Suchergebnisse

Der Aufsatz behandelt die Leistungsfähigkeit der vorhandenen Software-Pakete, die für die Sozialwissenschaften angeboten werden. Die Datenformate erfassen nur zwei von einem Dutzend möglichen und notwendigen Formaten für die Sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Dieses mangelhafte Angebot behindert die Entwicklung der Sozialforschung. In einer Einzelkritik werden die Forschungen im Rahmen des "database management systems" (DBMS) und die Arbeit des CODASYL Programming Language Committee kritisiert. (BG)

Für die quantifizierende Geschichtsschreibung sind Inhaltsanalysen nur verwendbar, wenn die Daten durch einen Reduktionsprozeß zur elektronischen Datenverarbeitung vorbereitet werden. Der Autor stellt die unterschiedlichen Soft-Ware-Programme vor, die eine entsprechende Textverarbeitung ermöglichen. Schwächen und Möglichkeiten der einzelnen Systeme werden erläutert. Abschließend gibt der Autor einen Überblick über bisher in Projekten erfolgte quantitative Verarbeitung von Texten auf Basis einer Inhaltsanalyse. (BG)

Der Autor gibt einen Überblick über das Projekt "Stadtentwicklung in Preußen (1815-1939)". Das Projekt geht von der These aus, daß die wichtigen Wandlungen, die in der Entwicklung zur modernen Industriegesellschaft aufgetreten sind, von den Städten ausgingen. In seinem Überblick konzentriert sich der Autor im wesentlichen auf die Quellen, das Datenmaterial und die Darstellung der Analysetechniken. Als Quellen werden die Unterlagen der verschiedenen Volkszählungen herangezogen, wobei Grenzveränderungen und Veränderungen in den Erhebungen die Auswertung erschweren. An diese Darstellung schließt sich eine Beschreibung der Datenbasis und der Datenverarbeitung an. Einige Ergebnisse werden in Tabellen vorgestellt. (BG)

Data-driven regulation has become a new type of governance. Identifying number plates and human faces using computer vision, and tracking the position of consumer devices deploying sensors in the public space, are facilitating new master plans for the smart country and its smart cities, where government services are provided only to those who need them (Hodgkinson 2011). Politics are struggling to keep pace and include available data and newly identified threats in the development of new policies. Behavioural governance is helping to utilise data collection in order to influence consumers and citizens without the need to enact strict penalties for unwanted behaviour and without the requirement to enforce regulations with huge bureaucratic overheads. The computer industry's default answer to the how of politics is what could be called 'solutionism': problems are to be dealt with via apps, sensors and feedback loops - all provided by start-ups (Morozov 2014). Google's Eric Schmidt was even more optimistic in 2014: IT start-ups would provide the solution to economic inequality.

In this introductory chapter, the editors suggest that the increasing need for rigorous data on international migration warrants enhanced co-operation between migration scholars, survey methodologists, and data scientists. Innovative information and communication technology, it is argued, may contribute substantially to improving the design and implementation of migrant surveys, and digital trace data may complement traditional data sources in promising ways. These claims are substantiated in nine contributions, all of which are based on first-hand experience with data collection and processing. Some chapters discuss innovative strategies for improving sample designs and resolving survey design issues, whereas others address the emerging role of large-scale datasets that were generated for reasons alien to migration research.

"The success of structural innovation in the Federal Republic, including changes in communal territories, civil service functions and status, and governmental procedures, varies inversely with the number of administrative layers and strength of the hierarchical relationship. Support by top-level administrators helps, but realizing structural innovation depends solely on internal conditions. Process innovations, for example in the fields of information and data processing, coordination, planning and decision making, and the legislative process, have a better chance for success if they do no threaten the status of top-level administrators, and virtually no chance if they call for a realignment of the legal relationship among parliament, government, and high-level bureaucracy." (author's abstract)

As a part and an important, even determinant resource in the complex
process of national culture development, education has always been a topic addressed
by the Romanian history researchers. Education has been given the greatest attention
in partial monographs and monographs of branches of education up to syntheses and
treatises because its evolution has been a part of the Romanians' economic, social and
political development. The present study brings into the attention of the historians an
unpublished category of documents – study documents used or issued by the university
or academic secretariats. The case study focuses on the Oradea Academy of Law
students' quantitative data processing mainly upon the Romanian period of the
institution. The tables and graphs complete the picture of the students' life on the west
frontier of Great Romania while the analyses of the documents bring about new
information in the study of the intellectual elite.

Small samples and sparse cell frequencies cause major problems for statistical modelling with
categorical data: Sampling zeros or small expected frequencies can lead to situations where asymptotic approximations of test statistics will be inadequate. In such cases one resorts to the use of exact tests or Monte-Carlo-simulations. But also in this ease, inference can yield problematie results, as the power of tests is often extremely low and will therefore lead to the rejection of theoretically plausible hypotheses on the base of poor empirical material. In this paper an alternative modeHing strategy for small samples using Monte-Carlo-algorithms is presented. This strategy is extending the asymptotic power approximations presented by Cohen (1977) or Agresti (1990).

Der Autor informiert über ein Forschungsprojekt des Sonderforschungsbereichs 8 an der Universität Tübingen, daß sich mit sozialer Ungleichheit in ausgesuchten Städten Süddeutschlands beschäftigt. Darüberhinaus will er Ansätze betreffend die Reinterpretation des Datenoutputs von frühbürgerlichen Stadtadministrationen anreißen. Die Sozialgeschichte frühbürgerlicher Städte weist methodische und theoretische Probleme auf, vor allem in Hinblick auf die Bestimmung der Rolle und Funktion der frühen Stadtverwaltungen. Nur auf dieser Basis kann eine sinnvolle Dateninterpretation vorgenommen werden. Die untersuchten historischen Aufzeichnungsserien werden von dem Autor als prozeß-produzierte Daten begriffen, die eine entsprechende Reinterpretation verlangen. Die Arbeit des Projekts wird exemplarisch anhand der Ergebnisse über die Stadt Kitzingen dargelegt. (BG)

Nach einer kurzen Darstellung unterschiedlicher theoretischen Ansätze zur lebensgeschichtlichen Forschung stellt der Autor das methodische Instrument der graphischen Darstellung von Daten der Lebensgeschichte dar, das seiner Ansicht nach besonders für die Darstellung und Analyse solcher Daten geeignet ist. Die Datenbasis lieferte die Mikrozensus-Nachträge der BRD aus dem Jahre 1971. Ausgehend von der Darstellung eines einzelnen Graphen werden die komplexen Darstellungen entwickelt und ihr analytischer und darstellerischer Wert überprüft. Die Darstellungen beziehen sich auf den Bereich der beruflichen Veränderungen im Rahmen der Individualgeschichte. (BG)

Although various visual interfaces for digital libraries have been developed in prototypical systems, very few of these visual approaches have been integrated into today's digital libraries. In this position paper we argue that this is most likely due to the fact that the evaluation results of most visual systems lack comparability. There is no fix standard on how to evaluate visual interactive user interfaces. Therefore it is not possible to identify which approach is more suitable for a certain context. We feel that the comparability of evaluation results could be improved by building a common evaluation setup consisting of a reference system, based on a standardized corpus with fixed tasks and a panel for possible participants. (author's abstract)

Bei der Analyse der sozialdemokratischen Reichstagskandidaten zwischen 1892 und 1912 beschäftigt sich der Autor mit dem Problem der beruflichen Gliederung, wie sie sich aus den unterschiedlichen Quellen ergibt, sowie mit dem Problem der Führungsstrukturen. Einen Schwerpunkt seiner Ausführungen nehmen die Darstellung und der Vergleich analytischer Ansätze ein. Verglichen werden die Langzeit-Analyse mit der "Überkreuzanalyse" und "individuelle Analyse" mit der "gesammelten Analyse". Neben einer umfangreichen Darstellung der konkreten Untersuchungsergebnisse werden auch Probleme der Soft-Ware-Entwicklung für die speziellen Analyseverfahren behandelt. (BG)

"The present chapter contains a cross-country analysis of the EUCOWE survey results, exploring the relationship between operating hours, capacity utilisation, working times and employment. All of the comparisons are completely new for a number of reasons: there are no comparable surveys with ex ante harmonisation and harmonised data processing; the data Sets that have been used up to now did not cover all sectors of economy; previous surveys only took hours of work and shift working as the means of manipulating operating hours; finally, the flexibility of operating hours has never been investigated. The chapter is structured as follows. First it comments an the economic structure of the countries under study on the basis of our primary data. Section 3.2 addresses the distribution of establishments and employees over sectors of activity of the six countries and Section 3.3 pictures the distribution of establishments and employees over size classes of the establishments. Then, Section 3.4 compares the duration and flexibility of operating hours in the respective countries, mainly subdivided by sectors and supplemented by information on establishment size. The ensuing discussion Shows which working time patterns - the instruments for the management of the operating hours - are used to construct the operating hours. Here, we concentrate an shift work, staggered working times and the effective individual working time of the employees. 'Decoupling indicators' are presented as an alternative to depict how an establishment decouples operating hours from the individual working times of the employees. Section 3.5 compares the extent to which establishments in the different countries are exposed to fluctuations in business activity and the causes of these fluctuations. Furthermore, the discussion analyses the strategies adopted by establishments to cope with these fluctuations. This analysis is carried out for broad sectors of the economy (producing industries versus services). Section 3.6 examines the cross-country differences in the relationship between the development of operating hours and employment (1998-2003). Section 3.7 provides a comparative analysis of the decoupling of operating hours, working times and capacity utilisation. Section 3.8 concludes the chapter." (author's abstract)

"The present chapter contains a cross-country analysis of the EUCOWE survey results, exploring the relationship between operating hours, capacity utilisation, working times and employment. All of the comparisons are completely new for a number of reasons: there are no comparable surveys with ex ante harmonisation and harmonised data processing; the data Sets that have been used up to now did not cover all sectors of economy; previous surveys only took hours of work and shift working as the means of manipulating operating hours; finally, the flexibility of operating hours has never been investigated. The chapter is structured as follows. First it comments an the economic structure of the countries under study on the basis of our primary data. Section 3.2 addresses the distribution of establishments and employees over sectors of activity of the six countries and Section 3.3 pictures the distribution of establishments and employees over size classes of the establishments. Then, Section 3.4 compares the duration and flexibility of operating hours in the respective countries, mainly subdivided by sectors and supplemented by information on establishment size. The ensuing discussion Shows which working time patterns - the instruments for the management of the operating hours - are used to construct the operating hours. Here, we concentrate an shift work, staggered working times and the effective individual working time of the employees. 'Decoupling indicators' are presented as an alternative to depict how an establishment decouples operating hours from the individual working times of the employees. Section 3.5 compares the extent to which establishments in the different countries are exposed to fluctuations in business activity and the causes of these fluctuations. Furthermore, the discussion analyses the strategies adopted by establishments to cope with these fluctuations. This analysis is carried out for broad sectors of the economy (producing industries versus services). Section 3.6 examines the cross-country differences in the relationship between the development of operating hours and employment (1998-2003). Section 3.7 provides a comparative analysis of the decoupling of operating hours, working times and capacity utilisation. Section 3.8 concludes the chapter." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))