analysis which was used to detect the time and manner of the onset of changes at valuable sites over a longer period, which facilitated a re-assessment of their condition. Defining the causes of changes and evaluating the readiness to deal with them paves the way for an assessment of the success of heritage protection policies. The results of an analysis of the condition of the archaeological heritage inside the Stari Grad Plain's protected zone, as well as the landscape as a whole, indicate the need for urgent intervention, in which cooperation between institutions for the protection of monuments from the national down to the local level is essential.
Na temelju građe nekoliko fondova Arhiva Jugoslavije i dostupne dokumentacije međunarodnih institucija zaduženih za kontrolu opijumske proizvodnje i prometa, ovaj rad rekonstruira malo poznate aspekte američko-jugoslavenskih odnosa tijekom 1930-ih koji prelaze domenu privredne suradnje. U tekstu je rekonstruirano nekoliko faza izvoza kvalitetnoga jugoslavenskoga (makedonskoga) sirovog opijuma američkim farmaceutskim kompanijama: od 1929. do 1934., kada su gotovo čitavu godišnju proizvodnju otkupljivale američke tvornice, preko perioda poslovanja tursko-jugoslavenskoga Centralnog biroa obilježenog međusobnim opstrukcijama i rivalstvom na američkom tržištu, pa do faze kada je stupanj ilegalne prerade i krijumčarenja droge u Jugoslaviji ugrozio odnose sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama uoči izbijanja Drugoga svjetskog rata. ; Due to its large morphine content, Yugoslav medical opium was an exception-ally sought-after pharmaceutical raw material, and therefore exported to leading processing plants in Germany, Switzerland, and France till 1928, when American plants began buying up almost the entire production. After 1932, yearly production of raw opium in Yugoslavia stabilised at 35-48 tons, with 99% of the production being absorbed by the American pharmaceutical companies Merck & Co. and Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, at prices significantly greater than those in Europe. However, the enthusiasm about exporting the entire yearly opium production to the USA was put into question in early 1934, when the Turkish-Yugoslav Central Bureau for raw opium export began operating in Istanbul. It comprised representatives of the Turkish Opium Export Institute and the Yugoslav Opium Export Institute (Jugoslovenski zavod za izvoz opijuma – JUZOP). The Yugoslav participation quota of 23-26% hindered the previous level of export to America, which generated resistance towards further cooperation with Turkey in Belgrade. Thus, disputes about placing opium on the American market led to a short-lived blockade of Yugoslav opium import, while the appearance of cheap Iranian opium in Europe further emboldened the Turkish side in the Central Bureau to compensate its loss of the European market by obstructing its Yugoslav partners in dealing with American plants. Apart from this, the debts of the American Eli Lilly plant towards the JUZOP on the day of the Central Bureau's liquidation in late June 1941 further contributed towards the impression that Yugoslavia was actually suffering a loss by exporting opium in collaboration with Turkey. According to official Ministry of Agriculture data, a total of 688 tons of raw opium worth 386 million dinars were exported from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the 1927–1939 period. On a yearly level, this amounted to an average of 42 tons of opium worth 29 million dinars, which equalled, for example, the average yearly budget revenue of the entire Vardar Banate (province). Since yearly opium smuggling in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia stood at around 8-10 tons of opium, one can conclude that almost a quarter of the legal production actually ended up in illegal trafficking. If the smuggling of processed opium derivates (morphine, heroin, codeine) to the USA is added to these figures, and if one keeps in mind the links of the Belgrade and Skopje smuggling organisations with leading European networks for drug trafficking across the Atlantic (Eliopoulos, Bacula, Raskin), then the increased interest of the League of Nations and American diplomacy for the situation in Yugoslavia from late 1937 becomes more understandable. The direct pressure of the American embassy in Paris, which operated a "service" for tracking narcotics smuggling, influenced the Yugoslav authorities to enact harsher laws and at least temporarily reign in the increasingly aggressive criminalisation of a formerly perspective branch of agriculture.
Na temelju građe nekoliko fondova Arhiva Jugoslavije i dostupne dokumentacije međunarodnih institucija zaduženih za kontrolu opijumske proizvodnje i prometa, ovaj rad rekonstruira malo poznate aspekte američko-jugoslavenskih odnosa tijekom 1930-ih koji prelaze domenu privredne suradnje. U tekstu je rekonstruirano nekoliko faza izvoza kvalitetnoga jugoslavenskoga (makedonskoga) sirovog opijuma američkim farmaceutskim kompanijama: od 1929. do 1934., kada su gotovo čitavu godišnju proizvodnju otkupljivale američke tvornice, preko perioda poslovanja tursko-jugoslavenskoga Centralnog biroa obilježenog međusobnim opstrukcijama i rivalstvom na američkom tržištu, pa do faze kada je stupanj ilegalne prerade i krijumčarenja droge u Jugoslaviji ugrozio odnose sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama uoči izbijanja Drugoga svjetskog rata. ; Due to its large morphine content, Yugoslav medical opium was an exception-ally sought-after pharmaceutical raw material, and therefore exported to leading processing plants in Germany, Switzerland, and France till 1928, when American plants began buying up almost the entire production. After 1932, yearly production of raw opium in Yugoslavia stabilised at 35-48 tons, with 99% of the production being absorbed by the American pharmaceutical companies Merck & Co. and Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, at prices significantly greater than those in Europe. However, the enthusiasm about exporting the entire yearly opium production to the USA was put into question in early 1934, when the Turkish-Yugoslav Central Bureau for raw opium export began operating in Istanbul. It comprised representatives of the Turkish Opium Export Institute and the Yugoslav Opium Export Institute (Jugoslovenski zavod za izvoz opijuma – JUZOP). The Yugoslav participation quota of 23-26% hindered the previous level of export to America, which generated resistance towards further cooperation with Turkey in Belgrade. Thus, disputes about placing opium on the American market led to a short-lived blockade of Yugoslav opium import, while the appearance of cheap Iranian opium in Europe further emboldened the Turkish side in the Central Bureau to compensate its loss of the European market by obstructing its Yugoslav partners in dealing with American plants. Apart from this, the debts of the American Eli Lilly plant towards the JUZOP on the day of the Central Bureau's liquidation in late June 1941 further contributed towards the impression that Yugoslavia was actually suffering a loss by exporting opium in collaboration with Turkey. According to official Ministry of Agriculture data, a total of 688 tons of raw opium worth 386 million dinars were exported from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the 1927–1939 period. On a yearly level, this amounted to an average of 42 tons of opium worth 29 million dinars, which equalled, for example, the average yearly budget revenue of the entire Vardar Banate (province). Since yearly opium smuggling in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia stood at around 8-10 tons of opium, one can conclude that almost a quarter of the legal production actually ended up in illegal trafficking. If the smuggling of processed opium derivates (morphine, heroin, codeine) to the USA is added to these figures, and if one keeps in mind the links of the Belgrade and Skopje smuggling organisations with leading European networks for drug trafficking across the Atlantic (Eliopoulos, Bacula, Raskin), then the increased interest of the League of Nations and American diplomacy for the situation in Yugoslavia from late 1937 becomes more understandable. The direct pressure of the American embassy in Paris, which operated a "service" for tracking narcotics smuggling, influenced the Yugoslav authorities to enact harsher laws and at least temporarily reign in the increasingly aggressive criminalisation of a formerly perspective branch of agriculture.
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAU Večernjem listu početkom studenog čitali smo tekst Premjera iz njegovog izlaganja na sjednici Rektorskog zbora u sklopu Rasprave o odluci Vlade RH o programskom financiranju javnih Visokih učilišta u Ak. god. 2018-/2019. – 2021/2022. U jednom dijelu teksta on pita i procjenjuje da je akademska zajednica "vidljiva" za oko 0,3 % populacije, što je katastrofalno. Stoga poziva na veći društveni, javni angažman, koji može biti i sto posto kritičan prema Vladi – važno je biti vidljiviji i čuti se u društvu, ali i biti prezentiran od ljudi "s imenom", a ne onih "bezimenih", što je najčešći slučaj. Ako to usporedimo sa šumarskom strukom, nismo daleko od sličnoga postotka "vidljivosti" u društvu, pa bi ovo mogao biti i poziv šumarskoj struci. Ako je ta vidljivost veća, ona je ponajčešće negativnoga predznaka, a struka je zapostavljena. Počesto je struka prezentirana od šumarsko "bezimenih" ljudi ili pak od nedovoljno šumarski educiranih novinara koji teže ponajprije aferama. To se odnosi i na volontere raznih "zelenih udruga" koji nisu spremni slušati struku i promijeniti svoje zacementirano mišljenje o šumarskoj struci, unatoč pojašnjenju stručnih zahvata u šumi. Ne poštuje se činjenica da šumarska struka već preko dva i pol stoljeća gospodari šumom po načelima potrajnog gospodarenja, i da ona na velikoj površini zadovoljava sve kriterije posebne zaštite. Tko je onda, ako ne šumari, zaslužan za status i rang zaštitnih područja i od koga to treba čuvati šumu?Na državnoj razini nema argumentirane rasprave o šumarstvu i šumi, o njenoj važnosti, kako o klasično sirovinsko gospodarskoj grani gospodarstva, tako i o njenoj ulozi s ekološko zaštitnog i socijalno zdravstvenog stajališta. Uz već više puta spomenutu činjenicu kako je šumarstvo izbačeno iz naziva resornog ministarstva, unatoč podatku da je 47 % kopnene površine RH pokriveno šumom, što inducira važnost struke, u jednom od napisa u ovoj rubrici kritizirali smo činjenicu da je šumarstvo unutar resornog ministarstva svedeno na razinu primjerice mljekarstva, povrćarstva i sl. Nažalost, sada nije niti na toj razini. Pisali smo o netržišnom gospodarenju glede prodaje drvnih sortimenata, i tako već nažalost uvriježenom terminu o raspodjeli drvnih sortimenata. Raspodjela drvnih sortimenata i tržišno gospodarenje su dva suprotna pojma. No, pitanje je kako tržišno gospodariti kada su prethodna rukovodstva Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. potpisala višegodišnje ugovore po načelu raspodjele, koje je bez posljedica teško mijenjati. Kako pak pokriti troškove uzgojnih, uređivačkih i zaštitarskih radova iz tako smanjenih prihoda, a ne "preskakati" ih? Glede racionalne uporabe drvne sirovine i njene kvalitete koja u raznim fazama prerade osigurava dodanu vrijednost i zapošljavanje, posebice visoko stručnih kadrova, ne navode se podaci. Npr. u promidžbenom spotu "Ambijente" vidjeli smo uglavnom ojastučeni namještaj bez drvnih elemenata. Kada se drvni sektor hvali proizvodnjom namještaja i izvozom, nigdje ne vidimo podatke o proizvodnji primarne prerade (furnira, masivnog drva, panela i sl.) i njenoj uporabi u domaćoj proizvodnji, regala, ostalog sobnog i kuhinjskog namještaja te kojih i koliko je drvnih sortimenata završilo u domaćoj finalnoj preradi.Zašto smo i pod čijim pritiscima odustali od uspješnog integralnog gospodarenja šumama koje uključuje sporedne i prateće djelatnosti u šumarstvu, koje imaju značajan udio u prihodu primjerice austrijskih šuma, a osiguravaju i veću zaposlenost? Interesantno bi bilo raspraviti, kako su, zašto, kome, na koje vrijeme i po kojoj cijeni dani u koncesiju razni objekti, npr. odmarališta za radnike, koji su se odricali dijela svojih prihoda da bi sagradili i koristili te objekte. Koliko je to promijenilo njihov socijalni status, a skloni smo pričama o brizi za čovjeka i obitelj. O svemu tome i mnogo čemu još nema rasprave, a mi krajem svake godine zaželimo da se u idućoj godini značajnije promijeni status šumarstva. Kako nada umire posljednja, tako mi i na kraju ove godine priželjkujemo pozitivne promjene, čestitajući našim čitateljima Čestit Božić i uspješnu 2019. godinu.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALAt the beginning of November, the Evening Paper (Večernji list) published a speech by the Prime Minister given at a meeting of the Rector's Collegium held to discuss the Government decision related to funding higher education programmes in the academic year 2018/2019 - 2021/2022. In one part of the text the Prime Minister observes that the academic community is "visible" to about 0.3 % of the population, which is devastating. Therefore, he calls for a greater social and public involvement, which can be 100 % critical to the Government. What is important is to be seen and heard by the society, but also to be presented by people "with a name" instead of by "no-name" persons, which is a typical occurrence. If transposed to the forestry profession, we are not far from a similar "visibility" percentage; therefore, this could also be an appeal to the forestry profession. In cases in which visibility is higher, it usually carries a negative prefix, while the profession is in the background. The profession is often presented by "no-name" foresters, or by journalists who are insufficiently educated in forestry matters and who are mainly interested in scandals and affairs. The same goes for volunteers in various "green associations", who are not prepared to listen to the profession and to change their deeply rooted opinions about the forestry profession. In vain are all attempts to inform them about professionally and expertly executed forestry operations. No heed is paid to the fact that the forestry profession has managed forests according to the principle of sustainable management for over two and a half centuries and that it meets all the criteria of special protection over a large area. Who then, if not foresters, should be in charge of the status and rang of protected areas and who should a forest be protected from?There are no reasoned discussions about forestry and forests at the state level, nor is there any mention of its importance as the classical primary sector of economy and of its ecological-protective and social-health role. We have already mentioned several times that the word 'forestry' was omitted from the name of the sector ministry despite the fact that 47 % of the landed area of the Republic of Croatia is covered with forests, which should indicate the importance of the profession. In one of the articles in this column we criticized the fact that within the competent Ministry forestry has been reduced to the level of dairy production, fruit production and similar. Regrettably, it has lost even this status now. We have also written about non-market sale of wood assortments and the already established term "distribution of wood assortments". Distribution of wood assortments and market management are two completely opposite notions. However, how can market management be applied in view of the fact that the previous management boards of Croatian Forests Ltd signed long-term agreements on the principle of distribution, which are hard to change without heavy consequences? How can the cost of silvicultural, management and protective operations be covered from such small profits and not be "skipped over"? As for the rational use of raw material and its quality, which ensures additional value and employment to highly educated people in particular, there is no data. For example, the promotional spot of the "Ambijenta" furniture fair showed mainly upholstered furniture without any wooden elements. When the wood sector brags about the production and export of furniture, there is no data about primary processing production (veneer, massive wood, panelling OPLATA and others) and its use in the domestic production of massive cabinets and other room and kitchen furniture, nor is there any data about which and how many of wood assortments have ended up in the domestic final processing. Why have we and under whose coercion retracted from successful integral forest management which includes auxiliary and secondary activities in forestry and which contributes significantly to the profit of e.g. Austrian forests, as well as increases employment? It would be interesting to discuss how, why, to whom, for what period and at what price have concessions been granted on various facilities, such as, for example, workers' resorts, which workers themselves built from a part of their income so as to be able to use them? We like to talk about the care for workers and their families, but how much has this fact alone changed their social status? There are many more topics to discuss here. Our wish at the end of every year is for the status of forestry to change for the better in the year to come. As hope dies last, we again expect positive changes in the next year and wish our readers Merry Christmas and a Happy and Successful New Year 2019.Editorial Board
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvo su bile teme Konferencije za tisak u hotelu Vestin krajem rujna, koje su nazočnima predstavili: zastupnica u Europskom Parlamentu gospođa Marijana Petir i direktor Hrvatskog drvnog klastera Marijan Kavran.U Strasbourgu je u rujnu na izvanrednoj sjednici Odbora za okoliš, javno zdravlje i sigurnost hrane, predstavljen paket novog zakonodavstva u području europske politike ublažavanja klimatskih promjena koji je usvojen u srpnju. Taj je paket na odnosnoj sjednici podržala i naša zastupnica, pozdravljajući nastavak odgovornog provođenja energetske i klimatske politike EU, s primjedbom da prijedlozima propisa nedostaje opipljivo vrednovanje potencijala dugogodišnjih šuma kao ponora ugljika. S tom primjedbom se u potpunosti slažemo, s napomenom da je to samo jedna, ali svakako vrlo značajna, od 15-ak navedenih općekorisnih uloga šume u Zakonu o šumama, na koje neprestano ukazujemo suprotstavljajući je mišljenjima o šumi kao isključivo sirovinskom resursu.Glede ponora ugljika, podsjećamo da je grupa od nekoliko šumarski stručnjaka imenovanih od tadašnjeg Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, 2000. god. putem Akademije šumarskih znanosti za šumarski sektor (jedan od 6) napravila analizu i izradila Izvješće o ulozi šume i šumarstva o vezivanju ugljika, kao Prilog nacionalnom izvješću o klimatskim promjenama za Okvirnu konvenciju UN za promjenu klime (UNFCCC). Navodimo neka značajna saznanja, podatke i izračune iz toga Izvješća:Šume značajno djeluju na klimu ovisno o dobi šumskih sastojina, te imaju pozitivan utjecaj na smanjenje negativnog učinka "stakleničkih plinova". Od 720 milijardi tona CO2, 120 milijardi tona veže se u procesu fotosinteze, 60 milijardi tona veže se trajno, a najveći je dio uskladišten u šumama, koje prema Burschelu najučinkovitije upijanjem CO2 utječu na njegovo smanjenje. Ugljik je u šumi vezan u drveću, prizemnoj vegetaciji, tlu i mrtvom drvu (drvnim proizvodima). Kao mjere ublažavanja navedene su: smanjenje stope devastacije, povećanja površina pod šumom (npr. na oko 331 000 ha produktivnog neobraslog tla mogu se osnivati energetske šume), povećanje zaliha ugljika u postojećim šumama kroz značajnije njege proredom, koje će rezultirati većom drvnom masom, kvalitetom i biološkom raznolikošću. Unapređenjem gospodarenja i podizanjem kvalitete privatnih šuma postiglo bi se također povećanje zaliha ugljika. U odnosnoj analizi nastavno je i naznačena uloga zamjene fosilnih goriva sa šumskom biomasom, što je također prilog ublažavanju klimatskih promjena, no to je već drugo pitanje. Izračunom, koristeći kao podlogu Šumsko-gospodarsku osnovu područja za razdoblje 1996.-2005. god., a po metodi Burschela, Kuerstena i Larsona, izračunata je količina vezanog ugljika u drveću (krupno drvo, granjevina i korijen) po vrstama drveća za kopneni dio Hrvatske i Sredozemlje, a isto tako u prizemnom rašću, šumskom tlu i mrtvom drvu. Sveukupno to iznosi 418,191.492 tona (374, 281. 359 tona crnogorica i 43, 910. 103 tone bjelogorica).Ovo Izvješće i izračune naveli smo skraćeno, samo da se zna da oni postoje, jer nismo sigurni da li to znaju u odnosnim ministarstvima i da li ih koriste, a nije nam znano da li i zastupnica Petir raspolaže s tim podacima. Potom zanima nas, da li su, ako su bili potrebni napravljeni izračuni za razdoblje 2006.-2015. god., u što sumnjamo, jer zastupnica Petir hvaleći hrvatske šumarske stručnjake kako oni znaju svoj posao, navodi kako su naše državne institucije opet podbacile, tako da strateški dokument poput Šumsko-gospodarske osnove gospodarenja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje 2016.-2025. god. koja je temelj novog obračuna, kasni. Prema na početku spomenutom paketu glede udjela korištenja zemljišta i šumarstva, Komisija će primjenom od 2021. god. koristiti "načelo nezaduživanja" – ne smije se emitirati više emisija od onoga što priroda može apsorbirati. Upozoravamo na, kako kaže zastupnica Petir, prednosti koje Republika Hrvatska ima glede svojih očuvanih šuma u odnosu na ostale zemlje, a mi dodajemo i na temelju pokazanih izračuna o poniranja ugljika, koje bi mogla izgubiti opetovano neodgovornim ponašanjem.Glede informacija o novoj studiji Europske komisije: "Kaskadna uporaba drva" i međusobnog utjecaja šumarstva, prerade drva i sektora proizvodnje energije iz drva, posebice povećanja novo-dodane vrijednosti u finalnoj proizvodnji za nas nije novost, jer smo više puta o tome pisali u ovoj rubrici. Pri-mjerice u br. 3-4/2011. "Nešto o klasično-gospodarskoj vrijednosti šuma"; u br. 5-6/2011. "Strategija (Strategije) razvoja"; u br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva", a ponešto i u br. 1-2/2016. "Problemi konzistentne šumarske i drvoprerađivačke politike u Hrvatskoj". Isto tako bilo je riječi i o šumskoj biomasi i korištenju stvarnog drvnog otpada za energiju, a ne standardnih sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Ponajprije problem leži u tome, da se šumski sortimenti vrednuju po netržišnim cijena-ma, pa je tako moguće drvnu sječku i pelete, pa i parket proizvoditi iz za to tržišno preskupe drvne sirovine. Naravno, Hrvatske šume d.o.o. (kćerka "Biomasa") trebale su se ponajprije baviti načinima pridobivanja drvnog otpada iz šume, a ne prodajom biomase iz dosadašnje redovite proizvodnje sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Tada bi imali vjerojatno i manji problem s potkornjacima o kojima danas bruje ponajviše nestručnjaci, ali to je također posebna tema.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese were the main topics of the press conference held at the Westin Hotel at the end of September. The speakers who introduced the topics to those present were Ms Marijana Petir, the Croatian representative in the European Parliament, and Marijan Kavran, Director of the Croatian Wood Cluster.A new legislative package in the field of the European policy of climate change mitigation, which was adopted in July, was presented at an extraordinary session of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety in Strasbourg in September. The package was also supported by the Croatian MEP, who commended the continued responsible application of the EU energy and climate policy. However, she objected that the proposals of the regulations lacked a more palpable evaluation of the long-term forest potential as a carbon sink. We fully agree with this objection, stressing that this is just one, but highly important, of the fifteen-or-so non-market forest roles listed in the Forest Act. We constantly refer to these roles whenever we argue against those who perceive the forest as a raw material resource only.As for carbon sinks, we would like to remind the readers that in the year 2000, a group of forestry experts appointed by the then Ministry of Environment Protection and Spatial Planning, made an analysis within the Academy of Forestry Sciences for the Forestry Sector (one of six sectors) and issued a Report on the Role of Forests and Forestry in Carbon Sequestration. The report was a contribution to the national report on climate change for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here are some important insights, data and calculations from the Report:Forests have a significant effect on climate, depending on the age of forest stands, and positively mitigate the negative effect of "glasshouse gases". Of 720 milliard tons of CO2, 120 milliard tons are sequestered in the process of photosynthesis, 60 milliard tons are sequestered permanently, while the largest part is stored in forests. According to Burschel, by capturing CO2 forests have an immense importance in carbon dioxide reduction. In forests, carbon is sequestered in trees, ground vegetation, soil and dead wood (wood products). The following mitigating measures were listed: reducing the degree of devastation, increasing areas under forests (e.g. about 331,000 ha of productive bare soil may be used to establish energy forests), and increasing carbon stocks in the existing forests through tending by thinning, which will result in greater wood mass, higher quality and biological diversity. Other measures of increasing carbon stocks would be to apply progressive management and raise the quality of private forests. The analysis also discusses the possibility of replacing fossil fuels with forest biomass as yet another contribution to climate change mitigation. However, this is another issue. The Forest Management Plan of the area for the period 1996 – 2005 and a method by Burschel, Kuersten and Larson were used to calculate the quantity of sequestered carbon in trees (large wood, branches and roots) by tree species for the continental part of Croatia and the Mediterranean. The same was done for ground vegetation, forest soil and dead wood. Overall, the amount is 418,191,492 tons (374, 281, 359 tons of coniferous and 43, 910, 103 tons of deciduous trees).This Report and the calculations are presented here in brief form, just to show that they exist, because we are not sure that those in the ministries are aware of their existence or that they use them. We do not know whether Ms Petir, the Croatian MEP, is aware of these data either. We would also like to know whether calculations were made for the period 2006 -2015, but we doubt it very much, considering that MEP Petir, when praising the Croatian forestry experts and their know-how, claimed that our state institutions have failed yet again, so that the strategic document such as the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2016 – 2025, which is the basis for the new calculation, is late. According to the aforementioned package, in terms of the share of land use and forestry, the Committee will apply the "principle of non-indebtedness" as of 2021 – no quantities of emissions are allowed beyond those that nature can absorb. As Ms Petir says, the Croatian representatives constantly stress the advantages of the Republic of Croatia in terms of preserved forests compared to those in other countries. To this, we would add the advantages related to carbon sequestration, which could be lost by the repeatedly irresponsible behaviour.The new study of the European Commission, entitled "The Cascade Use of Wood", and the mutual interaction of forestry, wood processing and the sector of wood for energy production, and particularly an increase in the newly-added value in the final production are topics that we are already familiar with. We mentioned these issues in our column on several occasions, for example in No 3-4/2011 "Something about the Classical-Commercial Value of Forests", No 5-6/2011 "The Strategy (Strategies) of Development"; No 5-6/2012 "The Relationship between Forestry and Wood Processing", and No 1-2/2016: "The Problem of Formulating a Consistent Forestry and Wood Processing Policy in Croatia". We also dealt with the problem of forest biomass and the use of real wood waste for energy production instead of standard assortments (fuel wood). The main problem is that forest assortments are evaluated by non-market prices; as a result, wood chips and pellets, and even parquet, are produced from highly expensive raw wood material. The company Croatian Forests Ltd (daughter company "Biomass") should primarily concentrate on the ways of obtaining wood waste from forests rather than selling biomass obtained from regular production of assortments (fuel wood). In this case, we might not have so many problems with bark beetles today, a favourite topic of discussion among non-experts mostly; however, this is another story and another topic.Editorial Board
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvih dana konačno smo dočekali dugo očekivanu promjenu na kormilu trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume d.o.o. O radu i kritici rada dosadašnje Uprave, Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo više se puta decidirano izjašnjavalo, posebice u ovoj rubrici, tražeći odgovore na različita stručna pitanja, no odgovora, a niti stručne polemike nije bilo, već samo bahato ignoriranje i odmazda, sve do otkazivanja pretplate na ovaj časopis.Za svaki novi početak osnovno je utvrditi činjenično stanje kao temelj novoga programa/plana rada. Stoga dobronamjerno savjetujemo novoj Upravi da si kroz odgovore na naša postavljena pitanja, stručne kritike i sugestije, posebice kroz dva teksta iz rubrike Izazovi i suprotstavljanja u br. 11-12/2016. i tekst UO HŠD-a "Kako Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo promišlja šumarstvo Hrvatske" u br. 11-12/2015., olakša uvid u činjenično stanje. Naše dobronamjerne kritike i sugestije išle su u smjeru upozoravanja na ono što je u šumi nestručno rađeno i ono što nažalost nije rađeno, a trebalo je raditi, no to bi onda išlo na uštrb dobiti koja je Upravi bila jedini cilj, bez obzira na posljedice po šumu. Naravno, osvrtali smo se i na potrebe racionalnog korištenja svih benefita šume i šumarstva, što je također izostalo. Zalagali smo se i zalažemo se za decentralistički oblik upravljanja šumskim bogatstvom, očekujući puno veće ovlasti rukovoditelja UŠ Podružnica i nastavno šumarija, pa i revira, kao najboljih poznavatelja odnosnih šumskih resursa i potrajnog gospodarenja istima. Takav način gospodarenja osigurat će sveobuhvatnu korist vlasniku/državi, ali i lokalnoj zajednici, na što se očigledno zaboravilo. Naše stajalište glede stanja u šumarstvu nikada nije bilo deklarativno, nego je počivalo na činjenicama. Tako i ovdje, zagovarajući decentralizaciju upravljanja koristimo podatke iz brošure "Hrvatsko nacionalno blago" u izdanju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (HAZU) – iz članka "Šume i šumarstvo", naših akademika Matića i Anića. Kompleksnost gospodarenja šumama u pojedinim dijelovima Hrvatske, koja je jedna od najšumovitijih zemalja u Europi (pola ha po stanovniku), i izbora kvalitetnih šumarskih stručnjaka, ogleda se ponajprije u šumskoj vegetaciji koju tvore 102 šumske zajednice, sa čak oko 260 drvenastih vrsta i 94 vrste drveća. Zagovarajući pak nužne radove koji osiguravaju potrajno gospodarenje šumama i poboljšanje kvalitete naših šuma, a time i njihovih vrijednosti, iz istog članka navodimo kako je njih 5 % vrlo dobre kakvoće, 22 % dobre, 43 % srednje i 29 % loše kakvoće, s time da je 45 % najkvalitetnijih nizinskih šuma ocijenjeno vrlo dobrim. Ulaganje u poboljšanje navedene strukture vidljivo bi se očitovalo u ne samo većoj sirovinskoj osnovici koju je isključivo zagovarala dosadašnja Uprava, nego i ostalim benefitima šume, posebice njenoj općekorisnoj funkciji.Kada smo postavljali pitanja glede kašnjenja ili pak izostavljanja uzgojnih radova i pogubni učinak toga na budućnost sastojine, primjerice u odnosu na našu najvrjedniju vrstu drveća hrast lužnjak, pa i kitnjak (prema odnosnoj brošuri HAZU hrast lužnjak je zastupljen s 14,83 %, a kitnjak s 8,35 %), podsjećamo na ono što smo na Fakultetu učili o toj vrsti drveća, a zaboravljamo ta znanja primijeniti. Koristeći tekstove iz monografije "Hrast lužnjak u Hrvatskoj" navodimo ponajprije uzgojne faze: ponik, pomladak (mlađi i stariji), mladik (mlađi i stariji), mlada, srednjedobna i starija sastojina. Tako je primjerice u starijem mladiku (15-20 god.) kulminacija visinskog prirasta i maksimalni prirast krošnje u širinu, tu se prepoznaju stabla budućnosti, što u mladoj sastojini rezultira diferencijacijom stabala i izdvajanjem u etaže. S gospodarskog stajališta imamo: koljik, letvik, stadij stupovlja i naposljetku stadij pilanske oblovine, gdje od letvika kreću prorjede i dolazi do diferencijacije u visinske, debljinske i vrijednosne razrede. U srednjedobnoj sastojini postepeno opada biološki potencijal glede reagiranja na njegu sastojine (50-70 god.) kada je već formirana struktura sastojine, pa je pitanje kakvi smo stručnjaci i kako smo optimalno iskoristili određeni potencijal šumskog staništa. Na to smo neprestano upozoravali, jer svaki razvojni stadij, a ne samo navedeni, zahtijeva pravovremenu intervenciju, koja doduše predstavlja određeni trošak, ali i korist, posebice u budućnosti.U ovome dvobroju toliko, a u sljedećemu ćemo pozornost sa sličnim podupirućim podacima obratiti na ostalo: o šumi kao infrastrukturnoj kategoriji, općekorisnim funkcijama šume, o odnosima s preradom drva, o odnosu društva i politike prema šumi i šumarstvu i slično. Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese days we have finally witnessed a long-expected change at the helm of the company Croatian Forests Ltd. The Croatian Forestry Association has on several occasions decidedly expressed its opinion and criticism of the work of the past Management, especially in this column, and has sought answers to various expert issues; however, there has never been any answer, let alone a professional debate. All we received was arrogant disregard and retaliation that went as far as to take the form of the cancellation of the subscription to this journal.For every new beginning it is necessary to establish the factual state of affairs as a basis for a new working programme/plan. For this reason we would advise the new Management to facilitate its insight into the facts by consulting the answers to our questions, criticisms and suggestions (given particularly in the two texts in the column Challenges and Confrontations in No. 11-12/2016 and in the text by the MB of the Croatian Forestry Association entitled "How does the Croatian Forestry Association perceive Croatian forestry" in No. 11-12/2015). Our well-meaning criticism and suggestions were intended to warn the public against inexpert operations in the forest and even more against what has regrettably not been done but should have been done, mostly because this would have conflicted with profit, the only goal of the Management regardless of the adverse consequences for the forest. We have also highlighted the need for a more rational use of all the benefits of forests and forestry, which was also sadly missing. We have advocated and will continue to advocate a decentralised form of management of forest wealth. We also expect managers of forest administrations, forest offices and even forest districts, who are experts in forest resources and their sustainable management, to be given much more power. A decentralized form of management will ensure general benefits for the owner/state, but also for the local community, which is something that has obviously been forgotten. Our attitudes towards the situation in forestry have never been of a declarative nature, but have always been based on facts. By advocating decentralized management, we rely on the data from the article "Forests and Forestry" by Academy members Slavko Matić and Igor Anić, contained in the brochure "Croatian National Treasure" published by the Croatian Academy of Science and Art. The complex nature of forest management in certain parts of Croatia, one of the most forested countries of Europe (half a hectare per person) and the employment of high quality forestry experts is reflected primarily in the forest vegetation composed of 102 forest communities with no less than about 260 woody species and 94 tree species. By endorsing treatments that are necessary to ensure sustainable forest management and an improved quality and value of Croatian forests, we again present data from the mentioned article, in which 5 % of the forests are of very good quality, 22 % are of good quality, 43 % are of medium quality and 29 % are of poor quality. Forty-five percent of the best quality lowland forests were estimated as very good. Investing in the improvement of the mentioned structure would result not only in a greater raw material base, something that was exclusively supported by the former Management, but also in other benefits of the forest and in particular in its non-market functions. When we raise questions related to delayed silvicultural treatments or even their omission and to the adverse effects of this on the future of stands, e.g. with regard to pedunculate oak, the most valuable Croatian tree species, and sessile oak (according to the above brochure, pedunculate oak accounts for14.83 % and sessile oak for 8.35 % of the area), we like to remind ourselves of what we learned about these tree species at the Faculty, but forget to apply this knowledge. Based on the texts from the monograph "Pedunculate oak in Croatia", we list the following silvicultural stages: seedling stage, sapling stage (young and old), young forest (younger and older), young, middle-aged and mature stand. Thus, for example, the older sapling stage (15 - 20 years of age) experiences the culmination of height increment and maximal crown increment in the width. This is where future trees are singled out, which results in tree differentiation and selection into stories in the young stand. From a commercial standpoint there are: prop stage, pole stage, pile stage and finally sawmill roundwood stage, where thinning operations are applied in the pole stage and differentiation into height, diameter and value classes takes place. In a middle-aged stand, when the stand structure is already formed, the biological potential related to a response to stand tending (50 - 70 years of age) gradually decreases. The concluding question is: what kind of experts are we and how have we optimally made use of certain potentials of a forest habitat? This is what we have repeatedly stressed, because every developmental stage, not only the ones mentioned above, requires timely interventions. True, they come at a certain cost, but on the other hand they provide immeasurable benefits, especially for the future. This concludes the current double issue. In the next issue we will focus on other topics of interest and we will accompany them with data. These topics include the forest as an infrastructural category, non-market forest functions, relations with wood processing, attitudes of the society and politics towards the forest and forestry, and similar. Editorial Board
