Purpose Happiness management is receiving increasing attention in business, and this is reflected in the literature. But any business management option has to be grounded in a true awareness or belief that it will be a suitable and appropriate choice. In this belief the personal values of those who have the power to lead the way to weigh heavily. In this sense, there are personal values that, when used as guidelines in the management of a company, seem to promote the happiness of employees in the work environment. The purpose of this paper is to find the personal values of the entrepreneur. As a secondary objective, the authors also study whether these values are associated with certain entrepreneurs' socio-demographic factors (gender and age).
Design/methodology/approach The group to be studied is the Spanish business community. An exploratory study is carried out, first, with the definition of value constructs according to Schwartz's personal values model and, second, with a relational analysis, measuring association effects through logistic regression.
Findings Two higher-order personal values of the entrepreneur are found that seem to contain all the elements that would lead to management styles that would facilitate happiness at work. These values emerge from a dimension model of Schwartz's theory of basic human values. MVP which, however, does not follow its four adjacent/antagonistic dimensions, but is composed of three dimensions adjacent to each other and, therefore, complementary. Moreover, some stereotypes in the literature on the relationships between personal values and certain socio-demographic factors are broken down and their effects on happiness at work are revealed.
Research limitations/implications One of the limitations of this work is the relatively small sample size. In this sense, it would be useful to check whether the overall results are repeated in larger samples. Another limitation is that this is a portrait of the group at a given time. Given the experimental nature of this type of work, especially in the case of socio-demographic factors, it would be advisable to carry out a follow-up longitudinal analysis with a time horizon. This would allow a more precise investigation of the effects of the variables mentioned above. In addition, a third limitation is that the authors are studying the collective of Spanish entrepreneurs, and in the study of personal values, culture has a determining influence (Schenck, 2016; Boer and Boehnke, 2016; Perozo and Paz, 2016). It would also be worthwhile considering this study by sector: are the values the same for entrepreneurs in different sectors?; or in some specific sectors, for example, are there differences between entrepreneurs with tech businesses versus non-tech businesses or those who make the circular economy or the green economy a guideline for their organizations? Thus, technology companies must be open to change. Openness and innovation are for their entrepreneurs' key values to ensure their performance (Tseng, 2010; Van Auken et al., 2008). However, in these organizations, there is a framework of conflicting values between the required flexibility and the values of power and control that the entrepreneur needs, and wants, to have (Albarracín et al., 2014). On the other hand, personal values determine green self-identity and moderate its relationships with ecological care and the moral obligation of the entrepreneur (Blankenberg and Alhusen, 2019; Barbarossa et al., 2017). Therefore, it could be analysed whether these values are maintained in entrepreneurs in these sectors, influencing, as discussed in this paper, greater happiness in the work context; and whether they are conditioned by gender or age (Fotieva, 2021; Li et al., 2020). It would also be helpful to study the socio-demographic influence further, to analyse the possibility of interaction or confounding effects between socio-demographic variables and some other variables not addressed in this paper. For example, does purchasing power or income level, affect personal values? And do the values that give content to F2, power and control, lead the entrepreneur to a higher level of income level or vice versa? Do other factors play a role? In fact, for Hirigoyen (2008), values such as altruism, benevolence and universalism are considered as obstacles to the development of the company. Subsequently, authors such as Salas-Vallina (2018) and Boubakary (2015) conclude that far from that idea, these axiological elements would lead to more significant business development through the satisfaction and happiness they generate in employees and stimulate their productivity, matching with the conclusions. It would be interesting, as a complement to the approach of this work, to carry out a study on the happiness at work of the entrepreneur's employees, being the group of employees surveyed. Knowing the profile of values of an entrepreneur through the scale proposed in this work, it would be possible to analyse whether this is associated with greater or lesser perceived happiness among his/her employees. As mentioned above, from the methodological point of view, a risk of using the multidimensional scaling modelling for the analysis of personal values is that the respondent reflects more what he/she considers socially desirable than his/her true perception. This bias is one of the main limitations of psychological research. However, the fact that European Statistical Office surveys are guided by experts, both in processing -knowing how to deal with social desirability in personal values research (Danioni and Barni, 2020) – and in data collection, eliminates this limitation.
Practical implications However, despite the above limitations, this paper makes important contributions. On the one hand, at a theoretical and instrumental level, it shows that the higher-order values graph of Spanish entrepreneurs follows the circumplex essence of the Schwartz value model but does not obey its number of higher-order dimensions. In the case of entrepreneurs, it consists of three elements, three dimensions, adjacent and complementary. None of them contradicts any other. A methodology is created to portray the Spanish entrepreneur in an axiological way and, from this portrait, to reveal his/her tendency towards a leadership style that promotes the happiness of his/her employees, through the importance given to these three factors or dimensions. These dimensions are weighted, in turn, by issues such as gender or age group. For added practical purposes, this information would be beneficial, in the first place, for all those who want to work in and with a particular entrepreneur. The type of leadership or management expected is a factor or reason why a person decides where he/she would like to work (Qing et al., 2020; Lee, 2016). This is not only for the potential employees of that business but also for all those groups or stakeholders, who engage with the company to perform their functions. Individuals make important decisions and choices about their relationships in the work environment based on the alignment of their values with those of the party they want to engage with (Sagiv et al., 2015). On the other hand, it can serve entrepreneurship educators. By knowing the value factors of entrepreneurs, adjusted to the culture of the particular territory, they will be able to pass on this information to their entrepreneurship students (Karimi and Makreet, 2020; Arieli and Tenne-Gazit, 2017) and teach them how they could increase the happiness at work. It also serves to better understand the constructs of management values-employee engagement-workplace happiness in the current environment (Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2020; Salas-Vallina et al., 2017; Wang and Yang, 2016), by introducing the role of personal values on the entrepreneur's governance style into this construct (Figure 1).
Social implications Finally, this study can also have social implications, making its tiny contribution to the SDGs through the study of personal values that guide the behaviour of the entrepreneur. The decision by international institutions for countries to implement the sustainable development goals (SDGs) (UNSDG 2030 Agenda) as cross-cutting strands of their policies has boosted the idea of addressing happiness at work. Thus, SDG 8 talks about Decent Work. In addition to the priority of improving the conditions of groups living in discriminatory working environments (child labour, poverty, precariousness, etc.), taken to its maximum expression, this objective encompasses much more. Workers spend a large part of their lives at work. At the same time, a business needs its employees to be productive. SDG 8 aims to ensure that people have quality employment, increasing their productivity and consumption potential. On the other hand, SDG 3 is about "Health and Well-being", i.e. ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all ages. It is also about health and well-being in the work environment. Issues such as interpersonal relationships at work, environment and teams, organizational culture, role in the organization, autonomy at work and fostering innovative spirit, can be factors that, if poorly managed, reduce the feeling or perception of happiness at work, especially in today's digital world (Foncubierta-Rodríguez and Montero-Sánchez, 2019; Leka and Houdmont, 2010; Näswall et al., 2008).
Originality/value The role of certain higher-order personal values of the entrepreneur is highlighted, which could make him/her tend towards the realization of happiness management practices. Furthermore, through the methodology used, a model of the entrepreneur's higher-order values has been established, which can be used as a tool to generate reasonable expectations about his/her way of governance and to what extent it is close to a framework conducive to happiness management. This information can be beneficial to all those people and groups that establish relationships with the company, from managers and employees to external stakeholders. In this way, it also helps to anticipate the companýs response to corporate social responsibility.
Backgrounds and Objective: Growth of the plastics industry in recent decades has been dramatic. Poly Vinyl Chloride is one of the most widely used plastics in the world that granules in the thermal process decompose to Vinyl Chloride Monomer and is released in work air environment. This study aimed to evaluate occupational exposure and estimate workers' exposure to vinyl chloride monomer risk. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 workers at two Plastic factories in Tehran (A, B) was performed. Personal monitoring of workers to Vinyl Chloride Monomer was conducted by Optimized Method No.1007 from NIOSH. Atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, pressure, air velocity, and relative humidity were measured simultaneously along with personal monitoring. Quantitative risk assessment of workers was computed in the form of Standard Mortality Rate and incident rate cancer. Statistical analysis of data was conducted by SPSS version 19. Results: Climatic parameters in the plant A and B for a relative humidity were 43.77± 16.71 and 37.16±14.45 % and temperature 20.95± 3.34 and 21.05± 2.20 ºC, air pressure 87.48 ± 0.54 and 87.41 ± 0.64 kPa and air velocity 0.13± 0.08 and 0.10 ± 0.06 meters per second were measured respectively. Occupational exposure to Vinyl Chloride Monomer plants A and B were 1.01 ± 0.51 and 0.72 ± 0.30 as ppm respectively. Quantitative risk of exposed workers based on Standard Mortality Rate was estimated 1.06 ± 0.03 times of the population without exposure. Incident rate cancer based on accounting measures of Integrated Risk Information System was calculated per 1000 person exposure population. The correlation of Standard Mortality Rate and the risk of cancer incidence was statistically significant (R2 =0.88). Conclusion: Thirty one percent of workers had higher exposure to Vinyl Chloride Monomer than the occupational exposure limits (1 ppm). In the present workers' exposure in this study is lower than international workforces reported in decades ago, but higher than studies recently published. The results clearly describe occupational hazard of workers in the current Iranian recession situation. Therefore, risk management of workers' health in these industries is imperative, especially in the coming years with projected economic growth. REFERENCES 1. Andrady AL, Neal MA. Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1526):1977-84.2. Thompson RC, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS, Swan SH. Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1526):2153-66.3. Thompson RC, Swan SH, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS. Our plastic age. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1526):1973-6.4. 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Progress in Polymer Science. 2002;27(10):2133-70. ; سابقه و هدف: رشد صنعت پلاستیک در چند دهه اخیر بسیار چشمگیر بوده است. پلیمر وینیل کلراید یکی از پرکاربردترین پلاستیکها در جهان میباشد که در طی فرایندهای حرارتی، مونومر وینیل کلراید آزاد میگردد. این مطالعه با هدف ارزشیابی مواجهه شغلی و تخمین میزان ریسک مواجهه کارگران با مونومر وینیل کلراید انجام گردید.روشبررسی: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی و مقطعی میباشد که بر روی 100 نفر از کارگران دو کارخانه پلاستیک سازی شهر تهران (A,B) انجام پذیرفت. برای تعیین غلظت مونومر وینیل کلراید در هوای تنفسی، نمونههای هوا توسط روش بهینه شده موسسه ملی بهداشت و امنیت شغلی آمریکا به شماره 1007 انجام گردید. پارامترهای شرایط جوي هوا شامل دما، فشار، سرعت جریان و رطوبت نسبی همزمان با نمونهبرداری اندازه گیری شد. ارزیابی ریسک کمی کارگران بر اساس دو معیار مرگ و میر استاندارد شده و ریسک بروز سرطان انجام شد. تجزیه و تحلیل یافتهها با نرمافزار آماری SPSS نسخه 19 انجام گرفت.یافته ها: پارامترهای جوی در کارخانه های A و B به ترتیب برای رطوبت نسبی 71/16±77/43 و 45/14±16/37 درصد، دمای هوا 34/3±95/20 و 20/2±05/21 سانتیگراد، فشار هوا 54/0±48/87 و 64/0±41/87 کیلو پاسکال و سرعت جریان هوا 08/0±13/0 و 06/0±10/0 متر بر ثانیه اندازهگیری شد. میزان مونومر وینیل کلراید در هوای استنشاقی کارگران کارخانه های A و B به ترتیب 51/0±01/1 و 20/0±36/0 بر حسب ppm اندازه گیری شد. میزان ریسک کمی بر اساس مرگ و میر استاندارد شده در افراد مواجهه یافته 03/0±06/1 برابر جمعیت بدون مواجهه با برآورد شد. میزان ریسک بروز سرطان بر اساس معیار های محاسباتی سازمان سیستم اطلاعات جامع ریسک به ازای هر 1000 نفر جمعیت مواجهه یافته محاسبه گردید که همبستگی آماری بین دو میزان ریسک برابر 88/0=2R بدست آمد.نتیجه گیری: مواجهه فردی 31 درصد کارگران بیشتر از حد آستانه تماس شغلی (ppm1) بوده است. در تحقیق حاضر، میانگین مواجهه فردی با مونومر وینیل کلراید در مقایسه با مطالعات سالهای گذشته انجام شده کمتر و قابل قیاس با مطالعات اخیر میباشد. نتایج این مطالعه به وضوح مخاطرات شغلی کارگران را در شرایط رکود تولید فعلی خاطر نشان می سازد و از این رو بهکارگیری سیستمهای کنترلی فنی مهندسی به ویژه با رونق اقتصادی پیش بینی شده در سالهای آتی، برای تأمین سلامت و تندرستی کارگران الزامی می باشد.
From Point to Pixel:A Genealogy of Digital AestheticsbyMeredith Anne HoyDoctor of Philosophy in RhetoricUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Whitney Davis, Co-chairProfessor Jeffrey Skoller, Co-chairWhen we say, in response to a still or moving picture, that it has a digital "look" about it, what exactly do we mean? How can the slick, color-saturated photographs of Jeff Wall and Andreas Gursky signal digitality, while the flattened, pixelated lanscapes of video games such as Super Mario Brothers convey ostensibly the same characteristic of "being digital," but in a completely different manner? In my dissertation, From Point to Pixel: A Genealogy of Digital Aesthetics, I argue for a definition of a "digital method" that can be articulated without reference to the technicalities of contemporary hardware and software. I allow, however, the possibility that this digital method can acquire new characteristics when it is performed by computational technology. I therefore treat the artworks covered in my dissertation as sensuous artifacts that are subject to change based on the constraints and affordances of the tools used in their making. But insofar as it describes a series of technological operations, the word digital often references the tool used to make the art but does not help a viewer/user relate to the art as a sensorially apprehensible artifact. Consequently, I gather together artworks that disclose visible evidence of their digital construction in order to identify the perceptible characteristics of digitally processed artifacts. I foreground not the hidden operations of computers--the intricacies of binary code and programming languages--but rather the surface qualities of digital graphics. While acknowledging that internal processes govern the aesthetic properties of these surfaces, I investigate the extent to which it is possible to encounter digitality at the level of the interface. Taking into account that the sensuous object will be informed by an underlying conceptual and technological framework or genotype, I set out to discover whether certain phenotypic aspects of digitality will be inherently accessible at a phenomenological level. Much of the best scholarship in media studies has offered cogent analyses of the political, social, and economic formations that emerge alongside digital technologies. These readings of "networked culture" focus on the systems of power/knowledge that arise from the Web 2.0 and a globalized world economy. Although this research proves invaluable to the understanding of a culture shaped by ubiquitous computing, a well-developed methodology for interpreting the role of digital technology in art practice must also situate digital artifacts in a specifically art historical and theoretical context. When do digital artifacts overcome their dubious status as mere demonstrations of technical novelty, and become artworks worthy of serious consideration? What is the importance of digital technology as an artistic medium, and how do affordances and constraints and technical parameters of digital processing influence the sensible configurations of computationally generated artifacts?Despite its foundation in immaterial electronic pulses, digital technology produces material effects on culture and communication. The assessment of digital images is often based on their "reality quotient"--the degree to which they accurately reproduce the optical and haptic conditions of external world. The fascination in digital cultural studies with virtual reality, second life, and other such practices supports this view, and also leans dangerously towards the notion that progress in art is achieved by producing ever more sophisticated techniques for rendering illusions of spatial depth. This concentration on the immersive capacities of digital graphics runs the risk of assuming a teleological progression in art towards "accurate" spatialization and virtualization. But this is not a tenable model for art historical investigation, given that the evaluation of art objects based on culturally determined signifiers of naturalism is exclusionary of alternate visual models and historical traditions. It is therefore imperative to consider depictions that exhibit visible evidence of digital construction--digital aesthetic characteristics--independently of the virtualizing capability of computational technology. My dissertation examines a subset of digital image-making practices that suppress virtualization in order to examine the structural principles undergirding digital graphics. In parsing these often abstract, highly formalized pictorial strategies, I conclude that they convey a different aesthetic and architectonic sensibility than analog depictions. Over the course of five chapters, my argument moves between theoretical analysis and case studies of artworks produced both with and without the aid of computers. Chapter One outlines the theoretical models used to differentiate digital and analog properties, and illustrates how and why art historical discourse has accorded value to artworks based on analog principles, such as fineness of color, texture, and line. It argues that discrete, particulate digital artifacts are constructed according to different principles than analog artifacts, which are relatively smooth and continuous with no absolute division between parts. My review of the formal characteristics of digital systems sets the stage for my argument that an observable model of digital facture--a digital method--preexists electronic, binary computers and that this digital process results in a digital aesthetic. Understanding this aesthetic is useful for theorizing the genealogy of contemporary computational graphics. Additionally, it provides for alternate theorizations of artifacts that have not traditionally found a secure place in the artistic canon, and it affords a new interpretive schema with which to examine artists and artworks whose position in the art historical demands renegotiation. In my second chapter, I support the claims of the preceding chapter by evaluating the extent to which the work of several modernist painters, including Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Klee, exhibits constitutive features of a digital system. I use my findings to argue that understanding these artists' roles as experimenters with a digital method adds a new dimension to the theoretical, aesthetic, and historical significance of their work. The following two chapters provide comparisons between artists who apply a digital method without electronic computation and artists whose digital aesthetic is computationally driven. Chapter 3 attempts to recuperate the value and relevance of Op-Artist Victor Vasarely. Through an inspection of his writings and his algorithmic painting practices, I trace Vasarely's lifelong goal to develop a programmable visual language, and demonstrate how, without ever touching a computer, he was attempting in his practice to adopt a visual model of a digital system. In the second half of the chapter, I introduce the example of Marius Watz's computationally-generated homage to Vasarely's work in order to ascertain whether the use of a computer alters the visible qualities of Vasarely's plastic language. In Chapter 4, I examine Casey Reas's fraught and often contradictory response to the legacy of conceptual art in programming-based practices. Through a comparison between Reas and Sol LeWitt, I maintain that Reas occupies an oscillatory position with respect to the values traditionally attached to analog aesthetics, such as immediacy and uniqueness/irreproducibility. By mobilizing algorithmically encoded instructions to automate artistic production, Reas reinforces the turn away from the cult of the artist achieved in conceptual art. But at the same time, Reas's fascination with handmadeness and organicism preserves a link to analog aesthetic principles. Finally, my conclusion shifts away from direct comparison between computationally and non-computationally digital art, and instead assays the discursive resonances between Jason Salavon's software-based computational "paintings" and the increasingly widespread use of information visualization as primary mode of mapping the vast amounts of data produced by the mechanisms of the "culture industry".The works under consideration in my dissertation cohere around questions and problems related to painting. Part of the difficulty in defining "digital art" as a singular medium or genre is that the range of artifacts potentially contained under the rubric of digital art is massive and therefore resistant to canonization. A concentration on painting initially allowed me to refine my analytic method. However, the broader rationale behind this constraint grows out of the fact that the screen-based computational pictorialization analogizes painting. I contend that painting, despite, or perhaps due to its status as a two-dimensional mode of depiction, is deeply concerned with spatial and material architectonics. Painting is invested not only in the problem of how to graphically render volume and depth, but also the dynamic spatial relationship between bodies and concrete objects. Similarly, digital rendering must cope with the question of how to present the relationship between objects and spaces in two, three, or multiple dimensions. My goal is to discover whether the technical parameters of computation affect the way pictures are constructed, the kinds of subjects for which computers have the greatest representational facility, and by extension, the way digital pictures--the graphical index of digital technesis--will ultimately look. Overall, my dissertation offers a methodology for speaking about and contextualizing digital practices within the history of art and visual culture. While programming literacy is important for many scholars, producers, and users of digital hardware and software, if artifacts made using computational technology remain inaccessible to all viewers except those with a background in programming or engineering, we are faced with an art practice that is technically dexterous but phenomenologically bankrupt. Unless the possibility of translation between two languages is realized, a communicative gap will continue to yawn between art history and "media studies," which makes more urgent than ever the need to grant digital artifacts and processes the possibility of making a significant intervention into and contribution to the artistic canon.
[eng] Innovative tools have been applied in this research work, such as Advanced Radar Interferometry techniques and rockfall simulation software in order to analyse the dangers of landslides in the Tratamuntana Range of the Island of Mallorca. The precise application of both techniques have good baseline data such as: the detailed inventory of ground movements, knowledge of the determination factors of instabilities (geology, geomorphology, material resistance, slopes etc.), the analysis of triggering factors (precipitation, temperature, sea and torrential erosion) and other parameters relating to the impact caused by these natural hazards, such as damage to homes and infrastructure, and economic losses concerning both direct and indirect costs generating from this. From previous work focusing on the landslides in the Tratamuntana Range (Mateos, 2001), relating to the data provided by the Department of Highways Mallorca Island Council and Emergency Department of the Balearic Government, together with the field work and aerial photography analysis conducted for their project, 934 landslides have been logged and characterized in the eighteenth century. This inventory includes the following types: rockfalls, landslides (rock and soil), flow, lateral spreading and nature karstic collapse. The points logged in GIS have enabled the study of distribution along the mountains and a detailed analysis of factors affecting movements has been carried out. This has shown that 65,5% of the movements in the mountains correspond to rockfalls and 25% due to landslides. 54% of inventoried events are located in the coastal strip of this mountain range. The rockfalls mainly take place (52% of cases) with hard materials 'Lias' (mainly limestone and dolomitic breccias) associated with the main escarpments of the range, and especially the fronts of thrust that make up the geological structure of the Tramuntana. Landslides in soil mainly affect the soft Keuper sediments (clays and gypsum) and the Quaternary colluvial deposits, which are mainly concentrated in the southwestern half of the Range. The cold and rainy period in 2008-2010 triggered an unusual number of landslides (14 rockfalls 1 rock avalanche, 15 landslides and 4 karstic collapses) has allowed a detailed analysis of the triggering factors to be carried out . Thus, rockfalls occurred after the occurrence of heavy rain, with values above 90 mm / 24h or saturated rock mass (accumulated rainfall> 800 mm / 3 months) with several cycles of freeze-thaw on previous days. Soil landslides occurred after heavy rainfall, moderate to extreme, and high levels of accumulated rainfall (> 850 mm / 3 months). Undoubtedly, one of the main engines of the process is the intense gravitational dynamic coastline of the northern coast, as reflected in the high distribution movements registered along the coastal strip. The collaboration of different social agents of the island (municipalities, departments of local and regional administration etc.,) has allowed the assessment of economic losses caused by landslides during that period 2008-2010, which affected many homes and infrastructure, and especially the road network of the range. The economic losses(direct and indirect) during that period amounted to 11 M €, which represents 0.042% of the Balearic islands GDP. The spatial distribution of damage shows that the southwest sector of the Range is the one that has endured greater economic losses, especially the municipalities of Andratx (losses of € 2,072,457) and the municipality of Calvià (€ 1.7 million). Advanced Radar Interferometry techniques (DInSAR) have been applied in order to detect hotspot ground deformations. To this end, many processed radar images have been obtained by several satellites: ALOS, ENVISAT, ERS, COSMO SKY- MED, covering a temporal space of 20 years (1992- 2012). The set of images were selected corresponding to PALSAR ALOS satellite sensor (14/17 images with an interval in the sequence of 46 days), as its L-band allows for greater density of points in adverse areas, and also its temporary coverage covers the humid period 2008-2010. The processing method used has been Advanced Differential Interferometric processing technique Persistent Scattering (PSI) developed by Arnaud et al. (2003); Hard et al. (2005). In order to correct geometric distortion generated by the mode of acquisition of satellite data, it has projected the estimated deformation in the line of sight of the satellite (VLOS) along the steepest slope (VSLOPE ). Deformation thresholds established in the study area have been: ± 3 mm / year for VLOS deformation speed, and - 5 mm / year for the deformation speed VSLOPE. Overlapping data strain rate and inventory map, along with the geomorphological observations (DEM, topography, orthophotos) and in field tests, have identified the active landslides. The results are: (1) 22% of mapped landslides are active; (2) they have been 5 new landslides identified, (3) the geometry of 5 existing landslides have been redefined, and (4) the identification of new potentially dangerous areas. Throughout the Ma-10 highway, which is the main infrastructure of the Range, the radar has identified 18 active areas which have an average value of VSLOPE exceeding 10 mm / year damages threshold proposed by Masour et al. (2011). From the SAR images it has also been possible to quantify deformations related to lateral spreading processes identified in the southern sector of the Tramuntana. The obtained strain rates lower than -16 mm / year, confirm the slowness of these movements, although in areas takeoff speeds soar to 3 cm / year, which shows the danger of these movements. Thanks to the high number of inventoried rockfalls (103) of variable frequency and magnitude, it has been able to calibrate and validate the STONE Code (Guzzetti et al., 2002) in the Tramuntana Range. This software requires 5 ASCII input maps (digital terrain model, source areas, normal restitution energy coefficient, tangential restitution energy coefficient and dynamic friction coefficient). The calibration dynamic coefficients have been carried out with reference to 40 well-characterised rockfalls, and performing a statistical estimate of the values obtained for each parameter, selecting the simulation that best fits reality. The parameters calibrated have been validated in a first stage, with 10 rockfalls triggered during the humid period 2008-2010 and, in a second stage, with 63 inventoried landslides along the Ma-10 road, which have occurred during the last 18 years. In the first stage of validation it shows that the accuracy of the model varies the scope and the off-path blocks. Rockfalls with a preferential trajectory and shorter range are better represented. In the second stage it is observed that the rockfall with source area in rock massif escarpments present a degree of confidence (81,5% of the events were correctly identified) that the rockfalls with the source area in the road cuttings (only 49% of the rockfalls were identified). Finally, the results obtained have been used to design the main lines of action in the Ma10 versus protection of rockfalls. Three working phases have been established : (1) short-term measures taken in areas where no registered events and results were obtained with simulation STONE; (2) medium-term measures taken where there have been rock falls but the model obtained no results and (3) long-term measures taken for road sections where no rockfalls occurred, but the model obtained results. This research aims to provide a series of calibrated and validated tools in the study area as a basis for future work (regional and/or local) to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk. ; [spa] En el presente trabajo de investigación se han aplicado herramientas novedosas, como son las técnicas de Interferometría Radar Avanzada y los modelos de simulación de desprendimientos rocosos, para analizar la peligrosidad por movimientos de ladera en la Serra de Tramuntana de la Isla de Mallorca. La aplicación de ambas técnicas precisa disponer de buenos datos de partida como son: el inventario detallado de los movimientos del terreno, el conocimiento de los factores condicionantes de las inestabilidades (geología, geomorfología, resistencia de materiales, pendientes, etc.), el análisis de los factores desencadenantes (precipitación, temperatura, erosión marina y torrencial), así como de otros parámetros relativos al impacto generado por estos peligros naturales, tales como los daños causados en viviendas e infraestructuras, y las pérdidas económicas generadas, referentes tanto a los costes directos como indirectos. A partir de trabajos previos focalizados en los movimientos de ladera en la Serra de Tramuntana (Mateos, 2001), de los datos facilitados por el Servicio de Carreteras del Consell Insular de Mallorca y la Dirección General de Emergencias del Govern Balear, junto con el trabajo de campo y el análisis de la fotografía aérea llevado a cabo para el presente trabajo, se han inventariado y caracterizado 934 movimientos de ladera en la Serra de Tramuntana desde el siglo XVIII. El inventario incluye las siguientes tipologías: desprendimientos rocosos, deslizamientos (de roca y en suelo), flujos, expansión lateral y colapsos de naturaleza kárstica. La proyección de los puntos inventariados en GIS ha facilitado el estudio de su distribución a lo largo de la Serra y ha permitido llevar a cabo el análisis pormenorizado de los factores que condicionan los movimientos. Se ha podido constatar que el 65,5 % de los movimientos registrados en la Serra corresponden a desprendimientos rocosos y el 25% a deslizamientos. El 54% de los eventos inventariados se localizan en la franja costera de esta cadena montañosa. Los desprendimientos rocosos tienen lugar principalmente (52% de los casos) en los materiales duros del Lías (calizas y brechas dolomíticas principalmente) asociados a los principales escarpes de la Serra, y especialmente a los frentes de cabalgamiento que configuran la estructura geológica de la Tramuntana. Los deslizamientos en suelos afectan principalmente a los sedimentos blandos del Keuper (arcillas versicolores con yesos) y a los depósitos coluviales del Cuaternario, y se concentran principalmente en la mitad suroccidental de la Serra. El evento frío y lluvioso del periodo 2008-2010, que desencadenó un número inusual de movimientos de ladera (14 desprendimientos, 1 avalancha de rocas, 15 deslizamientos, y 4 colapsos Kársticos), ha permitido llevar a cabo un análisis pormenorizado de los factores desencadenantes. Así, los desprendimientos rocosos tuvieron lugar después de la ocurrencia de lluvias intensas, con valores superiores a 90 mm/24h, o bien en macizos rocosos saturados (lluvias acumuladas >800 mm/3 meses) con varios ciclos de hielo-deshielo días previos a la rotura. Los deslizamientos en suelos tuvieron lugar después de lluvias intensas, de moderadas a extremas, y con valores elevados de lluvia acumulada (> 850 mm/3 meses). Sin duda alguna, otro de los motores principales de los procesos gravitacionales es la intensa dinámica litoral de la costa norte, tal y como refleja la elevada distribución de movimientos registrados a lo largo de la franja costera. La colaboración con diferentes agentes sociales de la isla (ayuntamientos, departamentos de la administración local y autonómica etc.,) ha permitido la valoración de las pérdidas económicas causadas por los movimientos de ladera durante el citado periodo 2008-2010, que afectaron a numerosas viviendas e infraestructuras, y principalmente a la red viaria de la Serra. Las pérdidas económicas (directas e indirectas) durante el citado periodo ascendieron a 11 M €, lo que representa el 0,042% del PIB de Baleares. La distribución espacial de los daños muestra que el sector suroeste de la Serra es el que ha soportado mayores pérdidas económicas, especialmente los municipios de Andratx (pérdidas de 2.072.457 €) y el municipio de Calvià (1.700.000 €). Las técnicas de Interferometría Radar Avanzada (DInSAR) se han aplicado con la finalidad de detectar zonas activas con deformaciones del terreno. Para ello, se han procesado numerosas imágenes radar obtenidas por varios satélites: ALOS, ENVISAT, ERS, COSMO SKY- MED, que cubren un espacio temporal de 20 años (desde 1992- 2012). Del conjunto de imágenes, se han seleccionado las correspondientes al sensor PALSAR del satélite ALOS (14/17 imágenes con un intervalo en la secuencia de 46 días), ya que su banda L permite obtener mayor densidad de puntos en zonas desfavorables, y además su cobertura temporal cubre el periodo húmedo 2008-2010. El método de procesado empleado ha sido la técnica Avanzada de procesamiento Diferencial Interferométrico de Dispersión Persistente (PSI) desarrollada por Arnaud et al. (2003); Duro et al. (2005). Con la finalidad de corregir la distorsión geométrica generada por el modo de adquisición de los datos del satélite, se ha proyectado la velocidad estimada de la deformación en la línea de vista del satélite (VLOS) a lo largo de la línea de máxima pendiente (VSLOPE). Los umbrales de deformación establecidos en el área de estudio han sido de: ± 3 mm/año para la velocidad de deformación VLos, y de - 5 mm/año para la velocidad de deformación Vslope. La superposición de los datos de velocidad de deformación al mapa inventario, junto con las observaciones geomorfológicas (DEM, topografía, ortofotos) y comprobaciones en campo, han permitido identificar los deslizamientos activos. Los resultados son: (1) un 22% de los deslizamientos cartografiados son activos; (2) se han identificado 5 deslizamientos nuevos, (3) se ha redefinido la geometría de 5 deslizamientos existentes, y (4) se han identificado nuevas áreas potencialmente peligrosas. A lo largo de la carretera Ma-10, principal infraestructura de la Serra, el radar ha identificado 18 zonas activas que presentan un valor medio de VSLOPE que excede los 10 mm/año, umbral de daños propuesto por Masour et al. (2011). Las imágenes SAR también han permitido cuantificar deformaciones relacionadas con procesos de expansión lateral identificadas en el sector meridional de la Tramuntana. Las velocidades de deformación obtenidas, inferiores a -16 mm/año, confirman la lentitud de estos movimientos, aunque en las zonas de despegue, las velocidades se disparan hasta los 3 cm/año, lo que denota la peligrosidad de estos movimientos. Gracias al elevado número de desprendimientos rocosos inventariados (103), de magnitud y frecuencia variable, se ha podido calibrar y validar el Código STONE (Guzzetti et al., 2002) en la Serra de Tramuntana. Se trata de un software que requiere 5 mapas de entrada en formato ASCII (modelo digital del terreno, áreas fuente, coeficiente de energía de restitución normal, coeficiente de energía de restitución tangencial y coeficiente de fricción dinámica). La calibración de los coeficientes dinámicos se ha llevado a cabo tomando como referencia 40 desprendimientos bien caracterizados, y realizando una estimación estadística de los valores obtenidos para cada parámetro, seleccionando la simulación que mejor se ajusta a la realidad. Los parámetros calibrados se han validado, en una primera etapa, con 10 de los desprendimientos desencadenados durante el periodo húmedo 2008-2010 y, en una segunda etapa, con 63 desprendimientos inventariados a lo largo de la carretera Ma-10, y ocurridos durante los últimos 18 años. En la primera etapa de validación se observa que la precisión del modelo varía dependiendo del alcance y el recorrido de los bloques desprendidos. Desprendimientos con una trayectoria preferencial y menor alcance están mejor representados. En la segunda etapa se observa que los desprendimientos de rocas con el área fuente en escarpes de macizos rocosos presentan más grado de confianza (se identificaron correctamente el 81,5 % de los eventos) que los desprendimientos con el área fuente en taludes de la carretera (solo se identificaron el 49% de los desprendimientos). Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos se han utilizado para diseñar las líneas principales de actuación en la Ma-10 frente a su protección a los desprendimientos. Se han establecido tres fases de trabajo: (1) medidas a corto plazo en aquellas zonas donde hay eventos registrados y se obtuvieron resultados con la simulación del STONE; (2) medidas a medio plazo donde se han registrado caídas de rocas pero el modelo no ha obtenido resultados y (3) medidas a largo plazo para los tramos de carretera donde no se registraron caída de rocas, pero el modelo obtuvo resultados. El presente trabajo de investigación pretende ofrecer una serie de herramientas calibradas y validadas en la zona de estudio como base para futuros trabajos (regionales y/o locales) de peligrosidad, vulnerabilidad y riesgo por movimientos de ladera. ; [cat] En el present treball de recerca s'han aplicat eines noves, com són les tècniques de Interferometria Radar Avançada i els models de simulació de despreniments rocosos, per analitzar la perillositat per moviments de vessant en la Serra de Tramuntana de l' illa de Mallorca. L'aplicació d'ambdues tècniques precisa disposar de bones dades de partida com són : l'inventari detallat dels moviments del terreny, el coneixement dels factors condicionants de les inestabilitats (geologia, geomorfologia, resistència de materials, pendents, etc.), l'anàlisi dels factors desencadenants (precipitació, temperatura, erosió marina i torrencial), així com d'altres paràmetres relatius a l'impacte generat per aquests perills naturals, tals com els danys causats en habitatges i infraestructures, i les pèrdues econòmiques generades, referents tant als costos directes com als indirectes. A partir de treballs previs focalitzats en els moviments de vessant en la Serra de Tramuntana (Mateos, 2001), de les dades facilitades pel Servei de Carreteres del Consell Insular de Mallorca i la Direcció General d'Emergències del Govern Balear, juntament amb el treball de camp i l'anàlisi de la fotografia aèria dut a terme per al present treball de camp, s'han inventariat i caracteritzat 934 moviments de vessant en la Serra de Tramuntana des del segle XVIII. L'inventari inclou les següents tipologies: despreniments rocosos, lliscaments (de roca i en sòl), fluxos, expansió lateral i col.lapses de naturalesa càrstica. La projecció dels punts inventariats en GIS ha facilitat l'estudi de la seva distribució al llarg de la Serra i ha permès dur a terme l'anàlisi detallada dels factors que condicionen els moviments. S'ha pogut constatar que el 65,5% dels moviments registrats en la Serra corresponen a despreniments rocosos i el 25% a lliscaments. El 54% dels esdeveniments inventariats es localitzen a la franja costanera d'aquesta cadena muntanyenca. Els despreniments rocosos tenen lloc principalment (52% dels casos) en els material durs del Lias (calcàries i bretxes dolomítiques principalment) associats als principals penya-segats de la Serra, i especialment als fronts d'encavalcament que configuren l'estructura geològica de la Tramuntana. Els lliscaments en sòls afecten principalment als sediments tous del keuper (argiles versicolors amb guixos) i als dipòsits col.luvials del Quaternari, i es concentren principalment en la meitat suroccidental de la Serra. L'esdeveniment fred i plujós del període 2008-2010, que va desencadenar un nombre inusual de moviments de vessant (14 despreniments, 1 devessall de roques, 15 lliscaments, i 4 col.lapses càrstics), ha permès dur a terme una anàlisi detallada dels factors desencadenants. Així, els despreniments rocosos van tenir lloc després de l'ocurrència de pluges intenses, amb valors superiors a 90 mm/24h, o bé en massissos rocosos saturats (pluges acumulades >800 mm/3 mesos) amb diversos cicles de geldesglaç dies previs al trencament. Els lliscaments en sòls van tenir lloc després de pluges intenses, de moderades a extremes, i amb valors elevats de pluja acumulada (> 850 mm/3 mesos). Sens dubte, un altre dels motors principals del processos gravitacionals és la intensa dinàmica litoral de la costa nord, tal com reflecteix l'elevada distribució de moviments registrats al llarg de la franja costanera.La col.laboració amb diferents agents socials de la illa (ajuntaments, departaments de l'administració local i autonòmica etc.,) ha permès la valoració de les pèrdues econòmiques causades pels moviments de vessant durant el citat període 2008-2010, que van afectar a nombrosos habitatges i infraestructures, i principalment a la xarxa viària de la Serra. Les pèrdues econòmiques (directes i indirectes) durant el citat període van ascendir a 11 M €, la qual cosa representa el 0,042% del PIB Balears. La distribució espacial dels danys mostra que el sector sud-oest de la Serra és el que ha suportat majors pèrdues econòmiques, especialment els municipis d'Andratx (pèrdues de 2.072.457 €) i el municipi de Calvià (1.700.000 €). Les tècniques de Interferometria Radar Avançada (DInSAR) s'han aplicat amb la finalitat de detectar zones actives amb deformacions del terreny. Per a això, s'han processat nombroses imatges radar obtingudes per diversos satèl.lits: ALOS, ENVISAT, ERS, COSMO SKY-MED, que cobreixen un espai temporal de 20 anys (des de 1992-2012). Del conjunt d'imatges, s'han seleccionat les corresponents al sensor PALSAR del satèl.lit ALOS (14/17 imatges amb un interval en la seqüencia de 46 dies), ja que la seva banda L permet obtenir major densitat de punts en zones desfavorables, i a més la seva cobertura temporal cobreix el període humit 2008-2010. El mètode de processament emprat ha estat la tècnica Avançada de processament Diferencial Interferomètric de Dispersió Persistent (PSI) desenvolupada per Arnaud et al. (2003); Dur el al. (2005). Amb la finalitat de corregir la distorsió geomètrica generada per la manera d'adquisició de les dades del satèl.lit, s'ha projectat la velocitat estimada de la deformació en la línia de vista del satèl.lit (VLOS) al llarg de la línia de màxima pendent (VSLOPE). Els llindars de deformació establerts a l'àrea d'estudi han estat de :± 3 mm/any per a la velocitat de deformació VLOS , i de -5 mm/any per a la velocitat de deformació VSLOPE. La superposició de les dades de velocitat de deformació al mapa d'inventari, juntament amb les observacions geomorfològiques (DEM, topografia, ortofotografia) i comprovacions en camp, han permès identificar els lliscaments actius. Els resultats són: (1) un 22% dels lliscaments cartografiats són actius; (2) s'han identificat 5 lliscaments nous, (3) s'ha redefinit la geometria de 5 lliscaments existents, i (4) s'han identificat noves àrees potencialment perilloses. Al llarg de la carretera Ma-10, principal infraestructura de la Serra, el radar ha identificat 18 zones actives que presenten un valor mitjà de VSLOPE que excedeix els 10 mm/any, llindar de danys proposat per Masour et al. (2011) Les imatges SAR també han permès quantificar deformacions relacionades amb processos d'expansió lateral identificades en el sector meridional de la Tramuntana. Les velocitats de deformació obtingudes, inferiors a - 16 mm/any confirmen la lentitud d'aquests moviments, encara que a les zones de desenganxament, les velocitats es disparen fins als 3 cm/any, la qual cosa denota la perillositat d'aquests moviments. Gràcies a l'elevat nombre de despreniments rocosos inventariats (103), de magnitud i freqüència variable, s'ha pogut calibrar i validar el Codi STONE (Guzzetti et al., 2002) en la Serra de Tramuntana. Es tracta d'un programari que requereix 5 mapes d'entrada en format ASCII (model digital del terreny, àrees font, coeficient d'energia de restitució normal, coeficient d'energia de restitució tangencial i coeficient de fricció dinàmica). El calibratge dels coeficients dinàmics s'ha dut a terme prenent com a referència 40 despreniments ben caracteritzats, i realitzant una estimació estadística dels valors obtinguts per a cada paràmetre, seleccionant la simulació que millor s'ajusta a la realitat. Els paràmetres calibrats s'han validat, en una primera etapa, amb 10 dels despreniments desencadenats durant el període humit 2008-2010 i, en una segona etapa, amb 63 despreniments inventariats al llarg de la carretera Ma-10, i ocorreguts durant els últims 18 anys. En la primera etapa de validació s'observa que la precisió del model varia depenent de l'abast i el recorregut dels blocs despresos. Els despreniments amb una trajectòria preferent i de menor abast estan millor representats. En la segona etapa s'observa que els despreniments de roques amb l'àrea font en escarpes de massissos rocosos presenten més grau de confiança (es van identificar correctament el 81,5 % dels esdeveniments) que els despreniments amb l'àrea font en talussos de la carretera (solament es van identificar el 49% dels despreniments). Finalment, els resultats obtinguts s'han utilitzat per dissenyar les línies principals d'actuació en la Ma-10 enfront de la seva protecció als despreniments. S'han establert tres fases de treball: (1) Mesures a curt termini en aquelles zones on hi ha esdeveniments registrats i es van obtenir resultats amb la simulació del STONE, (2) Mesures a mitjà termini on s'han registrat caigudes de roques però el model no ha obtingut resultats i (3) mesures a llarg termini per als trams de carretera on no es van registrar caiguda de roques, però el model va obtenir resultats. El present treball de recerca pretén oferir una sèrie d'eines calibrades i validades a la zona d'estudi com a base per a futurs treballs (regionals i/o locals) de perillositat, vulnerabilitat i risc per moviments de vessant.
"DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO JOURNAL BY ELIASANTI AGUSTINA NIM. 102084007 ADVISOR Dra. THERESIA KUMALARINI, M.Pd. NIP. 19521014 197903 2 001 SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM 2014 "DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO Eliasanti Agustina English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University elia.englishedu2010@gmail.com Dra.Theresia Kumalarini, M.Pd. Lecturer of English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University kumala_rini52@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Pengajaran berbicara bahasa Inggris di banyak sekolah tidak memfasilitasi siswa untuk menjadi terampil. Akibatnya, keterampilan berbicara mereka masih kurang memuaskan. Dengan demikian, guru harus menggunakan cara yang tepat untuk mengajarkan keterampilan berbicara berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa. Di sini peneliti menyarankan guru untuk menerapkan permainan brainstorming bernama "DOLL STEPS" yang bertujuan untuk membantu siswa memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk menjadi aktif dan kritis, membangun kebiasaan untuk berbicara menggunakann bahasa Inggris, berbagi dan mendapatkan pengetahuan, berbicara dengan fasih dan bebas , berkaitan dengan topik yang diberikan , siap dengan tugas inti dalam pelajaran berbicara, dan belajar untuk memperhatikan pembicara yang lain. Penelitian ini fokus pada berbicara teks prosedur. Penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan berbicara siswa setelah penerapan "DOLL STEPS". Populasinya adalah siswa kelas Sembilan di SMPN 1 Mojokerto, sedangkan sampelnya adalah IX E sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan IX F sebagai kelompok kontrol. Untuk mendapatkan data, masing-masing kelompok diberi pre-test untuk menemukan kesetaraan kemampuan dan post-test untuk menemukan pencapaian yang berbeda. Peneliti menggunakan rumus t -test untuk menganalisa data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor post-test dari kelompok eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulannya, direkomendasikan kepada guru bahasa Inggris bahwa permainan "Doll Steps" dapat digunakan untuk mengajar keterampilan berbicara sehingga dapat mencapai target belajar bahasa Inggris . Keyword : "Doll Steps", Keterampilan Berbicara , Teks Prosedur ABSTRACT The teachings of speaking in many schools do not facilitate students to be skillfull in speaking. Consequently, their oral skill is still unsatisfactory. Thus, the teacher has to use an appropriate way to teach speaking based on the students' need. Here the researcher suggested the teacher to implement brainstorming game namely DOLL STEPS which aims to help students have the same chance to be active and critical, build a habit to speak English, share and get knowledge, speak in fluent and free way, be enganged with the topic given, be ready in the main speaking task, and learn to pay attention to other's talk. This study focuses on speaking procedure text.This experimental quantitative research aims to know how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of "DOLL STEPS" is. The population was the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, whose sample was IX E as the experimental group and IX F as the control group. To get the data, each group was given a pre-test to find their equality and post-test to find the different achievement. The researcher used t-test formula to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Finally, it is recomended that English teachers use Doll Steps game in teaching speaking skill to meet the target of learning English. Keyword: Doll Steps, Speaking Skill, Procedure Texts INTRODUCTION English proficiency is a must in the era of communication and globalization. English is seriously learned by many people to have a good prospect in the communication and also to get more information of international world. It can be seen in Indonesia that English is learned by children from elementary school to students of higher education. Therefore, our government seriously provides the appropriate curriculum about this subject. English lesson in junior high school function as a tool of self-development of students in science, technology and art. After completing their studies, they are expected to grow and develop into individuals who are intelligent, skilled and personable also ready to take a role in national development. In line with the explanation above is Indonesian law number 20 year 2003 about National Education System Article 37 paragraph 1, one of them states that language study materials include a foreign language with consideration of foreign languages, especially English is an international language which is a very important utility in global society (2006 : 282). Hence, English language become the principle subject which determines student graduation. This is proven by the fact that English is the subjects that is always included in the national examination in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 78 Year 2008 on National Examination for Secondary level in Article 6 states that the subjects tested in the examination include Indonesian, English, Mathematics, and Science. In the process of learning English, a teacher must be able to master the language pretty well. Moreover she must be able to master how to teach English properly and how to transfer knowledge and experience of the teacher to the learners. Thus, there has to be many efforts to do in order to create an interesting English learning that can motivate students to enhance learners' capacity in learning English. That is why, it is recommended that the teaching of English, should bring English atmosphere in it. Being a good teacher, she should be able to bring it in teaching and learning process, because if the atmosphere can not be brought into the process, the students will not get a clear purpose, why they have to learn the lesson and what is the importance of learning it for their daily lives. According to Depdiknas (2006:307), the teaching of English consists of four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing and other three components, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Each skill has different purposes to help students master English. The uppermost important language skill in learning English is a skill in oral communication or generally called speaking. As declared by Aliakbar & Jamalvadi, speaking is crucial since it is the vehicle of social solidarity, social rank, the business world and as a medium for learning language. Learning objectives of speaking have been clearly stated in the English curriculum. The goal is students are able to communicate efficiently. "Learning speaking should improve the communication skills of learners to be able to express and learn to follow the appropriate social and cultural development" (Kayi, 2006: 1). Unfortunately the current condition shows that English Foreign Language (EFL) learners, in this term is Indonesian learners, are reluctant to speak English in the classroom. The problem is commonly found in EFL class. It is caused by some factors such as they do not have the confidence to do conversation in English, they are afraid of making mistakes and then laughed by their peers, they have limited vocabulary so that they know what to say in bahasa but not in English and many more. Sometimes the topic given is too high for them so they prefer to be silent. In addition, some students did not get a chance to speak in class because of the domination by particular learners. Consequently, students have fewer opportunities to learn from speaking than the more oral students. For sure it will affect to their ability and their score in speaking skill as well. Students who do not take charge in their learning are unable to take full advantage of learning opportunities. This is a problem that faces many Asian students who are generally more reserved than western students (Tsui , 1996). As teachers, we can try to overcome students' problem by using suitable warm-up activities, in this case called brainstorming game. Basically the use of brainstorming game in teaching and learning activities is not a must considering the effectiveness and time required. However, occasionally it is necessary to use the game to support the implementation of learning English. Brainstorming game can facilitate and create a strong positive effect on the atmosphere and also relaxed for students in doing classroom learning activities, considering that English is still a scourge for most students. That warm-up activity also helps students to have an overview about the main speaking task. In addition, the nature of game is fun so it can increase students' motivation and able to overcome shyness. Consequently, they will be able to express their ideas freely because through playing the game they may not consider that they are learning. Implementation of learning strategy in SMPN 1 Mojokerto strongly support the achievement of the speaking purpose itself. Learning strategy requires students to be independent, critical, and active in expressing their opinion. However at the presentation time most of the students do not focus in listening to the speaker. Sometimes they are busy with their own tasks even do not appreciate the presenter. Moreover, frequently there are learners who like to cut the talks of presenter with things that are not discussed. This affects condition of other students and causes confussion in the classroom. Teachers will be exhausted to remind them repeatedly. Dealing with the issues above, a teacher needs appropriate strategy and media which can control the class order and boost students' score in speaking English. There are some alternatives of speaking games that can be used in order to improve the students' speaking ability. One of the games that can be used is the Doll Steps game. This game is actually taken from the Chain Story ideas that are commonly used in the teaching of narrative text and also Talking Stick, but the writer gives a little modification in the content of the media itself, so that produces a new media that is Doll Steps game. As a result students will pay attention to the presenter when she is speaking. This teaching strategy can be used in teaching any texts. Based on Competence Based Curriculum Issued (KTSP) 2006, there are five genres that are introduced to Junior High school students. Those are procedure, descriptive, recount, narrative and report text. Those kinds of texts are expected to be mastered by the students well. Among those genres, a procedure text is easily understood by the students as it is commonly found in their environment. The text can be found on the sachet of instant foods and beverages also on the box of electronic machine. Additionally, procedure text is a genre which has to be mastered by students, especially the ninth graders as it is already stated in Standar Isi and Standar Kompetensi. In procedure text, students are told the way how something is achieved by doing sequence steps. The text includes set of suggestion on how to do something, how to operate something and how to get to a certain place or direction. To apply Doll Steps for procedure text, the speaker gives direction or step. All students will be treated fairly. They will get same chance to speak, so it is expected by applying this game, students will be able to speak English effortlessly and without hesitant. Doll Steps will be very advantageous for teaching speaking procedure text of the ninth graders in SMPN 1 Mojokerto. This study will discus the activities during the learning process using Doll Steps. The implementation here will be different from the concept in general as it will be modified by the music so that students feel comfortable. Researcher found a previous study on the use of brainstorming carried out in Oral Communication classes at a Japanese senior high school which was observed by Culen (1998) entitled, "Brainstorming Before Speaking Task". Brainstorming used was Information Gap. The evaluation of the study showed that an increase in speaking time and a more positive atmosphere are two benefits that brainstorming can bring to speaking class. Based on the background and the problems above, the research conducted to investigate how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of Doll Steps is. METHOD Concerning with the research question in the previous chapter, the writer used experimental quantitative research design. According to Ary, (1985) in Denik lejar (2012) Experimental design refers to the conceptual framework where the experiment is conducted. There were two groups involved in this study, experimental group (class IX E ) and control group (class IX F), which were randomly assigned. The two groups were given a pre-test to examine whether they were in the equal level or not. Then the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps in their teaching and learning process for several times. On the contrary, the control group was taught conventionally. At the end, both of the groups were given a post-test to measure the effectiveness of Doll Steps for teaching speaking procedure texts to Junior High school. The population used in this research was the ninth graders of SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The researcher chose two classes randomly as the samples. In this research, the researcher chooses probability sampling, especially cluster random sampling. After getting two classes, the researcher randomly assigned which one was the experimental group and which was the control group. The two chosen classes should be equal, to avoid any unexpected effect. In this study, the sample was class IX E as the experimental group, and class IX F as the control group. Each of them consists of 26 students. This study used test as the instrument. The tests consisted of pre-test and post-test. The items used in the tests were exactly the same. The pre-test and post-test were administered to know whether the model of learning is successful or not. From the two tests, the researcher got scores of speaking tests as the data. Before the tests were administered, a tryout was conducted to analyze the reliability of the test be used for pre-test and post-test also to know the appropriate test items for the students' level. The try-out test was given to the students who were given neither pre-test nor post-test. The number of the test items was just 2 instructions in the form of oral test. The results showed that the test items had a high validity because all of the components of the test items were according to the standard competency (see table 1) and has been approved by the experts (lecture of UNESA and the English teacher of SMPN I Mojokerto). While to know the reliability, the researcher used interrater reliability method. It means, one test will be administered once, but it is scored by two people. If the result from those two people are same or almost the same, means the test are valid and can be used in collecting data. Therefore, for the results showed that the test items were in high validity and reliability. Table 1 Scale of Validity Test Item Standard Competency Validity How to send a picture through e-mail How to make a glass of iced lemon tea 4.2.1 Mengungkapkan makna dalam monolog pendek sederhana dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk berinteraksi dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk procedure Valid Valid When the students came in front of the class and produced a monologue related to the lesson given, their performance was analyzed and scored based on some aspects. They are pronunciation, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, organization and comprehension. Each aspect has its own point and description. The measurement adopted from Oller (Language Tests at School, 1979, pp. 320-323). A quantitative data analysis was conducted in this study. The scores of students' speaking tests were analyzed by using t-test formula because the result of the study was determined by the comparison of the post-test scores of the two groups. Moreover it is used to analyze the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The Implementation of Doll Steps in Teaching Speaking The research was done on December 9th up to 12th 2014. Furthermore, six meetings were needed to accomplish the research; try-out, pre-test, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and post-test. It is held to find out the influence of using brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to improve students' speaking skill in Procedure text. It was investigated through comparing the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control group. Below is the statistics table of scores of both groups in pretest and posttest. Table 2 Scores of Pre-test for Experimental and Control Group Based on the calculation of the scores, it was found that the mean of the pretest scores of the experimental group was 70.2 and the control group was 65.4. From the table above, it can be seen that the Tvalue of pretest of the Experimental and control group with the level of significance of .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 1.3 and the Ttable was 2,009. If the T table was higher than the Tvalue . it means that there is no significant difference between Experimental and Control group. Oller's speaking measurement considers that both of the groups belong to level 3. From those results, the researcher assumed that the members of the two groups had equal level of speaking ability before the treatments were given. Table 3 Scores of Post-test for Experimental and Control Group From the calculation, the Mean of Experimental group was 81.9 which belongs to level 3+ and the Mean of Control group was 66.8 which belongs to level 3. It was clearly seen that the scores of experimental group the Mean of experimental group was much higher than the Mean of control group. Moreover the level of experimental is one level above the control group. The scores also have a better improvement. It can be seen at the pretest, the mean of experimental group was 70.2 and belongs to level 3. It significantly increased at the post-test the mean of which 81.9 and belongs to level 3+. It is because the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps game. The game was able to help students to produce oral speaking text fluently. The significant difference of the post-test scores of experimental The T value of post-test scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 8.9 and the T table was 2.009. From the table above, it can be seen that the result of T table was lower than the T value. Therefore, it shows that there was a significant difference between two groups. In other words, there was a significant improvement between those who were taught by using Doll Steps game. Discussion As stated in chapter II, Kattlen (2005:31) defines that speaking as an interactive process of constructing meaning involves producing, receiving and processing information. However, some teachers and pupils mean every sound which comes out of the mouth is called speaking activity. It is totally wrong since speaking is human daily activity in which human expresses the ideas through the oral words about his need, feelings and thought that he wants other people hear. It must use his oral words not the words from the texts, recorders or other people's words. In the second chapter, it can be seen that speaking is a productive skill not a receptive skill, so here the speaker must produce meaningful words not copying or imitating. Therefore, it is necessary that students not only be able to pronounce words correctly but also produce oral words fluently in order to improve the speaking skill of the students, in this case is in a procedure text. Then, the researcher favored Doll Steps game as an alternative way to ease students creates a procedure text orally. The oral words should create spontaneously which means that the words must be original words from the learners. Moreover from the contrasting scores of the post-test between two groups, it can be stated that Doll Steps game can be an effective game for teaching speaking procedure texts. The test items consisted of two instructions. In this section, the researcher tried to analyze the findings of the research which was conducted in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The first analysis was about the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The result of the pre-test showed that there was no significant difference of both groups. It means that the two groups have equal ability. The second analysis was the post-test scores of Experimental and control groups. Table 3 shows that the mean of post-test scores for Experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the calculation of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference of post-test scores of Experimental and Control group. It seems that the treatments given to experimental group was successful. Table 3 describes clearly that Doll Steps game is effective for teaching speaking procedure texts. It is supported by the result showed that the scores between experimental and control were significantly different. It caused by the treatments given to experimental groups affected the students' speaking ability. The treatments were given three times. During the treatments, the researcher applied steps of Doll Steps game. At the first treatment, the researcher explained and modeled the steps of Doll Steps first. After the researcher explained the strategy and the material, the students were taught a procedure text by applying Doll Steps game. From several treatments, the researcher was sure that "Doll Steps" is effective as an alternative strategy for teaching speaking procedure texts for the ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. Applying Doll Steps allows the following benefits some of which are stated in the second chapter: It takes students to be a critical learner as they develop independence in practicing speaking. It allows students to practice freely. Here they may speak fearless as no one will cut or correct their says as long as it relates with topic given. All the students will be active speakers for they will get their turn to speak up. It engages students in speaking around the topic. It makes students learn to focus on what his friends' saying because in this game they should listen to the step mentioned by their friends to continue the next step. It scaffolds speaking with a variety of texts in all curriculum areas. It helps students to have a habit in speaking English. It makes students easy to produce the procedure text orally in the main activity since this game gives them chance to take and share knowledge with each other. It creates good English athmosphere in class which brings fun and purpossive learning activity. 10. Learners learn to appreciate one another. In conclusion, the calculation of the post-test from experimental and control groups using t-test showed that there was significant difference between them. Moreover the scores of Experimental group increased rapidly. It is statistically proved that Doll Steps game is effective for ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto to improve their ability to speak the Procedure texts. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion According to the findings in this research, in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that the post-test scores of the experimental group, who were taught by using Doll Steps game are higher than those of the control group who was taught as usual. It was proven by comparing the mean of post-test between the experimental (81.9) which is considered as level 3+ and control group (66.8) with just in level 3 which is clearly stated by the statistical computation between those two groups. Moreover, it was found that the t value of the t-test (8.9) was higher than the t table (2.00). The result of speaking ability of the experimental group students showed that most of them are very good in spoken procedure with the 3+ level. Some of them got excellent scores with the level 4 even 4+. It means that most of them were able to speak the language with suffecient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversation on practical, social, and professional topics. Whereas some of them who got 4 and 4+ level were able to use the language fluently and accurately at all levels normally pertinent to professional needs (Oller:1979). Therefore, the research question of this study has been answered well. From the findings above, it can be stated that the Null hypothesis, which stated that there is no significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is rejected. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis which stated there is a significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is confirmed. It can be assumed that teaching speaking procedure texts to ninth graders by using Doll Steps game helps the students to create a procedure text orally in a fluent way and reach a higher achievement. If the teacher implements the Doll Steps game to teach speaking of procedure texts, the students will be able to produce oral procedure text not only easily but also well structured and fluently because from the Doll Steps game they will become confident and critical learners, use their previous knowledge for the speaking task, feel free and confident through the game. Through their friends' sentences they will gain new knowledge such as new vocabulary and how to arrange a good procedure text, so that they can produce the oral text well. In conclusion, it can be said that Doll Steps game is one of the effective teaching speaking games that can be used to teach speaking production of procedure text in the classroom. Suggestion Based on the result of the study, the researcher recommends some advices which are essential. The suggestion may be beneficial for the English teachers and other researchers who conduct a study on speaking skill. For the English teacher Nowadays, when the teaching and learning process is no longer teacher centered but student centered, so the teachers should have some criterion namely: Creative teacher Creative means teachers can do variation in teaching process such as adapting and creating new technique, media, strategy or even game. Good facilitator It means that as a facilitator, teachers should be able to explore students' ability, for instance courage them to solve their learning problem, produce much ideas, give same chance to each students, and give supportive feedback. Selective teacher Teacher should selective in choosing the media, technique, strategy and game used to teach. The things must be appropriate to the curriculum, need, proficiency, and age of the students so that the learning process can meet the target. From all the characteristics above, students will be excited in practicing English orally Linked to the 2006 curriculum, the objective is to make learners able to express the text orally to be used for communication purpose (BSNP, 2006:24). Accordingly, the teacher should use suitable way, one which is giving Doll Steps game. Doll Steps game can give benefits and be implemented as an appropriate game for the students to produce oral procedure texts. For the other researchers Relating to the successful usage of brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to boost speaking score of the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, other researchers who are interested in investigating speaking skill are recommended that they look further on other related aspects of this study. Furthermore, it is suggested to develop this study by exploring the use of this game for other kinds of genre, skills, and level of the students REFERENCES Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Razavieh, A. (2010).Introduction to Research in Education (8th Ed). USA: Wadsworth engage Learning. Bartz, A. E. (2001). Basic Statistical Concept i Education and the Behavioral Science. Moorhead, Minesota: Concordia College. Brown, H. D. (2004). Language Assessment Principle ad Classroom Practices. San Francisco: Pearson Education. Cullen, B. (1998). Brainstorming Before Speaking Tasks. The Internet TESL Journal , VOL IV No. 7. Harmer, J. The Practice of English LAnguage TEaching (3rd edition ed.). Cambridge, UK: Longman. Hayriye, K. (2006). Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language. The Internet TESL Journal , VOLl XII No. 11. Houston, H. (2006). A Brainstorming Activity for ESL/EFL Students. The Internet TESL Journal , Vol. XII, No. 12. Liu, T.-Y., & Chu, Y.-L. (2010). Using Ubiquitous Games in an English Listening and Speaking Course : Impact on LEarning Outcomes and Motivation. ELSEVIER , 1. Manshouri, F. (2008). Second Language Acquisition Research : Theory - Construction ad testinng. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Nunn, F., & Nunn, R. (2005). Guiding ESL Students Towards Independent Speech Making. The Internet TESL Journal , Vol. XI, No. 2. Oller, John. W. (1979). Laguage Tests at School : A Pragmatic Approach. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Longman.
Jevrejski istorijski muzej (JIM) u Beogradu predstavlјa jednu celovitu, po mnogo čemu jedinstvenu muzejsku ustanovu u Srbiji. To je jedini jevrejski muzej u našoj zemlјi, tematski specijalizovan, a sadržajno veoma kompleksan. Osim muzejskog materijala, Jevrejski istorijski muzej ima sopstveni, srazmerno veliki arhiv čija dokumentacija i foto-dokumentacija svedoči kako o Holokaustu, u kojem su mnoge jevrejske opštine bukvalno nestale, tako i o životu i aktivnostima jevrejskih zajednica iz Srbije i sa teritorije cele bivše Jugoslavije u 19, još više 20. veku, uklјučujući i savremene periode. Jevrejski istorijski muzej je osnovan 1948. godine u okviru Saveza jevrejskih opština bivše Jugoslavije. Zanimlјiva je činjenica da je ideja o osnivanju muzeja ovakvog tipa mnogo starija. Već posle prvog Redovnog kongresa Saveza jevrejskih veroispovednih opština Kralјevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca održanog 1921. godine u Zagrebu, bilo je predloga i planova za stvaranje muzeja - pravog mesta za čuvanje jevrejske baštine i kulturnog identiteta. Ipak, ova ideja nije ostvarena. Imajući u vidu Drugi svetski rat i događaje koju su usledili počev od 1941. godine u Jugoslaviji, sa ove vremenske distance, može se slobodno reći da je ״sreća u nesreći" što jevrejski muzej nije tada osnovan. Pošto je uspeo da se obnovi, kao vodeća institucija preživelih jevrejskih opština oslobođene Republike Jugoslavije, Savez se, u jesen 1945. godine, obratio svojim članicama sa molbom da prikupe sve raspoložive podatke o Holokaustu i učešću Jevreja u Norodnooslobodilačkoj borbi. Bio je to prvi, ali sasvim konkretan korak ka muzeju. Relativno brzo, u Zagrebu je formiran Muzejsko-istorijski odsek u okviru Pravnog odelјenja Saveza. Otpočelo je sistematsko traganje za sačuvanom arhivskom građom. Godine 1952. do tada sakuplјena građa je preselјena u Beograd, kada se nastavilo sa traganjem i sakuplјanjem. ״Odsek" je počeo da se razvija u pravcu kompletne muzejske ustanove. Te 1952. godine, organizovana je izložba povodom otkrivanja impresivnog spomenika Bogdana Bogdanovića na sefardskom groblјu u Beogradu, posvećenog jevrejskim žrtvama Holokausta. Povodom obeležavanja desetogodišnjice obnove, Savez je 1955. postavio još jednu izložbu o radu celokupne jevrejske zajednice u tadašnjoj Jugoslaviji. Za sve to vreme, kao osnivač i vlasnik Muzeja, Savez je bio u stalnom kontaktu sa svim svojim jevrejskim opštinama, obnovlјenim posle neviđenog stradanja 1941-1945. godine. Za zajednički Muzej i dalјe su stizali materijali koji su se odnosili na istoriju jugoslovenskih Jevreja. Pozivu Saveza su se odazivali i pojedinci, preživeli Jevreji koji su donosili poneki predmet ili porodične fotografije, kolekcionari čije su zbirke opstale sakrivene, i drugi . Mnogi su Muzeju zaveštali predmete iz porodičnih kuća od istorijskog, etnološkog ili umetničkog značaja, a povremeno je vršen i otkup eksponata, u zavisnosti od trenutnih uslova. Počev od datuma osnivanja, pa do 1959. godine, sakuplјen je muzejski i arhivski materijal, dovolјan da se iste godine otvori lepa, slikovita - prva stalna, muzejska postavka. Na dan 19. maja 1960. godine, za javnost je otvoren Muzej Saveza jevrejskih opština Jugoslavije, u istoj zgradi u kojoj je i Savez. Posle izvesnog vremena, naziv muzeja je preinačen u Jevrejski istorijski muzej (JIM), što mnogo više odgovara njegovoj nameni i sadržaju. Sa sakuplјanjem i stručnom obradom materijala se nastavilo, pa je 1969. godine otvorena druga stalna postavka Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja, znatno bogatija i izražajnija. Za njenu koncepciju je bila zaslužna prof. dr Vidosava Nedomački, prvi upravnik Muzeja. Posle raspada Jugoslavije 1992. godine, formiran je Savez jevrejskih opština Srbije u kojem se okupilo deset jevrejskih opština, koliko ih ukupno ima u našoj zemlјi. Status Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja ostao je isti - on je deo Saveza jevrejskih opština Srbije. Iako je u sastavu Saveza, Muzej se razvio u instituciju za sebe, sa svojim specifičnim životom, svojom stručnom ekipom i svojim poslovnim kontaktima sa drugim muzejima. S obzirom na to da je stalna izložbena postavka Muzeja otvorena mnogo pre raspada Jugoslavije, ona se bavi istorijskim, etnološkim i opštekulturnim temama vezanim za jevrejstvo celokupnog nekadašnjeg jugoslovenskog područja. Usled teških političkih i ekonomskih problema koji su, počev od 1992. godine pritiskali našu zemlјu, Srbiju, nisu se zasad stekli uslovi za izradu nove, drugačije koncipirane postavke. Međutim, ako imamo u vidu činjenicu da su Jevreji ovog dela Balkana imali zajedničku istoriju i kulturna obeležja - onda je neizbežno da i koncept nove postavke zadrži, bar delimično, širi pristup u svojoj budućoj prezentaciji. Zbog svega toga, a i zahvalјujući složenoj i veoma suptilno osmišlјenoj koncepciji, realna starost stalne izložbene postavke Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja nikome ne smeta, jer ne utiče na izvanredan kvalitet informacija o jevrejskoj istoriji i načinu života. ; The Jewish Historical Museum (JHM) in Belgrade is a comprehensive and, in manу ways, a unique museum in Serbia. It is the only Jewish museum in the country, thematically specialized, and very complex in terms of contents. Apart from museum exhibits, the Jewish Historical Museum also has its own, relatively large, archives whose documentation and photo documentation are testimony both of the Holocaust, during which manу Jewish communities literally perished, and of the life and activities of Jewish communities from Serbia and the whole territory of former Yugoslavia during the 19th and, even more, the 20th century, including the present times. The Jewish Historical Museum was founded in 1948, as part of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia. It is interesting to note that the idea of founding a museum of this type dates much further back. Already after the First Congress of the Federation of Jewish Religious Communities of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, held in 1921 in Zagreb, there were recommendations and plans concerning the foundation of such a museum as the right place to preserve the heritage and cultural identity. Yet, the idea had not materialized. Having in mind the World War II and the events that followed from 1941 in Yugoslavia, from this time perspective one could say that it is, in fact, a lucky coincidence that the Jewish museum had not been founded at that time. After the Federation managed to revive itself as the leading institution of the surviving Jewish communities of the liberated Republic of Yugoslavia, in autumn of 1945, it invited its members to collect all data available about the Holocaust and the participation of Jews in the National Liberation Movement. This was the first and very specific step towards founding a museum. Relatively soon afterwards, the Museum - Historical Department was established in Zagreb within the Legal Division of the Federation. Systematic efforts to identify and preserve the archives began. In 1952 all the archives collected until that time were moved to Belgrade, and the search and collection efforts continued. The ״Department" was beginning to develop towards a full museum institution. The same уеаг, 1952, an exhibition was organized on the occasion of launching the impressive monument by artist Bogdan Bogdanovic at the Sephardic cemetery in Belgrade, dedicated to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust. On the occasion of commemorating the tenth anniversary of its revival, in 1955, the Federation staged another exhibition on the topic of activities of the whole Jewish community in the then Yugoslavia. During that period, the Federation, as the founder and owner of the Museum, was in permanent contact with all the member Jewish communities that were revitalized after the unprecedented persecution during the period 1941-1945. The Museum continued to receive materials relevant to the history of Yugoslav Jews. The individual, surviving Jews also responded to the invitation of the Museum and contributed individual exhibits and family photographs, and there were contributions from collectors whose collections were hidden and preserved, and others as well. Маnу of them made legacies to the Museum containing artefacts from their families and homes, and these legacies possessed historical, ethnological and artistic value; also depending on its resources available the Museum on occasions also purchased exhibits. From its very establishment, until the уеаг 1959, the Museum had managed to collect sufficient museum and archive materials to establish that same уеаг a good and picturesque permanent museum exhibition. On 19 Мау 1960, the Museum of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia was opened to the public, in the same building which presently houses the Federation. Soon afterwards, the name of the Museum was changed to The Jewish Historical Museum (JHM), which is much better suited to its purpose and content. The collection and professional processing of collected materials continued, so that in 1969 the second permanent exhibition of the Jewish Historical Museum, much richer and more expressive, was presented. The credit for its concept goes to Vidosava Nedomacki, Ph.D., the first Museum Manager. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1992, The Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia was established, consisting of ten Jewish communities, which is the total existing in our country. The status of the Jewish Historical Museum remained unchanged - it is an integral part of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia. Although existing within the framework of the Federation, the Museum developed into an institution of its own right, living its own specific life, its professional team and business contacts with other museums. Since the permanent exhibition of the Museum was opened long before the disintegration of Yugoslavia, it deals with the historical, ethnological and general cultural topics relevant to the Jewery of the overall then Yugoslav region. Due to the grave political and economic difficulties which, beginning in 1992, overwhelmed our country, Serbia, it has not yet been possible to develop a new, differently designed museum exhibition. However, having in mind the fact that the Jews from this part of the Balkans have had a common history and cultural features - it is unavoidable that the concept of such a new exhibition should maintain, at least partially, a more comprehensive approach to such a presentation which will develop in the future. For all of these reasons, and thanks to the complex and subtly designed concept, the actual age of the permanent exhibition of the Jewish Historical Museum does not bother аnyone, as it does not have an impact on the excellent quality of information regarding Jewish history of the way of life. ; 2. dopunjeno izdanje (2nd enlarged edition). ; Uporedo srpski tekst i engleski prevod. ; Ilustracija za korice knjige: Tora i jad - pokazivač za tekst Tore iz Judaika zbirke Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja (motive for the cover page: The Torah scroll with a Torah pointer from the Judaica collection of the Jewish Historical Museum).
Purpose The first major restriction for economic sustainability of Croatian tourism is its seasonality. If looking at the seasonality through the Gini coefficient in all aspects of accommodation, Croatia has the biggest seasonality in the Mediterranean countries. By determining the percentage of seasonality against Croatia's major competitors in hotels and similar accommodation units, then only Montenegro has larger percentage of dependence. The seasonality in period from 2013 to 2017 is not dropping but instead from June 1 to September 30 it brings very high 86% of yearly tourist revenue. Our competitors in the same period bring 43%(Malta), 51%(Spain), 59%(Cyprus) and 62%(Italy). The second major restriction of Croatian Tourism is huge disproportion between tourism revenue of Adriatic and Continental parts of the country. Even if the size percentage ratio is 56% versus 44% in favour of Continental part, if observed by the tourist accommodation revenue, the ratio is 95% versus 5% in favour of Adriatic part of Croatia. Further on, the availability of beds over 1 square km the ratio is 41.8 versus 3.5 beds in favour of Adriatic part. The restriction is connected with the rental model of development of low added value in Croatia, when growth of accommodation capacities in 6 years (2011-2016) is rising in favour of capacities of low added value 92% private accommodation took 82%, camps took 10% of total capacities while hotels took only 6%. All the mentioned restrictions are the cause for this research, how to decrease such a high seasonality which is not supporting economical sustainability of the tourist destination. This is the reason for decision to research the contribution of health tourism to economic sustainability of tourist destination. The principal purpose of this research is to point out the meaning and contribution of health tourism development in Croatia which as such is contributing to economic sustainability of the destination. Methodology Empirical investigation has been conducted in two directions. First is based on analyzing and processing secondary information which is presenting one very important segment of economic sustainability, addressed through seasonal effect, benchmarking analysis, availability of health tourism in Croatia, and especially through analysis of five indicators of tourist intensity and their influence on economic sustainability of destination through example of 97 cities and regions of Adriatic(72) and Continental(25) Croatia. Six variables have been analysed which were divided into two groups. First group is made of health institutions and organizations in tourist destinations which are further divided into six subgroups according to the health tourism development in analysed destinations. Second group is made out of five variables of economic sustainability of tourist intensity and statistical analysis was made out of a sample of 97 tourist destantions in Croatia. Second direction of investigation has been conducted through field research where questionnaire has been presented to 92 health tourism institutions in Croatia (from wellness hotels, special hospitals and Spa's to clinics and doctor's offices) of Adriatic and Continental part of the country. This served as a way to obtain primary information which have been processed through scientific method while explaining statistical methods and results. Primary data has been collected by conducting exploratory, unexperimental, questionarrie style of research which was done by utilizing feedback from 92 health tourism organizations and institutions. The questions were shaped by example of Likert scale while the entire questionairre has been put toghether by BSC (balance ScoreCard) method. The methods which were used for calculating the results: number of measurments (n), arithmetic mean (x), median (M), sample testing (Man-Whitney test), distribution normality test (Komogorov-Smirnov and Sahpiro-Wilk test), nonparametric methods: rank corellation (Kendall's Tau B Method; Spearman's rho method); nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal Wallis test; Post-hoc analysis by Dunn). Findings In order to accomplish the purpose and goals of scientific research in this dissertation answers are provided (research results) to several questions which came from set hypothesis: All analyzed factors which are referring to implementation of strategic regulation of tourism development of Republic of Croatia in health tourism institutions are contributing to economic sustainability of tourist destination, with detailed display of 52 factors and their influence on economic sustainability Internal key factors of development of health tourism (market orientation; processes and activities; learning and growth; and financial perspective) have effect on the implementation of strategy of tourism development of Republic of Croatia, as well as on the opinions about strategic orientation in health tourism institutions. Market orientation of health tourism institutions of Croatia is contributing the implementation of strategic development goals and economic sustainability of tourist destination. This contribution of market orientation would be even more significant if we would be to join the geographical clusters on regional and national level in order to achieve better market competitiveness. The perspective of learning and growth in health tourism institutions described in all six parts of this dissertation is contributing to implementation of strategic development goals of their establishments, thus contributing economic sustainability of tourist destination. With possibility of increasing the productivity on the level of competitiveness, high marks of all factors of financial perspective in health tourism institutions prove that financial perspective also contributes to implementation of strategic development goals of their establishments and institutions, thus contributing to economic sustainability of tourist destination. Analysis on perspective and stability of health tourism in Republic of Croatia shows the largest development restrictions of health tourism which can be seen in: - Marketing of health tourism on a national level - Inadequate legal regulation which does not allow the health tourism development - Inadequate measures of economic politics which are not supporting the health tourism development - Health tourism in Croatia is still not recognized as product with high development priority - Joining regional and national clusters in Republic of Croatia is still not contributing to better positioning of health tourism institutions in the market Perspective of health tourism development in Croatia shows maximum potential contribution of health tourism to economic sustainability of tourist destination. This potential contribution is primarily seen in: - Positive attitude that health tourism can secure better utilization of our hospitality capacities, year round income, elevated additional value of services and sustainable economic development of the country - Positive attitude that for health tourism development requires inter-disciplinary specialist education and level of knowledge, lifelong learning systems which can be developed in Republic of Croatia - Key perspective that health tourism can make a positive impact on reducing seasonal dependency and thus contribute to sustainability of tourist destinations in Croatia The results of research, which are based on secondary information received from tourist destinations of Adriatic and Continental areas of Croatia, are also proving the primary scientific hypothesis (H0). For this reason the indicators of health tourism development in Croatian destinations have on the economic sustainability of tourism (97 destinations in Adriatic and Continental areas of Croatia) are researched. Results of statistical analysis of five different types of health tourism destinations (VAR1 from 0 to 5) are provided, after which is made analysis of all five indicators of economic sustainability of tourist destinations: VAR2 (ZTLG) – impact of tourism on local economy, VAR3 (TIR) – Percentage of tourist intensity, VAR4 (TPR) – Percentage of tourist flow, VAR5 (TDR) – Percentage of tourist density and VAR6 (CTF) – Coefficient of tourism functionality. All these proven facts are connected with the seasonality and economic unsustainability. The variable of seasonality is the most important reference of this dissertation and as such, it has the biggest impact on the economic sustainability of tourism. Tourism seasonality in Croatia has the biggest impact in private accommodation sector, and health tourism, despite the enormous potential of reducing this issue still has very limited effect on total economic sustainability. In addition, the secondary research has shown that current health tourism capacities are not very competitive with the products and services they offer. It is very visible that reason for this is a lack of proper competition and competitiveness. From the analysis of the parameters of tourist intensity by the way of statistical method of correlation of rank it is reached the second part of conclusion pertaining the proof of set hypothesis, which together with the first part of primary field research completed each other by proving the primary and all secondary hypothesis Originality of the research This research has its contribution in development of science in theoretical and practical sense. In theoretical part, scientific facts of the relevant area have been researched as well as all the relevant and available literature on the matter. Theoretical scientific facts are contributing to development of health tourism and sustainable development of touristic destination. Following this thought, this dissertation has proven the theoretical basis of health tourism and sustainable development; this is especially pertaining to overview of previous theoretical and empirical research connected with health tourism and economic sustainability of tourist destinations. In practical part, the research has shown the results from received feedback of questionnaires. The most relevant 92 institutions and organizations of health tourism in Adriatic and Continental part of the country provided this feedback. The model of contribution of health tourism has been tested and based on 97 destinations of Adriatic(72) and Continental(25) Croatia towards the economic sustainability of tourism destination by the example of 5 indicators of economic sustainability. The originality of research is represented through the completion of its goals which are: development and explanation of model which is smart, inclusive and sustainable development of tourist destinations in Croatia which are basing their development on health tourism. Inovations which in Strategey 'Europe 2020' take central spot, and 'smart specialization' needs to make it possible for countries and regions to specialize in those activities in with they hold comparitive advantage. For Croatia and croatian tourism the oportunity lies in development of health and wellness industry. The unsustainability of seasonal tourist concept development has been proven and factors which are influencing the seasonal dependence of croatian tourism have been explained. The possibilites of connecting health tourism into geographical clusters in order to facilitate sustainable and equal development have been established. The concept of health industry and health tourism as a part of sustainable development, which furhter enables economic development has been explained. Tourism has been identified as a phenomenon with strong inovation potential which was elaborated on example of health tourism. In addition, the health tourism development model which is necessary in order to succesfully manage such tourist destination has been suggested.
Only Vanderbilt University affiliated authors are listed on VUIR. For a full list of authors, access the version of record at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6715680/ ; Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with 22 disease-causing genes reported to date. In some FA genes, monoallelic mutations have been found to be associated with breast cancer risk, while the risk associations of others remain unknown. The gene for FA type C, FANCC, has been proposed as a breast cancer susceptibility gene based on epidemiological and sequencing studies. We used the Oncoarray project to genotype two truncating FANCC variants (p.R185X and p.R548X) in 64,760 breast cancer cases and 49,793 controls of European descent. FANCC mutations were observed in 25 cases (14 with p.R185X, 11 with p.R548X) and 26 controls (18 with p.R185X, 8 with p.R548X). There was no evidence of an association with the risk of breast cancer, neither overall (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.44-1.33, p = 0.4) nor by histology, hormone receptor status, age or family history. We conclude that the breast cancer risk association of these two FANCC variants, if any, is much smaller than for BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2 mutations. If this applies to all truncating variants in FANCC it would suggest there are differences between FA genes in their roles on breast cancer risk and demonstrates the merit of large consortia for clarifying risk associations of rare variants. ; We thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clinicians, technicians and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out. We acknowledge all contributors to the COGS and OncoArray study design, chip design, genotyping, and genotype analyses. ABCFS thank Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Gillian Dite. ABCS thanks the Blood bank Sanquin, The Netherlands. ABCTB Investigators: C.L.C., Rosemary Balleine, Robert Baxter, Stephen Braye, Jane Carpenter, Jane Dahlstrom, John Forbes, Soon Lee, Deborah Marsh, Adrienne Morey, Nirmala Pathmanathan, Rodney Scott, Allan Spigelman, Nicholas Wilcken, Desmond Yip. Samples are made available to researchers on a non-exclusive basis. The ACP study wishes to thank the participants in the Thai Breast Cancer study. Special Thanks also go to the Thai Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), doctors and nurses who helped with the data collection process. Finally, the study would like to thank Dr Prat Boonyawongviroj, the former Permanent Secretary of MOPH and Dr Pornthep Siriwanarungsan, the Department Director-General of Disease Control who have supported the study throughout. BBCS thanks Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. BCEES thanks Allyson Thomson, Christobel Saunders, Terry Slevin, BreastScreen Western Australia, Elizabeth Wylie, Rachel Lloyd. The BCINIS study would not have been possible without the contributions of Dr. K. Landsman, Dr. N. Gronich, Dr. A. Flugelman, Dr. W. Saliba, Dr. E. Liani, Dr. I. Cohen, Dr. S. Kalet, Dr. V. Friedman, Dr. O. Barnet of the NICCC in Haifa, and all the contributing family medicine, surgery, pathology and oncology teams in all medical institutes in Northern Israel. The BREOGAN study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Jose Esteban Castelao, Angel Carracedo, Victor Munoz Garzon, Alejandro Novo Dominguez, Sara Miranda Ponte, Carmen Redondo Marey, Maite Pena Fernandez, Manuel Enguix Castelo, Maria Torres, Manuel Calaza (BREOGAN), Jose Antunez, Maximo Fraga and the staff of the Department of Pathology and Biobank of the University Hospital Complex of Santiago-CHUS, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago, IDIS, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Santiago-SERGAS; Joaquin Gonzalez-Carrero and the staff of the Department of Pathology and Biobank of University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain. BSUCH thanks Peter Bugert, Medical Faculty Mannheim. The CAMA study would like to recognize CONACyT for the financial support provided for this work and all physicians responsible for the project in the different participating hospitals: Dr. German Castelazo (IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, DF), Dr. Sinhue Barroso Bravo (IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, DF), Dr. Fernando Mainero Ratchelous (IMSS, Ciudad de Mexico, DF), Dr. Joaquin Zarco Mendez (ISSSTE, Ciudad de Mexico, DF), Dr. Edelmiro Perez Rodriguez (Hospital Universitario, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon), Dr. Jesus Pablo Esparza Cano (IMSS, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon), Dr. Heriberto Fabela (IMSS, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon), Dr. Fausto Hernandez Morales (ISSSTE, Veracruz, Veracruz), Dr. Pedro Coronel Brizio (CECAN SS, Xalapa, Veracruz) and Dr. Vicente A. Saldana Quiroz (IMSS, Veracruz, Veracruz). CBCS thanks study participants, co-investigators, collaborators and staff of the Canadian Breast Cancer Study, and project coordinators Agnes Lai and Celine Morissette. CCGP thanks Styliani Apostolaki, Anna Margiolaki, Georgios Nintos, Maria Perraki, Georgia Saloustrou, Georgia Sevastaki, Konstantinos Pompodakis. CGPS thanks staff and participants of the Copenhagen General Population Study. For the excellent technical assistance: Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, Dorthe Kjeldgard Hansen. The Danish Cancer Biobank is acknowledged for providing infrastructure for the collection of blood samples for the cases. COLBCCC thanks all patients, the physicians Justo G. Olaya, Mauricio Tawil, Lilian Torregrosa, Elias Quintero, Sebastian Quintero, Claudia Ramirez, Jose J. Caicedo, and Jose F. Robledo, the researchers Ignacio Briceno, Fabian Gil, Angela Umana, Angela Beltran and Viviana Ariza, and the technician Michael Gilbert for their contributions and commitment to this study. Investigators from the CPSII cohort thank the participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. They also acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, as well as cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. CTS Investigators include Leslie Bernstein, S.L.N., James Lacey, Sophia Wang, and Huiyan Ma at the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Jessica Clague DeHart at the School of Community and Global Health Claremont Graduate University, Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, and Eunjung Lee at the University of Southern California, Pam Horn-Ross, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Peggy Reynolds, at the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, H.A-C, A.Z., and Hannah Park at the University of California Irvine, and Fred Schumacher at Case Western University. DIETCOMPLYF thanks the patients, nurses and clinical staff involved in the study. We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). ESTHER thanks Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Christa Stegmaier, Katja Butterbach. FHRISK thanks NIHR for funding. GC-HBOC thanks Stefanie Engert, Heide Hellebrand, Sandra Krober and LIFE -Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (Markus Loeffler, Joachim Thiery, Matthias Nuchter, Ronny Baber). The GENICA Network: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tubingen, Germany [H.B., W-Y.L.], German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) [H. B.], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2180 -390900677, Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany [Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch], Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany [Hans-Peter Fischer], Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [UH], Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany [Thomas Bruning, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz]; and Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany [Volker Harth]. HABCS thanks Michael Bremer and Johann H. Karstens. HEBCS thanks Sofia Khan, Johanna Kiiski, Kristiina Aittomaki, Rainer Fagerholm, Kirsimari Aaltonen, Karl von Smitten, Irja Erkkila. HKBCS thanks Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Dr Ellen Li Charitable Foundation, The Kerry Group Kuok Foundation, National Institute of Health 1R03CA130065 and the North California Cancer Center for support. HMBCS thanks Johann H. Karstens. HUBCS thanks Shamil Gantsev. KARMA thanks the Swedish Medical Research Counsel. KBCP thanks Eija Myohanen, Helena Kemilainen. We thank all investigators of the KOHBRA (Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer) Study. LMBC thanks Gilian Peuteman, Thomas Van Brussel, EvyVanderheyden and Kathleen Corthouts. MABCS thanks Milena Jakimovska (RCGEB "Georgi D. Efremov), Emilija Lazarova (University Clinic of Radiotherapy and Oncology), Katerina Kubelka-Sabit, Mitko Karadjozov (Adzibadem-Sistina Hospital), Andrej Arsovski and Liljana Stojanovska (Re-Medika Hospital) for their contributions and commitment to this study. MARIE thanks Petra Seibold, Dieter Flesch-Janys, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Alina Vrieling, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik, Til Olchers and Stefan Nickels. MBCSG (Milan Breast Cancer Study Group): Bernard Peissel, Jacopo Azzollini, Dario Zimbalatti, Daniela Zaffaroni, Bernardo Bonanni, Mariarosaria Calvello, Davide Bondavalli, Aliana Guerrieri Gonzaga, Monica Marabelli, Irene Feroce, and the personnel of the Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. We thank the coordinators, the research staff and especially the MMHS participants for their continued collaboration on research studies in breast cancer. MSKCC thanks Marina Corines, Lauren Jacobs. MTLGEBCS would like to thank Martine Tranchant (CHU de QuebecUniversite Laval Research Center), Marie-France Valois, Annie Turgeon and Lea Heguy (McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital; McGill University) for DNA extraction, sample management and skillful technical assistance. J. S. is Chair holder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. MYBRCA thanks study participants and research staff (particularly Patsy Ng, Nurhidayu Hassan, Yoon Sook-Yee, Daphne Lee, Lee Sheau Yee, Phuah Sze Yee and Norhashimah Hassan) for their contributions and commitment to this study. The NBCS Collaborators would like to thank the Oslo Breast Cancer Research Consortium, OSBREAC (breastcancerresearch. no/osbreac/), for providing samples and phenotype data. NBHS and SBCGS thank study participants and research staff for their contributions and commitment to the studies. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. OFBCR thanks Teresa Selander, Nayana Weerasooriya. ORIGO thanks E. Krol-Warmerdam, and J. Blom for patient accrual, administering questionnaires, and managing clinical information. The ORIGO survival data were retrieved from the Leiden hospital-based cancer registry system (ONCDOC) with the help of Dr. J. Molenaar. PBCS thanks Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao, Michael Stagner. The ethical approval for the POSH study is MREC/00/6/69, UKCRN ID: 1137. We thank staff in the Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC) supported Faculty of Medicine Tissue Bank and the Faculty of Medicine DNA Banking resource. PREFACE thanks Sonja Oeser and Silke Landrith. PROCAS thanks NIHR for funding. RBCS thanks Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Anja Kromwijk-Nieuwlaat, Annette Heemskerk, the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams. SGBCC thanks the participants and research coordinator Ms Tan Siew Li. SKKDKFZS thanks all study participants, clinicians, family doctors, researchers and technicians for their contributions and commitment to this study. We thank the SUCCESS Study teams in Munich, Duessldorf, Erlangen and Ulm. SZBCS thanks Ewa Putresza. UCIBCS thanks Irene Masunaka. UKBGS thanks Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research for support and funding of the Breakthrough Generations Study, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. We acknowledge NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/A10118], the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST respectively), and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (Grant Number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministere de l'Economie, Science et Innovation du Quebec through Genome Quebec and the PSR-SIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 -the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, and Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The DRIVE Consortium was funded by U19 CA148065. The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS), BCFR-NY, BCFR-PA, BCFR-UTAH, the Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registry (NCBCFR) and Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The Australian Breast Cancer Tissue Bank (ABCTB) was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. C.L.C is a NHMRC Principal Research Fellow. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK and KM and AL are supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and by the ICEP ("This work was also supported by CRUK [grant number C18281/A19169]"). The AHS study is supported by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute (grant number Z01-CP010119), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant number Z01-ES049030). The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). The BCEES was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and the Cancer Council Western Australia and acknowledges funding from the National Breast Cancer Foundation (J.S.). The BREast Oncology GAlician Network (BREOGAN) is funded by Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Cofinanciado FEDER; Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Conselleria de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigacion Aplicada, PEME I+ D e I + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica de la Conselleria de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigacion Clinica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CAMA study was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) (SALUD-2002-C01-7462). Sample collection and processing was funded in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI R01CA120120 and K24CA169004). CBCS is funded by the Canadian Cancer Society (grant #313404) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire, de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. COLBCCC is supported by the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Diana Torres was in part supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPSII cohort. The CTS was supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993, the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, K05 CA136967, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. HAC receives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by the charity Against Breast Cancer (Registered Charity No. 1121258) and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Wurttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. DGE is supported by the all Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20007). The GC-HBOC (German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: R.K.S., Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713-241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GEPARSIXTO study was conducted by the German Breast Group GmbH. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, by the Friends of Hannover Medical School and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by MEXT Kakenhi (No. 170150181 and 26253041) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, and "Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15ck0106177h0001)" from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development, AMED, and Cancer Bio Bank Aichi. The HMBCS and HUBCS were funded by the German Research Foundation (Do761/10-1) and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HUBCS was further supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 17-29-06014 and 17-44-020498. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Marit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. The KOHBRA study was partially supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), and the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C1127; 1020350; 1420190). LMBC is supported by the 'Stichting tegen Kanker'. DL is supported by the FWO. The MABCS study is funded by the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov" and supported by the German Academic Exchange Program, DAAD. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects "5 x 1000"). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was supported by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839 and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011-294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foundation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286 and CA177150. MSKCC is supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the " CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer" program -grant #CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade - grant #PSR-SIIRI-701. MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM. C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Malaysia. MYMAMMO is supported by research grants from Yayasan Sime Darby LPGA Tournament and Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (RP046B-15HTM). The NBCS has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research; the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N.K.) and grant 193387/H10 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V. N. K.), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A-L Borresen-Dale) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V. N. K.). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The Carolina Breast Cancer Study (NCBCS) was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (National Cancer Institute CA058223, U54 CA156733, U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NGOBCS was supported by the National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956 and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, UMCA182910, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scientific development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) Network U19 CA148065. SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). SGBCC is funded by the NUS start-up Grant, National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre Grant and the NMRC Clinician Scientist Award. Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort StudiesMulti-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC), which was funded by the Biomedical Research Council, grant number: 05/1/21/19/425. The Sister Study (SISTER) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033). The Two Sister Study (2SISTER) was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES102245), and, also by a grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure, grant FAS0703856. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The TNBCC was supported by: a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center. The TWBCS is supported by the Taiwan Biobank project of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The WAABCS study was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA89085 and P50 CA125183 and the D43 TW009112 grant), Susan G. Komen (SAC110026), the Dr. Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust, and the Avon Foundation for Women.
ABSTRACTOrganization represent medium activity of people in tired effort target. To execute and reach target, hence needed by human resource. Human resource top-drawer element or asset among other organizational elements. Important human resource because of influencing organizational effectiveness and efesiensi, and human resource represent expenditure of organizational fundamental in running its duty. Human resource in relation to this matter is Public Servant Of Civil that is as activator of administration mechanism wheel in governance organization. Accurate writer and study about "Construction of governance aparatur in order to improving the quality of job at office District Of Siau East Sub-Province of Sitaro". This research focussed at construction of discipline, construction of career, and construction of profession ethics seen result of job, ability, quality of job, skilled, seriousness, accuracy of time of itself aparatur. Methodologies qualitative as research procedure yielding descriptive data in the form of words written or oral the than behavior and people able to perceive. Research technique in this research is : 1) Observation 2) Interview; and 3) Study Documentation. Location Research is place where that research conducted, and location selected for research is Office District Of Siau East Sub-Province of Sitaro. Target Research/source of able to give information selected "Purposively" apropos of specific-purpose. Processing and data analysis conducted by stages: 1) Discount Data 2) Display Data; and 3) Conclusion / Data verification.Keywords : Officer Construction, Job QualityI.PENDAHULUANOrganisasi merupakan sarana kegiatan orang-orang dalam usaha mencapai tujuan. Untuk melaksanakan dan mencapai suatu tujuan tersebut, maka diperlukan sumber daya manusia. Sumber daya manusia adalah aset atau unsur yang paling penting diantara unsur-unsur organisasi lainnya. Sumber daya manusia penting dikarenakan mempengaruhi efesiensi dan efektivitas organisasi, dan sumber daya manusia merupakan pengeluaran pokok organisasi dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Sumber daya manusia dalam kaitan dengan hal ini adalah Pegawai Negeri Sipil yaitu sebagai penggerak roda mekanisme administrasi dalam organisasi pemerintahan.Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagai unsur aparatur negara dan abdi masyarakat mempunyai peran sangat penting dalam pembangunan untuk menciptakan masyarakat madani yang taat hukum, peradaban modern, demokratis, makmur,2adil, dan bermoral tinggi menyelenggarakan pelayanan secara adil dan merata kepada masyarakat, menjaga persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa dengan penuh kesetiaan kepada pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.Akan tetapi didalam pelaksanaan dan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, Pegawai Negeri Sipil masih banyak mengalami berbagai macam masalah yakni prestasi kerja pegawai yang masih rendah, kurang mematuhi peraturan kedisiplinan pegawai, dan kurang menghargai waktu.Dalam rangka era otonomi daerah pada saat ini, kantor Kecamatan Kabupaten Sitarosebagai lembaga pemerintahan dituntut untuk berperan aktif dalam pelayanan bidang kesehatan. Kesehatan merupakan sebuah investasi bagi negara, dalam artian hanya manusia yang sehat secara jasmani maupun rohani yang dapat melakukan pembangunan bangsa Indonesia ini.Oleh karena itu Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sangat membutuhkan pegawai yang benar-benar mampu, berdaya guna, berkualitas tinggi, dan sadar akan tanggung jawabnya sebagai unsur aparatur negara dan abdi masyarakat. Untuk mewujudkan pegawai sebagaimana yang dimaksud diatas maka Pegawai Negeri Sipil perlu dibina dengan sebaik-baiknya. Adapun tujuan pembinaan ini untuk membentuk sikap aparatur negara agar berorientasi kepada pembangunan dan bertindak sebagai pemerakarsa pembaharuan dan bertindak sebagai penggerak pembangunan.Berdasarkan pra observasi penulis, pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, saat ini masih ada pegawai yang tidak melaksanakan tugas sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, hadir tidak tepat waktu, semangat kerja yang menurun yang kemungkinan disebabkan karena jenuh, dan adanya pegawai yang keluar masuk kantor pada jam kerja. Selain itu ada juga pegawai yang melimpahkan pekerjaannya kepada orang lain dengan berbagai alasan, padahal itu merupakan tanggung jawabnya yang telah diberikan kepadanya.Pembinaan pada pegawai yang ada, pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan prestasi kerja yang lebih baik. Berkaitan dengan hal itu maka seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil perlu mendapatkan pembinaan. Dan pembinaan pegawai harus dilakukan secara keseluruhan, sistematis dan berkesinambungan, yang berarti bahwa pembinaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil tidak bisa dilakukan secara terpisah, tapi perlu dilakukan secara terarah, komprehensif dan terintegrasi dengan menggunakan konsep yang jelas.Berdasarkan uraian singkat diatas, penulis tertarik untuk meneliti dan membahas hal ini menjadi objek penelitian. Adapun judul yang penulis ajukan adalah: "Pembinaan aparatur pemerintahan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas kerja pada kantor Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro".3II. KERANGKA KONSEPTUALA. Konsep Pembinaan PegawaiDalam Undang-Undang No.43 tahun 1999 tentang pokok-pokok kepegawaian dinyatakan bahwa pembinaan pegawai merupakan suatu usaha yang penting dalam organisasi kerena dengan pembinaan pegawai ini organisasi akan lebih maju dan berkembang.Malthis bahwa pembinaan pegawai adalah suatu kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kecakapan pegawai guna pertumbuhan yang berkesinambungan didalam organisasi.Widjaja (1986:15) pembinaan pegawai adalah segala usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dalam melaksanakan tugas umum pemerintahan dan pembangunan.Dari ketiga defenisi tersebut, jelas bahwa pembinaan pegawai dilaksanakan untuk pertumbuhan dan kesinambungan kualitas pegawai dalam suatu organisasi. Dengan demikian maka pembinaan pegawai pada hakekatnya adalah peningkatan kemampuan pegawai dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat melalui tugas pokok dan fungsinya dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan sesuai dengan kebijaksanaan yang telah ditetapkan.Arah Pembinaan Pegawai Negeri SipilWursanto (1997:13), pembinaan pegawai negeri diarahkan kepada:1. Satuan organisasi lembaga pemerintah mempunyai jumlah dan mutu pegawai yang rasional, sesuai dengan jenis, sifat dan beban kerja yang dibebankan kepadanya.2. Pembinaan seluruh Pegawai Negeri Sipil terintegrasi artinya terhadap semua pegawai negeri sipil berlaku ketentuan yang sama.3. Pembinaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil dilaksanakan atas dasar sistem karir dan sistem prestasi.4. Pengembangan sistem penggajian diarahkan untuk menghargai prestasi kerja dan besarnya tanggung jawab.5. Tindakan korektif terhadap pegawai yang benar-benar melanggar ketentuan yang berlaku dilaksanakan secara tegas.6. Penyempurnaan sistem administrasi kepegawaian dan sistem pengawasannya dapat dilaksanakan.7. Pembinaan dan kesetiaan dan ketaatan penuh terhadap Pancasila, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Negara dan pemerintah tetap terjamin.Adapun pembinaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil bertujuan untuk membentuk sikap aparatur negara agar berorientasi kepada pembangunan dan bertindak sebagai pemerakarsa pembaharuan dan sebagai penggerak pembangunan. Dan manfaat dari pembinaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil adalah mewujudkan citra pegawai yang penuh dengan kesetiaan dan ketaatan kepada pancasila, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Negara dan pemerintah yang bersatu padu, bermental baik, berwibawa, berdaya guna, berhasil guna, bersih, berkualitas tinggi dan sadar akan tanggung jawabnya sebagai unsur aparatur negara, abdi negara dan abdi masyarakat.4Model Pembinaan Pegawai Negeri Sipila. Pembinaan Disiplin Pegawai Negeri SipilDisiplin adalah keadaan yang menyebabkan atau memberikan dorongan kepada pegawai untuk berbuat dan melakukan segala kegiatan sesuai dengan norma-norma atau aturan yang telah ditetapkan (Wursanto,1997:108). Peraturan Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No.30 Tahun 1980 yang berisi tentang daftar kewajiban, larangan dan sanksi seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Menurut Peraturan Pemerintah No.30 Tahun 1980 pereturan disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil adalah peraturan yang mengatur kewajiban, larangan, dan sanksi apabila kewajiaban tidak ditaati atau larangan dilanggar oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil.b. Pembinaan Karir Pegawai Negeri SipilUsmara (2002:278) pembinaan karir bertujuan untuk mngembangkan karir Pegawai Negeri Sipil dengan demikian ada beberapa pilihan pengembangan karir, yaitu :1. Pengembangan dan peningkatan melalui pemberian tugas secara khusus.2. Pengembangan ke arah samping sesuatu pekerjaan yang lain, yang mungkin lebih cocok dengan keterampilannya dengan memberi pengalaman yang lebih luas, tantangan baru serta memberikan kepercayaan dan kepuasan yang lebih besar. Ini disebut dengan pengembangan karir lateral atau demosi.3. Pengembangan ke arah atas pada posisi yang mempunyai tanggung jawab dan wewenang yang lebih besar dibidang keahlian khusus atau bahkan keahlian khusus yang baru. Ini disebut dengan promosi.4. Pergerakan ke arah bawah yang mungkin dapat merefleksikan sesuatu peralihan atau pertukaran prioritas pekerjaan bagi pegawai untuk mengurangi resiko atau tanggung jawab dan stress, menempatkan posisi karyawan tersebut ke arah yang lebih tepat sekaligus sebagai kesempatan atau peluang yang baru. Inilah yang disebut dengan mutasi.c. Pembinaan Etika Profesi Pegawai Negeri SipilPembinaan Etika Profesi Pegawai Negeri Sipil menurut PP nomor 42 Tahun 2004 dalam (www.bkn.go.id.penelitian) digunakan terminologi pembinaan jiwa korps dan kode etik Pegawai Negeri Sipil, adalah semacam rancangan (design) yang menjelaskan tentang berbagai komponen yang perlu ada dalam pembinaan etika profesi Pegawai Negeri Sipil, sehingga dapat dipakai sebagai pola acuan atau pedoman oleh pimpinan instansi pemerintah pada setiap jenjang dalam melakukan pembinaan etika profesi Pegawai Negeri Sipil di lingkungan instansi atau unit kerja masing-masing. Pembinaaan etika profesi tersebut meliputi :1. Pembinaan Jiwa Korps Pegawai Negeri Sipil2. Kode Etik Pegawai Negeri SipilB. Konsep Prestasi KerjaPrestasi adalah "kemampuan untuk memperoleh manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya dari sarana dan prasarana yang tersedia dengan menghasilkan keluaran (output) yang optimal, bahkan kalau mungkin yang maksimal" (Siagian, 1988:12).5Sedangkan menurut Winardi (1972:393) prestasi adalah "jumlah yang dihasilkan setiap pekerja dalam jangka waktu terentu".Kasmir (2000:126) prestasi kerja merupakan prestasi seseorang dalam melakukan pekerjaannya melai dari disiplin waktu bekerja dan pencapain target maupun kualitas pekerjaannya. Menurut Hasibuan (2003:105) prestasi kerja adalah hasil kerja yang dicapai dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya yang didasarkan atas kecakapan, pengalaman, dan kesungguhan serta waktu.Rao (1986:23) juga mengatakan bahwa prestasi kerja adalah suatu hasil kerja yang diperoleh dari kemampuan setiap pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang berkaitan dengan peran atau kedudukan mereka.Dari beberapa defenisi di atas prestasi kerja dapat dilihat dari hasil kerja yang dicapai baik secara individu maupun secara kelompok. Hasil tersebut dapat berupa barang atau jasa yang dapat diukur melalui kualitas atau mutu kerja, volume kerja, dan ketepatan waktu dalam menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan serta kemampuan untuk memecahkan suatu persoalan atau permasalahan.Dasar Prestasi KerjaMoesanif (1986:209), yaitu sebagai berikut:1) Kecapakan dibidang tugas2) Keterampilan melakukan tugas3) Pengalaman dibidang tugas4) Bersungguh-sungguh dalam melaksankan tugas5) Pengaruh kesehatan jasmani dan rohani6) Melaksanakan tugas secara berdaya guna7) Berhasil guna dan hasil kerja melebihi yang ditentukanManfaat dan Tujuan Penilai Prestasi KerjaHandoko (2001:135) manfaat dari penilaian prestasi kerja, antara lain:1. Perbaikan prestasi kerja2. Penyesuaian-penyesuaian kompensasi3. Keputusan-keputusan penempatan4. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan dan latihan pengembangan5. Perencanaan dan pengembangan karir6. Penyimpangan-penyimpangan proses staffing7. Ketidakteraturan informasional8. Kesempatan kerja yang adil9. Tantangan-tantangan eksternalTujuan penilaian prestasi kerja antara lain:1. Mengidentifikasi pegawai mana yang membutuhkan pendidikan dan latihan.2. Menetapkan kenaikan gaji dan upah tambahan lainnya.3. Menetapkan kemungkinan pemindahan pegawai pada tugas yang baru.4. Menetapkan kebijaksanan baru dalam rangka reorganisasi.5. Mengidentifikasi para pegawai yang akan dipromosikan kepada jabatan yang lebih tinggi. (Martoyo, 1990: 95).6III. METODE PENELITIANFokus penelitian ini adalah Pembinaan aparatur pemerintahan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas kerja. Yang dimaksud dengan pembinaan dalam penelitian ini adalah suatu kegiatan atau bentuk usaha yang dilakukan dengan cara pembinaan disiplin, pembinaan karir, dan pembinaan etika profesi Pegawai Negeri Sipil didalam suatu organisasi pemerintahan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pegawai dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat melalui tugas pokok dan fungsinya supaya tercapainya visi dan misi organisasi pemerintahan tersebut. Sedangkan prestasi kerja adalah suatu hasil kerja yang dicapai oleh seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam melaksanakan tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya atas kecakapan, keterampilan, kesungguhan, serta waktu.Penelitian ini difokuskan pada pembinaan disiplin, pembinaan karir, dan pembinaan etika profesi dengan melihat hasil kerja, kemampuan, kualitas kerja, ketrampilan, kesungguhan, ketepatan waktu dari aparatur itu sendiri.Bogdan dan Taylor (dalam Moleong, 2000:3) mendefinisikan "Metodologi kualitatif sebagai prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang dapat diamati."Teknik penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah :1. Observasi2. Wawancara3. Studi DokumentasiLokasi penelitian adalah tempat dimana penelitian itu dilakukan, dan lokasi yang dipilih untuk penelitian adalah Kantor Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro.Nasution (1999:32) dalam penelitian kualitataif yang dijadikan sampel hanyalah sumber yang dapat memberikan informasi. Sample yang dapat berupa hal, paristiwa, manusia, situasi yang berobservasi. Sering sampel dipilih secara "Purposive" bertalian dengan purpose atau tujuan tertentu, sering pula informan diminta untuk menunjuk orang lain dan seterusnya, cara ini lazim disebut "Snowball Sampling" sampling-sampling yang dilakukan secara berurutan."Sasaran penelitian/sumber yang dapat memberikan informasi dipilih secara "Purposive" bertalian dengan tujuan tertentu. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh Moleong (2000:165) yang menyatakan bahwa: pada penelitian kualitataif tidak ada sampel acak, tetapi sampel bertujuan. Data telah diperoleh dari wawancara disusun dalam bentuk catatan lengkap setelah didukung oleh hasil observasi dan dokumentasi.Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan langkah-langkah :1. Reduksi Data2. Display Data3. Kesimpulan/Verifikasi Data7IV. HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASANA. Pembinaan Aparatur Pemerintahan di Kecamatan Siau TimurPembinaan pegawai dapat diukur melalui tiga faktor yang terdiri dari Pembinaan disiplin, Pembinaan karir dan Pembinaan etika profesi. Pembinaan disiplin dibagi kedalam dua asumsi yaitu: pertama, Penegakan disiplin yang meliputi kegiatan mengikuti apel pagi dan sore, menandatangani daftar hadir, setelah masuk jam kerja wajib berada diruangan kerja. Dan kedua, Pemberian sanksi yaitu memberikan hukuman kepada pegawai yang tidak disiplin.Kemudian Pembinaan karir dibagi kedalam empat asumsi yaitu: pertama, Pendidikan dan pelatihan yaitu upaya yang dilakukan instansi untuk menambah pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap pegawai. kedua, promosi yaitu memberikan kesempatan kepada pegawai pada satu tugas yang lebih baik dalam suatu organisasi. Ketiga, mutasi yaitu kegiatan pemindahan pegawai dari suatu tempat ketempat lain yang relatif sama dalam tanggung jawab dan wewenang. Dan yang keempat, bimbingan dan pengarahan yaitu upaya yang dilakukan pimpinan dalam memberikan saran terhadap pelaksanaan tugas. Sedangkan Pembinaan etika profesi terdiri dari Memotivasi pegawai, yaitu memberikan dorongan kepada pegawai akan pentingnya tanggung jawab terhadap tugas dan pekerjaannya.1. Pembinaan Disiplina. Penegakan DisiplinPembinaan disiplin dapat dilakukan dengan cara penegakan disiplin pada instansi pemerintah, dalam hal ini yaitu Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam penegakan disiplin mengikuti apel pagi dan sore, menandatangani daftar hadir, setelah masuk jam kerja wajib berada diruangan kerja.Berdasarkan jawaban informan tentang adanya peraturan disiplin pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro terdapat secara umum menjawab ada dan peraturan disiplin tersebut sangat jelas. Hal ini sebagaimana yang disampaikan oleh salah seorang staf pada kantor Kecamatan Siau Timur, beliau menuturkan bahwa, "peraturan disiplin disini sebenarnya sudah sangat jelas karena memang ada dan selalu disampaikan, bahkan ditempel di masing-masing ruangan seksi."Dengan adanya peraturan disiplin ini maka pegawai tidak dapat sesuka hatinya dalam melakukan pekerjaan. Kemudian tentang pengisian daftar hadir sebelum dan sesudah jam kerja, menurut staf yang juga diwawancarai mengatakan bahwa "hal ini selalu disampaikan kepada seluruh pegawai yang ada. Setiap hari diingatkan kepada pegawai oleh pimpinan, karena walaupun hadir tetapi jkalu tidak mengisi daftar hadir sebelum dan sesudah jam kerja, kehadiran tidak diperhitungakan, inikan tentunya merupakan kerugian bagi pegawai itu sendiri."Hal ini berarti pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro bukan saja ada dan peraturan disiplin yang sangat jelas tetapi juga disosialisasikan kepada para pegawai. Dan selanjutnya pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sering melakukan pengisian daftar hadir8sebelum dan sesudah jam kerja. Hal ini terlihat pada jawaban informan pada wawancara yakni terdapat semuanya menjawab menjawab sering.Menurut pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, mereka perlu meminta ijin ketika keluar dari tempat bekerja sebelum habis jam kerja, karena bila hal ini tidak dilakukan maka mereka dianggap tidak hadir di tempat kerja. Hal ini sebagaimana disampaikan oleh Sekretaris Kecamata Siau Timur, "pegawai disini patuh terhadap aturan, mereka tidak mungkin keluar dari kantor kalau tidak diberikan ijin oleh pejabat diatasnya, apalagi disaat jam kerja atau disaat banyak pekerjaan yang dilakukan, karena kalau mereka melakukan hal tersebut maka akan diberikan sanksi dan paling berat, yaitu mereka dianggap tidak masuk kerja pada hari tersebut."b. Pemberian SanksiPembinaan disiplin dapat dilakukan juga dengan cara pemberian sanksi atau hukuman kepada pegawai yang tidak disiplin. Pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro menurut pegawai, jika melakukan pelanggaran atas peraturan yang telah ditetapakan maka kadang-kadang akan diberi sanksi oleh atasan. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang mengatgakan bahwa "pelanggaran disiplin yang dilakukan oleh pegawai hanya kadang-kadang mendapatkan sanksi yang setimpal dan sesuai dengan peraturan perundag-undangan. Kadang-kadang berlaku standard ganda dalam pemberian sanksi. Ada pegawai yang sering terlambat tapi tidak pernah diberikan sanksi, sementara itu ada yang baru satu kali terlambat tetapi langsung diberikan sanksi.". Dengan demikian dapat dinilai bahwa Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro kurang memberikan hukuman kepada pegawainya yang terkadang melakukan pelanggaran atas peraturan yang telah ditetapakan.2. Pembinaan karira. Pendidikan Dan PelatihanPembinaan karir dapat dilakukan salah satunya dengan cara Pendidikan dan pelatihan yaitu upaya yang dilakukan instansi untuk menambah pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap pegawai. Untuk mengukur pendidikan dan pelatihan yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pentingnya pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk dilaksanakan dan tentang program pendidikan dan pelatihan telah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pegawai.Berdasarkan jawaban informan tentang pentingnya pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk dilaksanakan secara umum menjawab penting. Hal ini sebagaimana yang dijawab oleh salah seorang staf di Kantor Camat, "bagi kami diklat sangat penting, karena lewat diklat kami diajarkan banyak hal menyangkut tata kerja, tata kelola, dan lain-lain yang sangat membantu kami memahami pekerjaan kami setiap hari. Manfaatnya sangat terasa karena perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan sangat pesat, kalau kami tidak mengikutinya maka akan semakin tertinggal dan dampaknya adalah bagi kinerja kami dalam pelayanan masyarakat."9Dengan demikian menurut pendapat pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro bahwa penting dilakukan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Karena pendidikan dan pelatihan ini sangat dibutuhkan untuk mendukung kemahiran dan keterampilan dalam bekerja.Pertanyaan berikutnya adalah apakah pendidikan dan pelatihan yang diadakan oleh Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro telah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pegawai. Menurut Sekretaris Kecamatan Siau Timur yang diwawancarai mengatakan bahwa, "Pelaksanaan Diklat selalu didahului dengan analisis kebutuhan pegawai sehingga diklat yang dilakukan tidak sia-sia melainkan tepat sasaran. Misalnya kebutuhan akan penguasaan computer, berdasarkan analisis awal hal ini sangat dibutuhkan dan rata-rata pegawai masih kurang dpengetahuannya tentang computer, maka dilakukanlah pelatihan computer bagi seluruh aparat. Hasilnya sangat terasa, karena kinerja pegawai lebih baik dan lebih cepat." Dengan demikian dapat dinilai bahwa program pendidikan dan pelatihan yang diadakan oleh Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro telah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pegawai.b. PromosiPromosi yaitu memberikan kesempatan kepada pegawai pada satu tugas yang lebih baik dalam suatu organisasi. Untuk mengukur promosi yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pemberian penghargaan atas hasil kerja pegawai dan tentang tingkat pendidikan mempengaruhi untuk memperoleh promosi.Berdasarkan jawaban informan pada wawancara tentang pemberian penghargaan atas hasil kerja pegawai secara umum menjawab kadang-kadang. Hal ini menunjukkan kurangnya perhatian pimpinan untuk memberikan penghargaan atas hasil kerja pegawai. Dan hal ini dapat menyebabkan kurang semangatnya pegawai dalam melakukan pekerjaannya karena kurang mendapatkan penghargaan. Dan kemudian menurut pendapat pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro bahwa kadang-kadang tingkat pendidikan mempengaruhi untuk memperoleh promosi. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menjawab kadang-kadang tingkat pendidikan mempengaruhi untuk memperoleh promosi, karena selebihnya adalah menurut rasa suka atau tidak suka serta factor kedekatan dengan pimpinan.c. MutasiPembinaan karir juga dapat dilakukan dengan cara mutasi. Mutasi merupakan kegiatan pemindahan pegawai dari suatu tempat ketempat lain yang relatif sama dalam tanggung jawab dan wewenang. Untuk mengukur mutasi yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang mutasi merupakan hal yang baik untuk meningkatkan prestasi kerja pegawai, dan tentang lamanya masa jabatan berpengaruh untuk dimutasikan.Berdasarkan jawaban informan pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro yaitu seorang staf mengatakan bahwa "setuju bahwa mutasi10merupakan hal yang baik untuk meningkatkan prestasi kerja pegawai. Karena mutasi dapat mengusir rasa jebuh dalam bekerja, serta memberikan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan tantangan baru dan peningkatan karir." Bahkan pegawai yang berada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro juga mengerti terhadap lamanya masa jabatan berpengaruh untuk dimutasikan. Hal ini sesuai dengan wawancara kepadsa staf tersebut dimana beliau menuturkan bahwa, "lamanya masa jabatan bias memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja, karena motivasi akan berkurang. Jadi dalam rangka penyegaran, mutasi sangat masuk di akal untuk dilakukan".d. Bimbingan Dan PengarahanUpaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam pembinaan karir salah satunya adalah bimbingan dan pengarahan. Bimbingan dan pengarahan merupakan upaya yang dilakukan pimpinan dalam memberikan saran terhadap pelaksanaan tugas. Untuk mengukur bimbingan dan pengarahan yang dilakukan pimpinan pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan tiga pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi pegawai telah dilaksanakan sesuai dengan rencana dan tujuan organisasi pemerintahan, tentang pemberian bimbingan atau pengarahan oleh pimpinan kepada bawahan dalam melaksanakan tugas, dan tentang pimpinan selalu mengatahui permasalahan yang dihadapi bawahan dalam menjalankan tugas.Pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau TimurKabupaten Sitaro pada umumnya telah melaksanakan tugas dan fungsi pegawai sesuai dengan rencana dan tujuan organisasi pemerintahan. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada wawancara, secara umum menjawab pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi pegawai telah dilaksanakan sesuai dengan rencana dan tujuan organisasi pemerintahan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pegawai sudah melaksanakan tugasnya dengan cukup baik dan sesuai dengan visi dan misi Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro.Demikian halnya dengan pemberian bimbingan dan pengarahan pimpinan kepada bawahannya. Hal ini dapat dilihat berdasarkan jawaban dari salah seorang staf yang menyatakan bahwa, "saya sering mendapatkan bimbingan atau pengarahan oleh pimpinan dalam melaksanakan tugas dalam rangka kelancaran dan mengurangi resiko kesalahan. Dalam hal ini pimpinan sangat memperhatikan, setiap melakukan suatu pekerjaan saya selalu mendapatkan pengarahan sebelum melakukan tugas pekerjaan tersebut."Dan selanjutnya pimpinan Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro juga sering mengatahui permasalahan yang dihadapi bawahan dalam menjalankan tugas. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menyatakan bahwa sering pimpinan mengatahui permasalahan yang dihadapi bawahan dalam menjalankan tugas. Berdasarkan jawaban informan pada wawancara, dapat dikatakan bahwa bimbingan dan pengarahan yang dilkukan oleh pimpinan Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah baik.113. Pembinaan Etika ProfesiPembinaan etika profesi dapat dilakukan dengan upaya memotivasi pegawai. Memotovasi pegawai merupakan upaya memberikan dorongan kepada pegawai akan pentingnya tanggung jawab terhadap tugas dan pekerjaannya. Untuk mengukur motivasi pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan tiga pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pimpinan pernah memberikan motivasi kepada bawahan atas tanggung jawab terhadap tugas dan pekerjaan, tentang pemahaman kewajiban pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, dan selanjutnya tentang pegawai yang selalu menjaga dan menjalin kerjasama yang kooperatif antara sesama teman bekerja.Pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro pada umumnya sering diberi motivasi tentang tanggung jawab terhadap tugas dan pekerjaan oleh atasannya. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menyatakan sering pimpinan Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro memberikan motivasi kepada bawahannya tentang tanggung jawab terhadap tugas dan pekerjaan. Dengan memberikan motivasi maka pegawai akan tetap semangat dan selalu bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya.Kemudian para pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro mengerti atas kewajiban pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan pada wawancara yakni mayoritas informan menyatakan bahwa informan paham atas kewajiban pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, dengan demikian akan mempermudah Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro untuk menciptakan pegawai yang berdaya guna dan berkualitas.Menjalin kerjasama antara sesama pegawai juga merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam suatu organisasi pemerintahan. Oleh karena itu pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro selalu menjaga dan menjalin kerjasama yang kooperatif antara sesama teman bekerja. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menyatakan sering menjaga dan menjalin kerjasama yang kooperatif antara sesama teman. Berdasarkan jawaban-jawaban informan di atas, dapat dikatan bahwa pembinaan etika profesi pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah cukup baik.B. Prestasi Kerja Pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Siau TimurPrestasi kerja dapat diukur melalui enam factor yang terdiri dari hasil kerja, kemampuan atau kecakapan kerja, kualitas kerja, ketrampilan atau kreativitas, kesungguhan dan ketepatan waktu.1. Hasil KerjaHasil kerja, yaitu apa yang diperoleh dari pekerjaan yang telah dilaksanakan. Untuk mengukur hasil kerja pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan tiga pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang penyelesaian pekerjaan sesuai dengan sasaran yang telah12ditentukan, dan pertanyaan tentang kepuasan hasil kerja yang diperoleh selama bekerja, dan selanjutnya tentang usaha Pegawai untuk mencari cara terbaik dalam melakukan pekerjaan.Para pegawai yang bekerja pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro pada umumnya dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesuai dengan sasaran yang telah ditentukan. Hal ini dapat dilihat berdasarkan jawaban informan Sekretaris Kecamatan yang mengatakan bahwa, "para pegawai cukup professional dalam melaksanakan pekerjaannya, mereka melakukannya sesuai dengan sasaran yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya, sehingga target kerja tercapai." Dengan demikian pegawai telah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya sesuai dengan sasaran Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, sehingga akan mempermudah pencapaian visi dan misi serta kemajuan organisasi tersebut.Demikian halnya dengan kepuasan dalam bekerja, pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah merasa puas dengan hasil kerja yang diperoleh selama bekerja, hal ini terlihat dari sebagian besar yang menjawab puas. Kepuasan pegawai dalam bekerja juga diiringi oleh usaha Pegawai untuk mencari cara terbaik dalam melakukan pekerjaan. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan pada umumnya yang menyatakan sering mencari cara terbaik dalam melakukan pekerjaan.2. Kemampuan atau Kecakapan KerjaKemampuan atau kecakapan kerja, yaitu keterampilan yang dimiliki sesuai atau tidak dengan pekerjaan atau jabatan yang diemban oleh pegawai. Untuk mengukur. kemampuan atau kecakapan kerja pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang penguasaan pekerjaan yang dilakukan pegawai dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan rutin, dan selanjutnya tentang peningkatan kualitas pekerjaan yang dilakukan pegawai dari waktu kewaktu.Penguasaan pekerjaan dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan rutin merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Karena apabila pegawai tidak menguasai pekerjaannya maka hasil dari pekerjaan tersebut tidak akan baik dan sudah pasti tidak sesuai dengan sasaran yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi pemerintahan tersebut. Namun hal seperti ini tidak dijumpai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro. Karena pegawai yang ada pada kantor tersebut pada umumnya telah menguasai pekerjaannya. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada wawancara yang menyatakan bahwa jawaban informan tentang penguasaan pekerjaan yang dilakukan pegawai dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan rutin pada umumnya menjawab menguasai.Demikian halnya pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro selalu meningkatkan kualitas pekerjaan yang dilakukan pegawai dari waktu kewaktu. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menyatakan sering melakukan peningkatan kualitas pekerjaan yang dilakukan dari waktu kewaktu.3. Kualitas KerjaKualitas kerja, yaitu seberapa baik kualitas atau mutu kerja yang dapat dihasilkan pegawai dalam pekerjaannya. Untuk mengukur Kualitas Kerja pada13Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang ketelitian dalam melaksanakan tugas atau pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan, dan tentang teguran yang diterima oleh pegawai karena pekerjaan yang dibebankan dianggap kurang memadai.Ketelitian merupakan hal yang sangat diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Oleh karena itu pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro pada umumnya sedah teliti dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan sekeretaris Kecamatan yang menjawab "pegawai cukup teliti dalam melaksanakan tugas atau pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan, karena mereka juga berusaha untuk menunjukkan kinerja dan keseriusan dalam bekerja. Ketelitian mereka adalah salah satu penilain pimpinan terhadap kualitas kerja pegawai.".Namun kadang-kadang pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro juga mendapatkan teguran dari pimpinan mereka karena pekerjaan yang dibebankan kepada mereka dianggap kurang memadai. Ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan pada wawancara pada umumnya menyatakan kadang-kadang mendapat teguran karena pekerjaan yang dibebankan dianggap kurang memadai.4. Ketrampilan atau KreativitasKeterampilan atau kreativitas, yaitu kemampuan pengetahuan yang dimiliki pegawai untuk mengemukakan atau menciptakan suatu program kerja baru dalam menghadapi tantangan-tantangan kerja. Untuk mengukur Ketrampilan atau Kreativitas pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan satu pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pengusulan cara baru dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan.Melalui wawancara yang dilakukan dapat dinilai bahwa pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sering melakukan pengusulan cara baru dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan. Hal ini sebagaimana jawaban informan yang menjawab sering melakukan pengusulan cara baru dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan. Hal ini menandakan pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah cukup aktif dan kreatif.5. KesungguhanKesungguhan, yaitu sikap pegawai yang bersungguh-sungguh dalam melaksanakan tugas untuk mencapai hasil kerja yang diinginkan Untuk mengukur kesungguhan pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan dua pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau TimurKabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang kesungguhan dalam melaksanakan tugas yang diberikan oleh pimpinan, dan selanjutnya tentang pelaksanaan tugas atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan sambil bercerita-cerita dengan teman kerja.Melalui wawancara kepada sekretaris Kecamatan dapat dikatakan bahwa pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah bersungguh-sungguh dalam melaksanakan tugas yang diberikan oleh pimpinan. Namun terkadang14pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro dalam melaksanaan tugas atau pekerjaan dilakukan sambil bercerita-cerita dengan teman kerja. Hal ini juga sesuai dengan wawancara kepada staf dimana mereka menjawab kadang-kadang melaksanaan tugas atau pekerjaan sambil bercerita-cerita dengan teman kerja.6. Ketepatan WaktuKetepatan waktu, yaitu kemampuan pegawai untuk mencapai hasil kerjanya sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Untuk mengukur motivasi pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro penulis menggunakan tiga pertanyaan pada wawancara yang dilakukan kepada pegawai Kecamatan Siau TimurKabupaten Sitaro, yaitu pertanyaan tentang pelaksanaan tugas dapat diselesaikan pada waktu yang telah ditentukan, tentang pelaksanaan tugas dapat diselesaikan lebih cepat dari waktu yang telah ditentukan, dan selanjutnya tentang pelaksanaan tugas dapat diselesaikan lebih dari waktu yang telah ditentukan.Berdasarkan jawaban informan pada wawancara dapat dinilai bahwa pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sering menyelesaikan tugasnya pada waktu yang telah ditentukan. Hal ini sesuai dengan jawaban informan yang menjawab sering menyelesaikan tugas pada waktu yang telah ditentukan. Kemudian ada juga pegawai yang mampu menyelesaikan tugas lebih cepat dari waktu yang telah ditentukan. Namun kadang-kadang ada juga pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro menyelesaikan tugas lebih dari waktu yang telah ditentukan.Berdasarkan jawaban informan dapat dinilai bahwa kemampuan pegawai yang ada pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro untuk mencapai hasil kerjanya sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan sudah baik. Walaupun terkadang ada beberapa pegawai yang dapat menyelesaikan tugas yang diembanya melebihi dari waktu yang telah ditentukan.V. PENUTUPKesimpulan1. Pembinaan pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro sudah cukup baik. Hal ini berdasarkan jawaban-jawaban informan yang diukur dari pembinaan disiplin, pembinaan karir, dan pembinaan etika profesi.2. Prestasi kerja pegawai pada Kecamatan Siau TimurKabupaten Sitaro juga sudah cukup baik. Hal ini berdasarkan jawaban-jawaban informan tentang Prestasi kerja yang diukur melalui enam factor yang terdiri dari hasil kerja, kemampuan atau kecakapan kerja, kualitas kerja, ketrampilan atau kreativitas, kesungguhan dan ketepatan waktu.3. Pembinaan pegawai yang dilakukan pada kantor Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro dapat meningkatkan prestasi kerja pegawai yang ada.15Saran1. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa pembinaan terhadap pegawai dapat lebih meningkatkan prestasi kerja pegawai, oleh karena itu pembinaan pegawai perlu terus ditingkantkan agar prestasi kerja juga dapat meningkat.2. Bagi pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, apabila ada kegiatan pembinaan pegawai diharapkan benar-benar mengikuti kegiatan tersebut agar hasilnya dapat bermanfaat bagi kepentingan pribadi dan instansi pemerintah.3. Bagi pegawai Kecamatan Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro, supaya lebih meningkatkan kedisiplinan dalam melakukan pekerjaan. Dan untuk mendukung tingkat kedisiplinan pegawai tersebut, maka hendaknya Camat Siau Timur Kabupaten Sitaro tidak enggan untuk memberikan sanksi kepada pegawai yang melanggar peraturan yang telah ditetapkan.DAFTAR PUSTAKAHandoko, T. Hani. 2001. Manajemen Personalia. Yogyakarta : BPFE.Kasmir. 2000. Manajemen Perbankan. Jakarta : Rajawali Press.Malthis, L. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. University Of Nebraska.Martoyo, Susilo. 1990. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta : BPEF.Moesanef. 1986. Manajemen Kepegawaian Indonesia. Jakarata : Gunung Agung.Rao, T. 1986. Penilaian Prestasi Kerja. Jakarta: Pusataka Binaman Pressindo.Usmara, A. 2002. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta: Amara Book.Widjaja, A.W. 1986.Administrasi Kepegawaian. Jakarta: Rajawali.Wursanto, I.G. 1997. Manajemen Kepegawaian. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.Sumber-sumber lain : Undang-Undang No.43 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pokok-Pokok Kepegawaian. Peraturan Pemerintah No.42 Tahun 2004.
Improvements in infrastructure in all parts of Sudan in recent years have had a strong impact on per capita growth, contributing 1.7 percentage points. Consistent with trends in other countries, the information and communication (ICT) revolution that swept Africa contributed the most to Sudan. Raising the infrastructure endowment of all parts of Sudan to that of the region's best performer, Mauritius, could boosts annual growth by about 3.5 percentage points. Sudan has invested heavily in infrastructure in recent years, with some notable achievements. Power generation capacity tripled in just a few years, rising from around 800 megawatts (MW) in 2005 to 2,687MW in 2007, with a shift toward hydropower. Nevertheless, service reliability remains an issue. In ICT, Sudan has made enormous strides in liberalizing the sector and as a result has attracted significant private capital. Mobile penetration soared from less than 1 percent in 2000 to 33 percent in 2009. Recent connectivity to an undersea fiber-optic cable has led to expansions in access, improvements in quality, and reduction in prices. Looking ahead, Sudan's most pressing infrastructure challenges lie in the water and transport sectors. Sudan's infrastructure development has so far had a national focus, and there is much that remains to be done to achieve greater regional integration. While internal road corridors are developed, connectivity with neighbors is largely absent. Sudan has a natural gateway to the sea through Port Sudan but the port's performance is severely hindered by long dwell times, high costs, and capacity constraints. Looking further ahead, Sudan has the potential to be a major hydropower exporter if additional capacity could be developed and transmission links with neighboring Nile Basin countries strengthened.
In: Collins , R , Brack , W , Lützhøft , H-C H , Eriksson , E , Bjerregaard , P , Boxall , A , Hutchinson , T , Adler , N , Kuester , A , Backhaus , T , Dubus , I & Reiersen , L O 2011 , Hazardous substances in Europe's fresh and marine waters : An overview . EEA Technical report , no. 8/2011 , European Environment Agency . https://doi.org/10.2800/78305
Chemicals are an essential part of our daily lives. They are used to produce consumer goods, to protect or restore our health and to boost food production, to name but a few examples — and they are also involved in a growing range of environmental technologies. Europe's chemical and associated industries have developed rapidly in recent decades, making a significant contribution to Europe's economy and to the global trade in chemicals. Whilst synthetic chemicals clearly bring important benefits to society, some of them are hazardous, raising concerns for human health and the environment depending on their pattern of use and the potential for exposure. Certain types of naturally occurring chemicals, such as metals, can also be hazardous. Emissions of hazardous substances to the environment can occur at every stage of their life cycle, from production, processing, manufacturing and use in downstream production sectors or by the general public to their eventual disposal. Emissions arise from a wide range of land-based and marine sources, including agriculture and aquaculture, industry, oil exploration and mining, transport, shipping and waste disposal, as well as our own homes. In addition, concern regarding chemical contamination arising from the exploitation of shale gas has grown recently. Hazardous substances in water affect aquatic life… Hazardous substances are emitted to water bodies both directly and indirectly through a range of diffuse and point source pathways. The presence of hazardous substances in fresh and marine waters and associated biota and sediment is documented by various information sources, including national monitoring programmes, monitoring initiatives undertaken by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), reporting under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), international marine conventions (e.g. HELCOM and OSPAR) and European research studies. These substances comprise a wide range of industrial and household chemicals, metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Hazardous substances can have detrimental effects on aquatic biota at molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and ecosystem level. Substances with endocrine‑disrupting properties, for example, have been shown to impair reproduction in fish and shellfish in Europe, raising concerns for fertility and population survival. The impact of organochlorines upon sea birds and marine mammals is also well documented, as is the toxicity of metals and pesticides to freshwater biota. From a socio‑economic point of view, such impacts diminish the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, and consequently the revenue that can be derived from them. …and can pose risks to human health Human exposure to man-made chemicals has been implicated in a range of chronic diseases, including cancer as well as reproductive and developmental impairment. Exposure to toxic chemicals can occur via inhalation, ingestion and direct contact with skin, although the understanding of the relative risk posed by each of these exposure routes remains incomplete. However, exposure can be linked to the presence of hazardous substances in water, through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water and the consumption of contaminated freshwater fish and seafood. The exceedance of regulatory levels in seafood is documented for several hazardous substances in the seas around Europe. In addition, whilst human exposure to mercury in the Arctic, in part through the consumption of marine food, has declined, concentrations in the blood of more than 75 % of women sampled in Greenland exceed US guideline levels. Alongside concerns about exposure to individual substances, awareness is growing with regard to the importance of mixtures of several chemicals, as found in the more polluted water bodies of Europe. Laboratory studies have shown that the combined effects of chemicals upon aquatic life can be additive — resulting in observable detrimental effects for combinations of chemicals even if these are present, individually, at levels below which any adverse effects can be detected. Such concerns also extend to potential effects arising from human exposure to a mixture of chemicals via various pathways, including water. Biological effects‑directed measurements have proved to be effective in addressing the problems of complex chemical mixtures in European water bodies. In addition to the potential for adverse impacts upon human and ecosystem health, the presence of hazardous substances in drinking water supplies requires their removal. Alternatively, where the level of treatment involved is so high as to be uneconomic, a supply can be decommissioned. In both cases, significant costs are incurred. A key measure for reducing the level of purification required for Europe's drinking water is the establishment of safeguard or protection zones around the source. The creation of such zones, recognised in the WFD legislation, must be associated with regulatory powers to control polluting activities. Legislation designed to protect Europe's waters… The implementation of more established legislation related to chemicals has produced positive outcomes. Abatement measures established under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive, for example, have contributed to a decline in metal emissions to water and air, whilst legislation relating to the production, use and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has resulted in declines in concentrations found in marine biota. A similar outcome has resulted from the banning of tributyltin (TBT) in anti‑fouling paints due to its endocrine-disrupting impacts on marine invertebrates, although high levels in marine sediments can still be observed in certain locations. Europe has also introduced a range of relatively recent legislation to address the use of chemicals and their emissions to the environment, including water. The Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), designed to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks posed by chemicals, has a key role to play in this respect. REACH attributes greater responsibility to industry with regard to managing these risks and providing safety information on substances used. The Regulation also calls for the progressive substitution of the most dangerous chemicals once suitable alternatives have been identified. The chemical quality of Europe's surface waters is primarily addressed by the recently adopted Environmental Quality Standards Directive (EQSD). This WFD 'daughter' directive defines concentration limits for pollutants of EU-wide relevance known as priority substances (PSs). The limits are defined both in terms of annual average and maximum allowable concentrations, with the former protecting against long-term chronic pollution problems and the latter against short‑term acute pollution. Some of these pollutants have been designated as priority hazardous substances (PHSs) due to their toxicity, their persistence in the environment and their bioaccumulation in plant and animal tissues. The EQSD requires cessation or phase-out of discharges, emissions and losses of PHSs. For any substance identified as being of concern at local, river basin or national level, but not as a PS or PHS at EU level, standards have to be set at national level. Compliance with this requirement is critical. …is facing new challenges Some recent information with respect to the chemical status of Europe's surface water bodies is available within the WFD river basin management plans (RBMPs) which indicate, in general terms, that a variety of hazardous substances pose a threat to good chemical status in Europe. These include certain substances, for example mercury, TBT and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be described as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic and which occur widely in the environment. Although regulation has led to documented reductions in the emissions of such substances to air and water (indeed, the presence of many is a legacy of past use), their persistence and ubiquity, particularly in sediment and biota, mean that they continue to pose a risk to aquatic environments even at sites far from human activity. The presence of these substances can cause widespread failure to achieve good chemical status under the WFD despite, in some cases, the absence of any significant risk from other types of substances. Some hazardous substances are hydrophobic and tend to accumulate in sediment and biota, with the result that their concentrations in these matrices are likely to be higher and, therefore, more detectable and measurable than in water. If measurements are made in the water column, the risk to the aquatic environment may be underestimated, and if different matrices are used in different locations and across different Member States, the results may not be directly comparable. A harmonisation at EU level is, therefore, desirable. For some pollutants, awareness and a currently incomplete understanding of potential effects have developed only recently. These emerging pollutants include substances that have existed for some time, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, but also relatively new substances, such as nanomaterials. Their inclusion in routine monitoring programmes has so far been limited, making it difficult to robustly assess the risks to the environment and human health, and thus to justify regulation and better monitoring. Targeted monitoring of selected emerging pollutants across the EU would be desirable to ensure timely awareness of potentially problematic substances that might need to be regulated. This monitoring should be supported by European research studies. The question of hazardous substances in Europe's fresh and marine waters is a complex issue, and climate change will add a further layer of complexity. In the absence of appropriately strong measures, this phenomenon is likely to adversely affect chemical water quality over the coming decades. In regions where more intense rainfall is expected, the frequency and severity of polluted urban storm flows is predicted to increase, whilst the flushing to water of agricultural pollutants, including pesticides and veterinary medicines, may be exacerbated. Hotter, drier summers and increasingly severe and frequent droughts will deplete river flows, reducing contaminant dilution capacity and leading to elevated concentrations of hazardous substances. Rising water temperatures and other stressors associated with climate change may interact with hazardous substances to impact the immune system health of aquatic organisms. Ocean acidification, driven by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), may change the speciation of metals in seawater and, therefore, their interaction with marine organisms. In addition, coastal erosion — likely to be intensified by climate change — may lead to the exposure of historical landfill sites along the coastlines of Europe, releasing hazardous substances to coastal waters. Effective measures exist… A range of measures can be implemented to reduce the emission of hazardous substances to water. It encompasses product substitution, restrictions on marketing and use, requirements to demonstrate the implementation of clean production processes and best available techniques in applications for industrial permits, fiscal instruments, the setting of emissions and environmental quality standards, and action to raise public awareness. Whilst controls 'at source' are desirable, it is very likely that other measures to attenuate the emission of hazardous substances to water will remain essential. Such measures include advanced wastewater treatment, urban stormwater controls and specific agri-environmental practices such as riparian buffer strips. Reducing emissions of hazardous substances has been shown to yield economic and societal benefits. …but they rely on sound information It is not practical or affordable to sample and analyse at sufficient spatial and temporal resolution for hundreds of individual chemicals within fresh and marine waters, including aquatic biota and sediments. However, the focus upon a few pre‑selected priority substances bears a strong risk of missing other problematic substances. In addition, such an approach disregards the effects of chemical mixtures. To address these issues, recent European research studies have led to the development and testing of new assessment and modelling tools that help to link chemical contamination with observed deterioration of ecological quality. Such tools include approaches to evaluate existing chemical and biological monitoring data, together with site-specific experimental techniques to establish cause-effect relationships. Further development of biological effects tools integrated with analytical chemistry is desirable and could contribute, in due course, to the identification of substances associated with risks, in the wider context of the update of the WFD Article 5 'pressures and impacts' analysis. European research funds can play an important role in the further development of these tools. For many hazardous substances, information on industrial emissions to water must be reported under the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). To date, however, reporting under E-PRTR is incomplete as to the spatial extent and temporal resolution of data describing emissions to water — markedly so, for some substances. It is important not only to overcome this limitation in the reporting, but also to improve the quantitative understanding of the sources, emissions and pathways of all hazardous substances significantly. Advances in this area will facilitate the identification of appropriate measures to address chemical pollution of aquatic environments. Chemicals should be produced and used more sustainably Despite the comprehensive suite of legislation now implemented throughout Europe, the ubiquitous use of chemicals in society and their continuous release represent a major challenge in terms of the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health. Efforts to promote a more sustainable consumption and production of chemicals are needed. They are likely to require a mix of policy responses, including regulation, economic incentives and information-based instruments. Implementing a more sustainable approach to the consumption and production of chemicals would not only benefit Europe's environment but also reduce the detrimental effects arising in other parts of the world as a result of the growing proportion of goods imported to Europe. To help achieve a more sustainable production of chemicals, wider implementation of 'green chemistry' is required. This approach involves developing new processes and technologies that maintain the quality of a product but reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The adoption of sustainable, green chemistry techniques has been shown to generate financial benefits and hence provide competitive advantage. Currently, however, there is no comprehensive EU legislation on sustainable chemistry in place.
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President Biden has used the immigration authority known as "parole" to permit many immigrants to enter the country or remain in the country legally. But his actions have deep historical precedent. Under section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)), the Attorney General and later the Secretary of Homeland Security has had the authority to waive the normal restrictions on entry and allow certain noncitizens to enter the United States since 1952. Table 1 provides a list of 126 programmatic or categorical parole orders, meaning orders that were nationalized policies intended to permit the entry of certain defined types of noncitizens. This list is certainly not exhaustive. Until recently, programmatic or categorical uses of parole were often not publicized in any formal, consistent, or even public way. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) would simply create internal guidance that would only become public if stakeholders or the media publicized it.
For example, one instance in Table 1 is an INS official in 1990 listing six separate categories for parole in operation at the time that no other document refers to before or since. That is an exceptional case. In many cases, however, Congress acknowledged these uses of parole through subsequent or previous congressional actions, allowing for parolees to adjust to legal permanent residence or receive refugee benefits. In some cases, it just acknowledged that these procedures were in effect or expressed support for them. This list helps dispel some myths. Since the creation of the parole power in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952—which codified executive powers already in use—Congress has substantively amended the parole authority twice: in the Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 17, 1980), barring refugees from being paroled into the United States, and in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208), which made two statutory changes. First, the standard for paroling someone changed from "emergent" or "public interest" reasons to "urgent humanitarian" or "significant public benefit" reasons. Second, each determination had to be made on a case‐by‐case basis. Few at the time thought these changes were substantive, and the categorical parole regulations then in effect were reenacted verbatim. Moreover, the case‐by‐case basis requirement was in effect for decades, including for large‐scale programmatic uses of parole, such as for Cubans and Vietnamese. Case‐by‐case determinations always meant an individual determination, even if someone's categorization created a presumption that they met the "emergent/humanitarian" or "public interest/significant public benefit" requirement. In many cases, these parole programs have received almost no attention in many years but contain precedents that the current administration should consider reimplementing. For example, parole used to be available in 1990 for children aging out of eligibility for green cards. In the 1950s, it was used for the employment‐based first preference category (skilled immigrants) when immigrant visas were unavailable under the cap. These two issues are particularly relevant now, with the employment‐based cap being exhausted even for Nobel laureates and their children. Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive set of statistics for the number of people paroled since 1952. Figure 1 shows the data that the INS published from 1982 to 2003. Table 2 shows the programmatic grants under various programs from the 1950s through the year 2000.
Humanitarian and public interest parole categories (1952—present): This type of parole has evolved over time in the types of categories that fall under it. In 1964, the INS associate commissioner listed several categories of immigrants who would be granted parole: to "either attend to sickness or burial or some close family affair," "accompany servicemen, members of the Armed Forces where the wife or some child would have been technically inadmissible," reunite a mentally handicapped child who would otherwise be excludable with their family, or deal with medical emergencies. Since 1982, at least some of these reasons have been included in regulations. In 1980, the INS provided examples of parole, including children coming for medical treatment, people coming to donate a kidney, and a Chinese woman who was allowed to visit her 81‐year‐old adoptive mother, who had been expelled by the communists from China. In 1990, the INS described a "small sampling" of the kinds of humanitarian and public interest categories of parole available at the time: 1) Someone's immediate family member just died or is dying, and consular officers lack time to process a visa or deny the visa; 2) People coming for organ, blood, or tissue donation; 3) Extradited criminals, informants, witnesses; and 4) National security assets (e.g., Soviet dissidents and foreign U.S. spies). In September 2008, ICE, USCIS, and CBP signed a memorandum of agreement on the use of parole by the agencies. This document listed, among other programs described below, parole categories for 1) registered sources of the U.S. intelligence community, 2) transiters through the United States to legal proceedings in a third country, 3) trainees, 4) individuals necessary for prosecutions or investigations, 5) confidential informants, 6) extraditions, 7) civil court participants, and 8) international organization event participants. Parole from detention (1954—1980): On November 12, 1954, Ellis Island and several other INS detention centers were closed, and detainees were paroled into the United States. The number of detained immigrants fell from a monthly average of 225 to less than 40. Paroles were carried out under section 212(d)(5) of the INA. The INS promulgated a regulation on January 8, 1958, authorizing this practice of parole from ports of entry rather than detention. From 1954 until 1981, "most undocumented aliens detained at the border were paroled into the United States." Even after 1982, when the use of parole was narrowed, its use continued "when detention is impossible or impractical." The INS associate commissioner testified in 1964 that the closing of the detention facilities met the requirement of the parole statute because "it created a better image of the American Government and American public." Orphan parole (1956): The Refugee Relief Act of 1953 created 4,000 slots for orphans adopted by U.S. citizens, but when the slots were filled, the attorney general authorized the entry of additional orphans under his parole authority on October 30, 1956. A total of 925 orphans were paroled. Adjustment of status: On September 11, 1957, Congress enacted Public Law 85–316, which authorized the adjustment of status to legal permanent residence of any eligible orphaned paroled into the United States. Hungarian parole (1956): On November 13, 1956, President Eisenhower ordered that 5,000 Hungarians be paroled into the United States. On December 1, 1956, he revised the limit to 15,000 Hungarians before eliminating the limit on January 2, 1957. By June 30, 1957, 27,435 parolees had entered, and the total reached 31,915 by 1958. For context, only 109 immigrants were admitted from Hungary in 1956, and only 321,625 immigrants were admitted worldwide. The Justice Department said in 1957 that this was "the first time that the parole provision has been applied to relatively large numbers of people." Several U.S. charitable organizations helped prepare their parole applications and to find housing and jobs for them. Adjustment of status: On July 25, 1958, Congress enacted legislation (P.L. 85–559) that allowed Hungarians to adjust their status to legal permanent residence if they were "paroled into the United States" at any point after October 23, 1956 (including after the enactment of the act) if they had been in the United States for at least two years. Ultimately, 30,491 received legal permanent residence in this way. This set a precedent for handling adjustments of later parolees. Pre‐Examination Parole (1957—1959): Regulations of December 6, 1957 provided that someone who was subjected to pre‐examination in the United States prior to requesting an immigrant visa in Canada who was found inadmissible in Canada "shall be paroled" into the United States. This regulation was revoked in 1959. Crew Members Parole (1957—present): Regulations of December 6, 1957 provided for the parole of noncitizen crewmembers under certain circumstances and stated that shipwrecked or castaway crew members "shall be paroled." On December 8, 1961 and March 22, 1967, expanded the grounds for parole to asylum seekers from communist countries. On July 27, 1990, this parole was expanded to crewmen facing persecution in any country. On March 6, 1997, this provision was updated and reenacted, and it was revised and reenacted again on February 19, 1999. On April 4, 2004, the parole of lightering crews that were not eligible for D‑1 visas for technical reasons was authorized. The parole of crew members was recognized in Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(A)). Cuban parole (1959—1965): Starting about January 1, 1959, following the communist revolution, the Eisenhower administration used parole to allow a "small percentage" of Cubans who had left the island and entered illegally into the United States (INS 1960). By June 1961, there were 4,000 paroled Cubans in the United States (INS 1961). By December 31, 1961, there were 12,200 in parole status. In 1962, Cuban illegal entrants ceased to be referred for deportation hearings and were instead paroled into the United States (INS 1962). By June 1962, the number of Cubans on parole rose to 62,500 (INS 1962). Commercial travel between the U.S. and Cuba was suspended in 1962, and only a few thousand more Cubans made it off the island through the Red Cross (INS 1963). Altogether, about 107,116 Cubans were paroled into the United States from 1959 to 1965. Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 (P.L. 89–732, November 2, 1966) made it possible for Cuban parolees, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States if they entered after 1959. Guam parole (1959—1974): Starting in April 1959, the INS began to parole into the United States some Filipinos to work with the Defense Department and the Government of Guam on the island under the Parolee Defense program. At least 16 orders establishing and renewing Guam parole programs went out between 1960 and 1969, and an INS internal memo of January 27, 1960 established the initial rules for the program. Workers received INS Form I‑94 stamped, "Paroled into Guam under section 212(d)(5) I&N Act until the purpose of parole has been served not exceeding—–." Parolees could enter for up to a year and could be extended at least twice. On November 15, 1962, the INS created the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Parole Program to parole workers from the Philippines and the Trust Islands into Guam to help with emergency repairs to homes and defense installations following a storm (INS 1963). From FY 1963 to FY 1974, 26,501 workers received parole to enter Guam temporarily. The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Parole Program ended in 1970, and the Parolee Defense program was eliminated in 1975 in favor of admitting workers under the H‑2 nonimmigrant work visa program. Refugee‐escapee parole (1960—1965): On July 14, 1960, Congress passed the Fair Share Law (Public Law 86–648), a joint resolution to "enable the United States to participate in the resettlement of certain refugees." The law directed the INS to parole into the United States any refugee who fled from a communist or Middle Eastern country in an amount not to exceed 25 percent of the total number of such refugees accepted by other countries in the world, and it allowed any of those paroled to receive legal permanent residence after two years. During fiscal year 1961, 2,942 refugees entered as parolees (INS 1961), the largest portion of which were from Yugoslavia. In 1962, the total reached 8,260 (INS 1962). By 1966, the total had reached 19,705 (INS 1966). Public Law 86–648 included a sunset date for this use of parole of July 1, 1962, but authorization to continue to parole was extended indefinitely by section 6 of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act Public Law 87–510 (July 1, 1962). Section 16 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended this parole program, and the law introduced a new capped category of immigrant visas for refugees. Adjustment of status: Public Law 86–648 of 1960 (the original statute establishing the refugee‐escapee parolees) allowed parolees to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States. Section 16 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 terminated this provision. First Preference parole (1961): In January 1962, the INS reported that "recent changes in regulations" allowed for the parole of two groups of first preference skilled workers who could not receive green cards or immigrant visas as a result of the annual caps: 1) those who were abroad if they will be coming to work in defense industries; and 2) anyone in the United States. It's not clear exactly what change in regulation made this possible, but in 1964, the INS associate commissioner testified that this was the policy for "many years." He testified, "The basis for this policy was this incompatible situation that seemed to exist in that, with one hand, the Service was in effect making a finding that the alien's services were urgently needed and, at the same time, in contradiction, we were seeking to expel him." Congress revised the caps in 1965, which may have ended this practice. Hong Kong Chinese parole (1962—1965): On May 23, 1962, Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered the INS to parole into the United States Chinese who had fled to Hong Kong so long as they were "relatives of United States citizens and resident aliens" or "Chinese persons possessing special skills needed in the United States" (INS 1962). By the end of FY 1963, the total number reached 7,047 (INS 1963). Processing continued into 1964, during which the total reached 10,617 (INS 1964). The number reached 13,619 in 1965 (INS 1965). By 1966, the total reached 14,757 (INS 1965, Table 14B). A few stragglers were approved in 1966 but did not arrive until later, bringing the total to 15,111 (INS 1966). The program ended in June 1965. Adjustment of status: The INA was amended in 1960 to allow parolees to adjust their status to legal permanent residence for the first time—which many were eligible to do since parolees generally had to meet the standards for an immigrant visa except for a cap spot being available—but no law provided any special category for Hong Kong parolees. Nonetheless, when Congress created a new general refugee category in December 1965, the administration used it to enable most other Hong Kong Chinese refugees to adjust their status. On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Russian Orthodox Old Believer parole (1963): The Russian Orthodox Old Believer church was being forced out of Turkey to the Soviet Union, where they would be persecuted. In response, the INS authorized the parole of 210 church members on May 10, 1963. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Cuban airlift parole (1965—1973): Starting on December 1, 1965, based on a November 6, 1965 memorandum of understanding with the Cuban government, the Johnson administration operated daily "Freedom Flights" from Cuba to Miami. During its operation, 281,317 Cubans were paroled into the United States. At its peak year, 46,670 Cubans arrived via parole in 1971. This compares to 361,972 total immigrants that year. The airlifts were funded by congressional appropriations. In May 1972, the flights were suspended by the Cuban government before being terminated permanently on April 6, 1973. Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States. Czechoslovak parole (1970): Following the failed uprising against the Soviets in Czechoslovakia on September 4, 1968, Secretary of State David Rusk asked the president to authorize the attorney general to parole for Czechoslovaks fleeing the fallout of the failed anti‐communist uprising. When the refugee numbers permitted under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ran out, every member of the House Judiciary Committee wrote in November 1969 to the administration to request that it parole Czechoslovakian refugees. On January 2, 1970, the attorney general authorized the use of parole. Nearly 5,000 were processed from February to November 1970, with 6,500 total. These parolees were given I‑94 documents that stated that the period of admission was "indefinite" and the purpose of the parole was "refugee." This type of indefinite parole document was still available throughout the 1980s for other parole types. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Soviet Union minority religious groups (1971): Following a letter from Rep. Peter Rodino of the House Judiciary Committee, on October 1, 1971, Attorney General John Mitchell announced that the United States would parole Soviet religious minorities who secured exit permits from the Soviet Union. The first four arrived on January 7, 1972, and in FY 1973, 200 were processed this way (INS 1973). Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Advance Parole (1971): Advance parole appears to date to 1971 when the INS implemented a regulation in 1971 deeming an adjustment of status application abandoned if a person left the country while it was still pending unless "he had previously been granted permission by the Service for such absence." If someone had entered with a nonimmigrant visa and tried to adjust status, they would have had to prove "nonimmigrant intent" (i.e., intention to leave) upon reentry, which would be impossible with a pending adjustment of status application, and the only alternative to a visa is parole. Advance parole would not have helped prior to the effective date of the 1960 act, which authorized parolees to adjust their status (under a normal immigrant visa category) for the first time. The first advance parole regulation from 1982 stated that "parole [may be] authorized for an alien who will travel to the United States without a visa." Since then, advance parole has often been the top reason for granting parole. In several acts since then (1986, 1990, and 1996), Congress specifically mentioned how "advance parole" can be granted to people already paroled into the United States (8 U.S.C. 1151(c)(4)(A)). Ugandan Asian parole (1972): The Ugandan government ordered Ugandan Asians to leave the country in 1972, and Attorney General Mitchell responded by initially ordering the INS to parole 1,000 Ugandan Asians. It ended up paroling almost 1,200 into the United States in FY 1973 (INS 1973). Another roughly 1,300 came thereafter. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, P.L. 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Asylum parole (1972—1980): Following the United States acceding to the Protocol to the U.N. Convention on the Status of Refugees in 1968, the INS had no uniform process or status providing to asylum recipients because Congress had not created a specific status for them, but some were granted "individual parole." The April 10, 1979 regulations specifically provided for immigration judges to "grant asylum by parole under section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act." Adjustment of Status: The Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 17, 1980) provided the opportunity for those granted asylum to adjust their status to receive legal permanent residence.
Cuban third country parole (1973—1978): On October 26, 1973, the INS created a parole program for Cubans outside of Cuba who had family in the United States (INS 1975). A total of 11,577 were paroled in FY 1974, 6,940 in FY 1975, 2,341 in FY 1976, 413 in FY 1977, and 580 in FY 1978. Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States.
South American/Chilean parole (1975—1979): On June 12, 1975, the INS permitted 400 detained Chilean dissidents (and their families) to be paroled into the United States. A total of 1,600 people were ultimately paroled from 1975 to 1977. On October 27, 1976, the INS again authorized parole of 200 households, representing 800 people in FY 1977, and included some Uruguayans and Bolivians. On June 14, 1978, the parole of 500 households was authorized, and 2,000 people were admitted, including some Brazilians and Argentinians. More would have come if the government of Argentina had allowed more of them to leave. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian parole (1975—1980): In late March 1975, a parole program was authorized for Vietnamese orphans, and the first 2,279 Vietnamese orphans were flown out on April 2, 1975 (INS 1975), and on April 18, 1975, the president authorized a large‐scale evacuation to Guam using parole. In FY 1975 alone, about 135,000 received parole. Congress funded (partially retroactively) the processing under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (Public Law 94–23, May 23, 1975). In August 1975, the program was expanded to Cambodians and Vietnamese with special connections to the United States, and on May 6, 1977, 11,000 more were authorized from Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos. The three countries were grouped together in expansive programs starting August 11, 1977, January 25, 1978, June 14, 1978, December 5, 1978, April 13, 1979, October 16, 1979, and December 15, 1979. From 1975 to the middle of 1980—when the Refugee Act was enacted and replaced the parole programs—more than 330,000 Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians were paroled into the United States. These refugees were all assessed on a case‐by‐case basis. Adjustment of status: In 1977, Congress passed Public Law 95–145 (October 1977) that authorized adjustment of status to anyone from Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia who was paroled as a refugee before March 31, 1979—that is, about two years in the future. On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 extended the date to September 30, 1980 and allowed any refugee to adjust from any country. Soviet and Eastern European parole (1977—1980): On January 13, 1977, the attorney general created a Special Parole Program for 4,000 Soviet Jewish refugees (INS 1977). In December 1978, another program was initiated for 5,000 Soviet Jews and Romanians (INS 1978). On June 14, 1978, the INS launched another parole program for Eastern European refugees, with 3,260 processed in FY 1978 and 8,740 processed in FY 1979 (INS 1978). On April 12, 1979, 25,000 additional entries were authorized and occurred under parole in 1979. On October 16 and December 15, 1979, 3,000 additional entries were authorized per month until the enactment of the Refugee Act in March 1980. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Lebanese parole (1978): On December 6, 1978, the attorney general announced the creation of a new parole program for 1,000 victims of civil strife in Lebanon, and by 1980, 349 had been used, and 107 were pending. Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, Public Law 95–412 authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Cuban prisoner parole (1978, 1985): On December 6, 1978, following an invitation by the Castro regime to take them, the attorney general announced the creation of a new parole program for 3,500 political prisoners who were then imprisoned or released since August 1978 plus their family. Ultimately, 12,000 Cubans were paroled in FY 1979. On December 14, 1984, Cuba and the United States signed an agreement under which the United States would take 3,000 Cuban political prisoners through parole and the refugee program. In fiscal year 1988, the State Department and INS approved 2,040 prisoners for entry to the United States, and 928 entered the United States. Adjustment of status: The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 made it possible for Cuban parolees entering after 1959, including future parolees, to adjust their status to legal permanent residence after two years in the United States.
Iranian parole (1979—1982): On April 16, 1979, following the Islamic revolution in Iran, the INS granted "extended voluntary departure" to Iranians in the United States and began paroling others into the country. Precise parole figures were not kept, but "a large number" ("thousands") were paroled. Part of this parole effort was a program under which—as the State Department put it—"not too many questions were asked" about B‑2 visa applicants from Iran, and those clearly not qualified were often paroled anyway. In 1983, Iranians were included under the Refugee Act cap for the first time, which—the administration said—replaced "the practice of the past several years of admitting them through the Attorney General's parole authority." Adjustment of Status: On October 5, 1978, authorized adjustment of status for "any refugee, not otherwise eligible for retroactive adjustment of status, who was or is paroled into the United States by the Attorney General pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act before September 30, 1980."
Cuban/Haitian entrant parole (1980): In April 1980, thousands of Cubans began arriving in Florida from Mariel, Cuba, by boat. Initially, these Cubans were granted parole for 60 days and allowed to seek asylum under the procedures of the newly‐passed Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–212, March 1980). As the crisis escalated, INS declared on June 20, 1980 that it would extend 6‑month parole documents to Cubans and Haitians who had already arrived. On October 21, 1980, these 6‑month paroles were then authorized to be extended again to those who arrived before October 10, 1980. More than 125,000 Cubans and 25,000 Haitians were paroled. Congress passed a statute that recognized the existence of the Cuban and Haitian "entrant status" parole in 1981. Congress specifically authorized benefits for both past and future Cuban and Haitian parolees in The Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–422, October 10, 1980). On December 28, 1987, INS finalized a special regulation on the parole of Mariel boatlift Cubans detained since the boatlift ended, which resulted in about 7,000 additional paroles (or re‐paroles). Adjustment of Status: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1980 (P.L. 99–603, November 6, 1986) allowed any Cuban or Haitian who entered before 1982 and either received Cuban/Haitian entrant status or had a "record created" with the INS.
Parole from detention (1982—present): In 1981, the INS reversed its prior practice of not detaining people unless they were deemed a flight risk or a danger to the community. A court enjoined the policy, and the INS issued an interim regulation on July 9, 1982 that detailed the grounds under which it would issue parole from detention. On October 19, 1982, it finalized the regulation. This included the following categories of people eligible for parole from detention: people needing medical care, pregnant women, young children and teenagers whose processing will take longer than 30 days and who cannot be held with an accompanying adult; people with U.S. family eligible to petition for an immigrant visa for them; witnesses going to testify; people subject to prosecution; any other person whose "continued detention is not in the public interest." On March 6, 1997, INS reiterated its categories for those eligible for parole under the language of the new parole statute. On December 21, 2000, the INS revised its procedures for the parole of people ordered removed who could not be removed. Khmer border parole (1986): In May 1986, the attorney general created a parole program for Cambodians who fled the Khmer government to Thailand, had approved immigrant petitions filed by U.S. citizen family in the United States, and had no visa available to them because of the caps. A total of 53 approvals were made in 1986, and only 418 were made as of March 1988. In 1991, 1,123 received parole. This program ended in FY 1992. About 3,500 total paroles were issued. Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Cambodian paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status.
Parole for U.S. expats (1987): On December 12, 1987, the United States announced that it would parole former‑U.S. citizens who renounced their U.S. citizenship and then were ordered deported by their new state of nationality. Soviet/Moscow Refugee Parole (1988—present): In August 1988, the attorney general overturned the presumption that Soviet Jews qualified as refugees. On December 8, 1988, he created a "public interest" parole program for 2,000 Soviets per month who were denied refugee status. Parolees needed to have sponsors in the United States and were not eligible for refugee benefits. A total of 7,652 were paroled in FY 1989. Congress reinstated the presumption of refugee status for Jews and Evangelical Christians from the Soviet Union in 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989). Parole continued after this change in part because Jews had a plausible offer of alternative resettlement in Israel and continued after the Soviet Union dissolved under the label of the Moscow Refugee Parole Program. About 17,000 Soviets were paroled from 1992 to 1998 (INS 1996, 1998). On August 6, 2007, responsibility for the Moscow Refugee Parole Program was transferred to USCIS. In July 2011, it was canceled. Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations Appropriations Act of 1989 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Soviet paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status. In 1992, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were added explicitly. This provision was then repeatedly reauthorized.
Orderly Departure Vietnam parole (1989—1999): In February 1989, the attorney general created a parole program to supplement the Orderly Departure refugee program from Vietnam, which was offered only to those denied refugee status. About 770 entered in 1989. Parole was also used for Vietnamese with immigrant visa petitions approved but who could not immigrate due to the caps. Some Laotians and Cambodians also were paroled. This program was created after the attorney general overturned the presumption that Vietnamese (and others) in refugee camps qualified as refugees under the Refugee Act of 1980. Parolees had to prepay their travel expenses. The program was closed at the end of fiscal year 1999 after about 32,000 paroles. Adjustment of Status: The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1990 (P.L. 101–167, November 21, 1989) allowed any Vietnamese paroled into the United States between 1988 and September 30, 1990 (about ten months in the future) to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year if they had been denied refugee status. On November 6, 2000, Congress enacted the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act of 2001 (Public Law 106–429), which authorized adjustment of status for citizens or natives of Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos paroled before October 1, 1997, even if they had not been denied refugee status.
Hungarian and Polish parole (1989): In the middle of 1989, Hungary and Poland's communist governments fell, meaning that refugees from those countries no longer feared persecution on political grounds. On November 21, 1989, the INS began denying them refugee status and paroled some 832 people who were already in the process, had been interviewed, and had family in the United States. Adjustment of Status: Section 646 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208, September 30, 1996) granted legal permanent residence to these parolees.
Undated 1990s parole categories: In 1990, the INS described the following grounds for parole at the time without giving a date for when they started being used: Spouses of U.S. military members who cannot qualify for visas because of the caps; Aged‐out children of immigrant visa applicants who had waited for years for a visa; Children of immigrant visa recipients who failed to immigrate soon after visa receipt and for whom a visa number is not immediately available; Someone who was trying to legalize their status by getting an immigrant visa, but the State Department erred in scheduling an appointment because there were no visa numbers available for them and is attempting to return to their U.S. residence. Adopted children of U.S. citizens who do not qualify as orphans; and Unaccompanied children in refugee camps with family in the United States.
Chinese parole (1990): On April 11, 1990, the president ordered the attorney general to defer the removal of unauthorized Chinese until January 1, 1994. The INS determined that parole for detained Chinese should be considered in the public interest. Adjustment of Status: Congress enacted the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–404, October 9, 1992) that provided permanent residence to Chinese who were covered by the president's order and in the United States on April 11, 1990, if they were inspected and admitted or paroled.
Parole of asylum seekers (1990—present): Paroling asylum seekers is a subset of parole under the 1982 regulations, the final category of which (public interest) was amenable to several interpretations. On May 1, 1990, INS launched a "pilot parole program" for detained asylum seekers with a limit of 200. The pilot was expanded and made permanent everywhere on April 20, 1992. From 1993 to 1996, there were about 3,800 to 4,500 asylum paroles. On October 7, 1998, the INS made having established a "credible fear" of persecution a presumptive category of eligibility for parole. On November 6, 2007, DHS eliminated this presumption. On December 8, 2009, DHS reinstated the presumption to parole those establishing a credible fear of persecution. Despite a memorandum from the DHS secretary in 2017 that stated parole should be used "sparingly," the 2009 directive remained in force, though widely flouted during the Trump administration years. On March 29, 2022, DHS lowered the standard to parole someone who had not yet established credible fear. Haitian Guantanamo parole (1991): A 1991 coup led to refugee flows by sea from Haiti to the United States. The U.S. government intercepted the boats and relocated Haitians to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for processing. In September 1991, the INS announced a new parole program for Haitians at Guantanamo Bay who demonstrated a "credible fear" of persecution. The program continued until May 1992 when it was suspended. A small number of Haitians continued to be paroled thereafter, but they faced a strong presumption that they should be returned to Haiti. They received one‐year parole authorizations. About 13,000 Haitians received parole from 1992 to 1996 (INS 1996, 1998; INS Parole Report 1999). Adjustment of Status: The Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act (P.L. 105–277, October 21, 1998) provided for the adjustment of status to legal permanent residence for any Haitian in the United States as of December 31, 1995 who applied for asylum or was paroled into the United States after a finding of credible fear.
ABC Settlement Parole (1991): On January 31, 1991, the INS settled a lawsuit that challenged its asylum adjudication policies for certain Salvadorans and Guatemalans. As part of the agreement, certain Salvadorans and Guatemalans were permitted to reapply for asylum. Among these were 20,000 who were paroled into the United States to reapply in fiscal years 1993 and 1994. Adjustment of Status: Section 203 of the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (P.L. 105–100, November 2019) permitted these Guatemalans and Hondurans subject to the settlement agreement to apply for suspension of deportation (which provides legal permanent residence) under the lower pre‐1996 standards.
Adoptee parole (1994): On November 25, 1994, the INS created a new parole program for children adopted by U.S. citizens who did not fall into the "orphan" category required to receive an immigrant visa. Adjustment of Status: Congress passed Public Law 104–51 (November 15, 1995) to amend the definition of "child" to create green card eligibility for these children and other adoptees moving forward.
Cuban Migration Accord paroles (1994—present): On September 9, 1994, the United States and Cuba signed an agreement to pursue policies designed to reduce illegal immigration, including the United States maintaining a minimum level of 20,000 legal admissions of Cubans per year. The U.S. Coast Guard interdicted Cubans and moved them to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. On October 14, 1994, the White House announced that the INS would parole unaccompanied children, people over age 70, and chronically ill people at Guantanamo Bay. On December 2, 1994, it announced it would consider paroling family units if children would be adversely affected by staying in Guantanamo Bay on a case‐by‐case basis. On May 2, 1995, the United States agreed to accept all 18,500 Cubans currently detained at Guantanamo Bay detention facility through parole, but end the practice of taking Cubans there and simply return them to Cuba. In order to meet the 20,000 immigration quota, the United States created the Special Cuban Migration Program to grant parole to about 5,000 Cubans per year through a lottery (which was restricted to those who met at least two of the following criteria: 1) having any relatives living in the United States, 2) 3 years of work experience, and 3) a high school or college degree). In 1995, 1,898 were granted parole through the lottery out of 189,000 applicants. On March 15, 1996, the second parole lottery registration was opened. There were 433,000 applicants. On June 15, 1998, the final registration period was opened for the lottery, and 541,00 applied by July 15, 1998. Those qualifying under the 1998 registration continued to be paroled thereafter. Since 1998, the Cuban government has refused to allow another registration to occur in the country. Around 75,000 Cubans were paroled under these programs from 1994 to 2003 (the last year that statistics were available). Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.
Cuban Wet Foot, Dry Foot parole (1995—2017): On May 2, 1995, the U.S. government announced that it would not parole any Cubans intercepted at sea, even if in U.S. waters, but it would parole anyone on U.S. soil or arriving at a port of entry. The Customs and Border Protection field manual provided that Cuban asylum seekers "may be paroled directly from the port of entry" except for those who "pose a criminal or terrorist threat." Subsequently, the number of Cubans paroled at ports of entry (mainly along the southwest border) increased significantly. From 2004 to 2016, 226,000 Cubans were paroled at U.S. land borders. On January 12, 2017, DHS canceled the wet foot, dry foot parole process. Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.
Iraqi parole (1996): On September 17, 1996, the United States began airlifting some Iraqi Kurds to Guam, where they were granted parole. A total of 6,550 Iraqi Kurds who worked with the United States and 650 opposition activists were granted parole starting in September 1996. Adjustment of Status: The FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Act (Public Law 105–277, October 21, 1998) waived the cap on green cards for those adjusting after receiving asylum for Iraqis evacuated via parole but did not create a special green card category.
Cuban Medical Professional Parole (CMPP) Program (2006—2017): On August 11, 2006, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created a new parole program for Cuban doctors in third countries conscripted by the government of Cuba. In fiscal year 2007, 480 of 28,000 Cuban physicians applied for parole. As of December 2010, 1,574 physicians were paroled. On January 12, 2017, DHS canceled the program except for dependents of the physicians already in the program. Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.
Parole in Place for family of U.S. veterans (2007—present): On June 21, 2007, DHS announced that it would grant parole to a spouse of a U.S. active duty soldier, enabling the spouse to adjust to a green card. This policy continued for the next six years. On November 15, 2013, DHS issued a memorandum that provided clearer guidance on this program and expanded it to include veterans of the armed forces. On November 23, 2016, DHS expanded the program to cover family of deceased veterans and adult or married children of veterans. The National Defense Authorization Act of 2020 (P.L. 116–92) expressed congressional support for an ongoing parole program for relatives of U.S. military members. Adjustment of Status: Spouses of U.S. citizens have an uncapped opportunity to apply for a green card, but parole enables them to apply for a green card by allowing them to meet the requirement that they were "admitted or paroled" prior to applying.
Cuban Family Reunification Parole (2007—2017, 2021—present): On November 21, 2007, the DHS created a new parole program for any Cuban with an approved family‐based petition for legal permanent residence. In December 2017, USCIS shut down its field office in Cuba and suspended the program. In 2014, DHS started requiring a fee for the parole program. On May 16, 2022, DHS announced that it would resume processing Cuban Family Reunification Parole cases. Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966.
Haitian Orphan Parole Program (2010): Following a 2010 Earthquake, on January 18, 2010, DHS announced that it would parole Haitian orphans in the process of being adopted by U.S. citizens. It accepted applications through April 2010. Adjustment of Status: Help Haitian Adoptees Immediately to Integrate Act of 2010 (Help HAITI Act, Public Law 111–293, December 2010) authorized DHS to adjust the status of adoptees to legal permanent residence even if the formal adoption process was not complete in Haiti as a result of the Earthquake.
Haitian Earthquake paroles (2010—2016): Following a 2010 Earthquake, on January 13, 2010, ICE suspended deportations to Haiti, and ICE began to generally parole detained Haitians. CBP at ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border likewise began to parole Haitians rather than detain them for transfer to ICE. On January 25, 2010, DHS authorized an automatic extension of advance parole documents through March 12, 2010 for Haitians who had traveled outside the United States prior to the Earthquake after receiving advance parole. From 2010 to 2016, about 16,000 Haitians were paroled after being deemed inadmissible at ports of entry. Central American Minors (CAM) parole (2014—2017, 2021—present): On November 14, 2014, DHS and the State Department announced a combination refugee and parole program for Salvadoran, Guatemalan, and Honduran children with U.S. family sponsors in legal status in the United States (and the minor children of the child and in‐country parent of the child if married to the sponsoring U.S. parent). On July 26, 2016, DHS expanded the program to include other relatives, including siblings and any in‐country biological parent of the child. On August 16, 2017, DHS announced it would be canceling the parole program. On March 10, 2021, DHS and the State Department announced it would be restarting the program for those who previously applied before the termination in 2017. On June 15, 2021, they announced the program would reopen to new applicants, including children whose parents were in the United States with pending asylum applications. The parole is indefinite. On April 11, 2023, it expanded the program to allow sponsorship by parents of children who have pending T visa applications. As of December 2016, there were 10,758 applicants for the CAM program. Of these applicants, 873 had received refugee status, and 2,086 had received parole. In 2017, another 2,700 were permitted to enter. Haitian Family Reunification Parole (2014—present): On December 18, 2014, DHS created a new parole program for any Haitian with an approved family‐based immigrant visa petition if they have a priority date within two years of being current. On August 2, 2019, DHS announced it would terminate the program but would extend the parole of current participants. On October 12, 2021, it reversed its decision and continued the program. Filipino World War II Veterans Parole (FWVP) program (2016—present): On May 9, 2016, DHS created a new parole program for Filipino World War II veterans who have approved family‐based immigrant visa petitions. On August 2, 2019, DHS announced its plans to terminate the program but would extend the parole of current participants. On December 28, 2020, it proposed a regulation to finalize this change. On October 12, 2021, it reversed its earlier decision and continued the program. International Entrepreneur Parole (2017): On January 17, 2017, DHS created a parole program for certain entrepreneurs. On July 11, 2017, DHS published a rule delaying the effective date of the program. In December 2017, the rule delaying the rule was vacated by a court and was forced to implement the rule. From 2017 to 2019, 30 people applied, and only one approval was granted. Parole + Alternatives to Detention program (2021): On July 31, 2021, Border Patrol created a policy of paroling detained immigrants at the border when ICE cannot accept custody of the person, there isn't a risk to national security or public safety, processing capacity exceeds 75%, and arrivals exceed discharges, the average processing time exceeds two days, and arrivals will likely exceed discharges the following day. On November 2, 2021, the Border Patrol chief formalized this policy with respect to family units. On July 18, 2022, Customs and Border Protection expanded this policy to cover both families and single adults. On March 8, 2023, the policy was blocked by a federal district court judge after about 700,000 paroles. Afghan evacuation parole (2021): After the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan on August 15, 2021, the U.S. military began to fly thousands of Afghans to U.S. military bases in the region. On August 23, 2021, DHS launched a new parole operation under Operation Allies Welcome (OAW). In the next few weeks, it paroled more than 75,898 Afghans into the United States. After the initial evacuation, DHS received 50,000 parole requests from Afghans, adjudicated about 9,500, and denied all but about 500. In September 2022, DHS stated that Afghans abroad would generally no longer be considered for parole at all. On June 8, 2023, DHS announced it would extend the parole of Afghan parolees in the United States. The Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act of 2021 (P.L. 117–43, May 2022) provided refugee benefits to Afghan parolees, explicitly appropriating money for those benefits, and directing the creation of a plan to process pending Afghan parole applications between July 31, 2021, and September 30, 2022 or paroled into the United States after September 30, 2022 if a spouse or child of an Afghan parolee or parent or legal guardian of an unaccompanied Afghan child. Uniting for Ukraine (2022): After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, DHS decided to parole Ukrainians arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border ports of entry, formally announcing the policy on March 11, 2022, and about 23,000 were paroled with 1‑year admissions. On April 27, 2022, DHS created a new parole program for Ukrainians with U.S. sponsors. As of May 2022, DHS had paroled about 125,000 Ukrainians under the Uniting for Ukraine sponsorship program with 2‑year admissions. The Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2022 (P.L. 117–128, May 2022) provided refugee benefits to Ukrainians paroled between February 24, 2022 and September 30, 2023 or paroled into the United States after September 30, 2022 if a spouse or child of a Ukrainian parolee or parent or legal guardian of an unaccompanied Ukrainian child. On March 13, 2022, DHS extended the parole of the 23,000 paroled at ports of entry. Adjustment of Status: A Ukrainian Adjustment Act (H.R.3911) was introduced in 2023.
Cuban, Haitian, Nicaraguan, and Venezuelan parole sponsorship processes (2022—2023): On October 19, 2022, DHS created a parole program for Venezuelans with U.S. sponsors modeled on Uniting for Ukraine with a cap of 24,000. On January 9, 2023, DHS replaced this cap with a combined 30,000 per month cap for Venezuela, Haiti, Cuba, and Nicaragua (each of which received its own parole sponsorship programs the same day). 1.5 million applicants had applied by May 2023, and about 131,000 had been admitted. Adjustment of Status: All Cubans paroled after 1959 are eligible to adjust to legal permanent residence after one year in the United States under the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966. A Venezuelan Adjustment Act (H.R. 7854) was introduced in 2022.
Family Reunification Parole Processes (2023): On July 10, 2023, DHS created family reunification parole programs for Colombians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans who have approved immigrant visa petitions. Parole applicants had to be invited by the U.S. government. This announcement followed up on the May 2023 announcement that the United States wanted to accept as many as 100,000 individuals from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras through the family reunification pathway. As of May 2023, there were 73,500 eligible for the program, but many more were waiting for their immigrant visas to be approved.
