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Machine generated contents note: 1. Land-Use Planning: An Overview of the Issues -- Randall G. Holcombe and Samuel R. Staley -- Public Concern About Sprawl -- The Issues -- The Political Response -- Market Mechanisms -- The Market Order -- Conclusion -- 2. An Overview of U.S. Urbanization and Land-Use Trends -- Samuel R. Staley -- How Developed Is the U.S.? -- What Land Is Urbanized? -- NRI Data Reliability -- Housing Preferences and Trends -- Conclusion -- 3. The Geography of Transportation and Land Use -- Peter Gordon and Harry W. Richardson -- Suburbanization -- Transportation Issues -- Conclusions -- 4. Congestion and Traffic Management -- Robert W. Poole, Jr. -- Road Pricing: The History of an Idea -- Resistance to Urban Road Pricing -- Rethinking Highway Finance -- Highway Finance Reform -- Equity Issues -- Can New Technology Make Pricing Feasible? -- A New Paradigm for Urban Roadways -- Getting from Here to There -- Conclusion -- 5. Air Quality, Density, and Environmental Degradation -- Kenneth Green -- Density and Air Quality -- Density and Water Quality -- Density and Soil Contamination -- Conclusion -- 6. National Land-Use Planning Through Environmental Policy -- Jefferson G. Edgens -- Nonpoint Source Water Pollution -- Ecosystem Protection Via Watershed Management -- EPA Authority Under the Clean Water Act -- Expanding the EPA's Nonstatutory Regulatory Control -- The EPA and Federal Growth Management -- American Heritage Rivers Initiative and -- the Gulf of Mexico Initiative -- EPA Authority Over Nonpoint Sources -- Guidelines for Policy -- Conclusion -- 7. Regionalism and the Growth Management Movement -- Gerard C S. Mildner -- The Development of Comprehensive Land-Use Planning -- Regional Planning and Fiscal Equity -- Land-Use Planning in Portland, Oregon -- Conclusion -- 8. Growth Management in Action: The Case of Florida -- Randall G. Holcombe -- Florida's 1985 Growth Management Act -- Concurrency -- Urban Sprawl -- Lessons from Florida's Urban Sprawl Policy -- Growth Management as Central Planning -- Planning for Private and Public Resources -- Planning for Transportation and Land-Use Patterns -- Impediments to Infrstructure Planning -- Conclusion -- 9. Urban Density and Sprawl: An Historic Perspective -- Robert Bruegmann -- Sprawl and Density -- Density A Compact History -- American Cities and European Cities -- Decentralization and Density Today -- Causes of Decentralization -- The Fight Against Low Density -- 10. Property Rights in a Complex World -- Roger E. Meiners and Andrew P. Morriss -- The Nature and Source of Property Rights -- Free Market Environmentalism -- Environmental Creativity -- Conclusion -- 11. Markets, Smart Growth, and the Limits of Policy -- Samuel R. Staley -- The Politics of Smart Growth and Growth Management -- Key Features of Smart Growth Plans -- Legislative Decisionmaking -- Bureaucratic Decisionmaking -- Market Decisionmaking -- Policy Implications -- 12. Infrastructure Provision in a Market-Oriented Framework -- Wendell Cox -- Where Should Infrastructure Be Provided? -- Improving Efficiency and Effectiveness: -- Competitive Service Provision -- Competitive Infrastructure Development -- Competitive Service Delivery (Competitive Contracting -- A Special Case: Roadways -- De-Politicizing Infrastructure -- Conclusions -- 13. Fixing the Dysfunctional Central City -- Steven Hayward -- 14. Policy Implications -- Randall G. Holcombe and Samuel R. Staley -- Urban Development -- Environmental Issues -- Transportation -- Land-Use Policy -- Policy for the Underprivileged, the Poor, and Minorities -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- About the Editors and Contributors

Despite the increased attention devoted to sexual aggression among young people in the international scientific literature, Brazil has little research on the subject exclusively among this group. There is evidence that sexual aggression and victimization may start early. Identifying the magnitude and factors that increase the chance for the onset and persistence of sexual victimization are the first steps for prevention efforts among this group. Using both cross-sectional and prospective analyses, this study examined the prevalence of, and vulnerability factors for sexual aggression and victimization in female and male college students (N = 742; M = 20.1 years) in Brazil, of whom a subgroup (n = 354) took part in two measurements six months apart. At Time 1, a Portuguese version of the Short Form of the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss et al., 2007) was administered to collect information from men and women as both victims and perpetrators of sexual aggression since the age of 14. The students were also asked to provide information on their cognitive representations (sexual scripts) of a consensual sexual encounter, their actual sexual behavior, use of pornography, and experiences of child abuse. At Time 2, the same items from the SES were presented again to assess the incidence of sexual aggression in the 6-month period since T1. The overall prevalence rate of victimization was 27% among men and 29% among women. In contrast, perpetration rates were significantly higher among men (33.7%) than among women (3%). Confirming the hypotheses, cognitive (i.e., risky sexual scripts, normative beliefs), behavioral (i.e., pornography use, sexual behavior patterns) and biographical (i.e., childhood abuse) risk factors were linked to male sexual aggression and to male and female victimization both cross-sectionally and longitudinally with the path models analyses demonstrating good fit with the data. The results supported: a) the role of the sexual script for a first consensual sexual encounter as an underlying factor of real sexual behavior and sexual victimization or perpetration; b) the role of pornography as "inputs" for sexual scripts, increasing indirectly the risk for victimization, and directly and indirectly the risk for perpetration; c) the direct and indirect link between childhood experiences of (sexual) abuse and male sexual aggression and victimization mediated by sexual behavior; and d) the direct link between child sexual abuse and sexual victimization among women. Few gender differences were found in the victimization model. The findings challenge societal beliefs that sexual aggression is restricted to groups with low socio-economic status and that men are unlikely to be sexually coerced. The disparity between male victimization and female perpetration rates is discussed based on traditional gender roles in Brazil. This study is also the first prospective investigation of risk factors for sexual aggression and victimization in Brazil, demonstrating the role of behavioral, cognitive and biographical factors that increase the vulnerability among college students.

Information flows in EU policy-making are heavily dependent on personal networks, both within the Brussels sphere but also reaching outside the narrow limits of the Belgian capital. These networks develop for example in the course of formal and informal meetings or at the sidelines of such meetings. A plethora of committees at European, transnational and regional level provides the basis for the establishment of pan-European networks. By studying affiliation to those committees, basic network structures can be uncovered. These affiliation network structures can then be used to predict EU information flows, assuming that certain positions within the network are advantageous for tapping into streams of information while others are too remote and peripheral to provide access to information early enough. This study has tested those assumptions for the case of the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy for the time after 2012. Through the analysis of an affiliation network based on participation in 10 different fisheries policy committees over two years (2009 and 2010), network data for an EU-wide network of about 1300 fisheries interest group representatives and more than 200 events was collected. The structure of this network showed a number of interesting patterns, such as – not surprisingly – a rather central role of Brussels-based committees but also close relations of very specific interests to the Brussels-cluster and stronger relations between geographically closer maritime regions. The analysis of information flows then focused on access to draft EU Commission documents containing the upcoming proposal for a new basic regulation of the Common Fisheries Policy. It was first documented that it would have been impossible to officially obtain this document and that personal networks were thus the most likely sources for fisheries policy actors to obtain access to these "leaks" in early 2011. A survey of a sample of 65 actors from the initial network supported these findings: Only a very small group had accessed the draft directly from the Commission. Most respondents who obtained access to the draft had received it from other actors, highlighting the networked flow of informal information in EU politics. Furthermore, the testing of the hypotheses connecting network positions and the level of informedness indicated that presence in or connections to the Brussels sphere had both advantages for overall access to the draft document and with regard to timing. Methodologically, challenges of both the network analysis and the analysis of information flows but also their relevance for the study of EU politics have been documented. In summary, this study has laid the foundation for a different way to study EU policy-making by connecting topical and methodological elements – such as affiliation network analysis and EU committee governance – which so far have not been considered together, thereby contributing in various ways to political science and EU studies.

It is widely assumed that effective functioning of democratic institutions depends on the political support & civic engagement of the public. Public support for authorities is especially important during the reform period in new democracies. Evidence from different Central & Eastern European countries including Lithuania demonstrates critically low level of political support, e.g. satisfaction with regime performance & trust in political institutions as well as comparatively low level of political engagement. However, systematic & comprehensive account of these trends & their implications for political stability & democratic performance in new democracies is lacking. Here, the results of qualitative research of political attitudes & political behavior in the Lithuanian countryside are presented, drawing on 30 in-depth interviews with ordinary citizens in Alarita & Naujasodis (district of Moletai) in July 2003. The aim of the research is to explore the dominating patterns of political support & political engagement of Lithuanian citizens. The political support was analyzed by using the theoretical framework of David Easton & Pippa Norris. Easton in his classic model distinguished among different objects of support, including support for the community, the regime & the authorities. Moreover, he made a distinction between the specific support, a quid pro quo for the fulfillment of demands, & diffuse support, unconditional attachment to political objects & a reservoir of favorable attitudes or good will. This conceptual framework was recently revisited by Norris, who expanded the classification into a five-fold framework distinguishing between political support for the community, regime principles, regime performance, regime institutions, & political actors. Political engagement is defined here to include psychological as well as actual political involvement. In more concrete terms, it comprises the following dimensions: 1) interest in politics; 2) voting & propensity to vote in elections or referenda; 3) engagement in community politics; 4) partisanship, including both the party membership & party identification; 5) participation or propensity to engage in unconventional political activity. The analysis resulted in classification of ten types of political outlook: 'prosoviet radical', 'soviet system builder', 'moderate critic', 'rural wisdom optimist', 'apathetic youth', 'rational youth', 'disappointed activist', 'civic optimist', 'right1st democrat' & 'rightist radical'. These types can be expected to represent the dominant patterns of political attitudes & political behavior in rural Lithuania. The investigation reveals that political support for democracy is highly dependent on the attitudes towards the soviet past. Moreover, it is indirectly linked with the age & former social status of the respondent. The data shows that supporters of democratic regime are usually right-oriented or young persons. Surprisingly, the satisfaction with current regime performance is not linked with the support for current authorities. Finally, the results suggest that most disappointed persons are more skeptical toward conventional forms of political engagement & are likely to support unconventional political activities. The actual political behavior, however, is not dependent on the level of political support. 2 Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.

A symposium on technology transfer & public policy that describes & assesses efforts to harness scientific & technological resources for economic development in international competition. In Academic Perceptions of University-Firm Technology Transfer, Dianne Rahm (U of South Florida, Tampa) draws from a survey of academic researchers in the US's top universities to assess the extent of technology transfer between universities & industry. In A Comparative Analysis of Civilian Technology Strategies among Some Nations, Leonard L. Lederman (National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550) reviews the civilian technology policies of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, GB, & the US, comparing data on research & development funding, science, engineering personnel, & technological outputs. In Moving Towards an American Industrial Technology Policy, Paul Teske (State U of New York, Stony Brook) & Renee Johnson argue that the US emphasis on civilian technology, targeted manufacturing, & state-level technology programs is leading to a more coherent industrial technology policy than in the past. In The Politics of International Technology Transfer: Lessons from the Korean Experience, Sung Deuk Hahm (Georgetown U, Washington, DC), L. Christopher Plein, & Richard Florida analyze technology transfer patterns from the US & Japan to South Korea, 1962-1992. In Evaluating Government Technology Transfer: Early Impacts of the "Cooperative Technology Paradigm," Barry Bozeman (Georgia Instit of Technology, Atlanta) builds on earlier efforts to document the impact of technology tranfer in government laboratories, finding that the % of labs involved in technology transfer increased dramatically between 1987-1990. In Technology Transfer and the Federal Laboratories: A Midterm Assessment of Cooperative Research, Evan Michael Berman (U of Miami, Coral Gables, FL) evaluates the Cooperative Research & Development Agreement (CRADA) process, finding that there are significant legal obstacles to the use of CRADAs. In Public Policy and Emerging Sources of Technology and Technological Information Available to Industry, J.David Roessner (Georgia Instit of Technology, Atlanta) & Anne Wise report the perceptions of technology transfer managers in US manufacturing firms toward federal & university labs & identify the types of firms that are best positioned to utilize externally available technological resouces. In Defense Conversion and Dual-Use Technology: The Push Toward Civil-Military Integration, Linda Brandt (Industrial Coll of the Armed Forces, National Defense U) explores the concept of defense conversion as it relates to the defense industry, particularly dual-use technology & its applications. In Technology Transfer and Public Policy: Lessons from a Case Study, Gary W. Matkin (U of California, Berkeley) examines why the U of California has been unable to establish either a nonprofit foundation to manage its considerable portfolio of intellectual property or a for-profit company to fund development & start-up efforts. In Technology Transfer from University to Industry: A Large-Scale Experiment with Technology Development and Commercialization, Yong S. Lee (Iowa State U, Ames) & Richard Gaertner assess whether research-intensive universities can produce economically viable technology efficiently by focusing on precommercial technology development research. 16 Tables, 13 Figures, 203 References. M. Maguire

For an introduction to this article see SA 0206/E9423. The article is a reprint from Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, 1944, 25, 2, 100-117. Res is presented which inquired into the readjustments that have taken place in Negro fam life as 'a result of war emergency (WWII), & to what entent these readjustments may have been conditioned by the factor of minority group status. 1, 000 Tex Negro fam's were selected from various towns & cities in East Tex according to the proportional representation of the Negro pop in these areas. 50 Negro fam heads were asked to write letters giving an account of how the present war has affected their fam's. The following aspects are dealt with: (1) changes in fam formation; (2) changes in place of residence; (3) changes in econ functions of fam members; (4) relation of fam readjustment & minority group status. Data show that under the influence of WWII Amer fam's come into existence more rapidly & become dissolved more rapidly than in peace time. Negro fam's are no exception. Fam's had an abnormally high rate of mobility during the 3-yr period immediately following 1941, & their reasons for moving were based upon attempted adjustment to the labor demands of the US war economy. Responding to the expanded labor demand in specific industries, members of these fam's shifted from a group of agri'al & domestic service workers to a mass of factory labor. Although this shift intensified racial friction, it resulted in a change of the position of these fam's & the establishment of a new pattern of life which they defined as better than the old. The att's of white & Negro Coll students revealed a willingness of whites to tolerate this change in ES as long as the traditional SR of the races are maintained. 4 Tables, 5 Charts. Henry A. Bullock, SOME READJUSTMENTS OF THE NEGRO FAMILY IN 1944 AND 1970-offers an explanation of how the author viewed Negro fam readjustment in the first instance & how he views it now. In 1944 the concern was with the degree & manner in which an instit accommodates to new circumstances imposed upon it by the external environment in which it is enmeshed. Then the quality of black fam's was judged in terms of how they deviated from WASP norms. Now the Amer assimilation ideal is being abandoned. Blacks want to be black. Negro fam's could now be observed in terms of the efficiency with which they are org'ed to meet needs generated by conditions under which black people have to live. In a ghetto, a WASP style of fam org would be a poor tool for fam survival. Today's res'er should probe beyond the structural horizon & into the dynamics of fam org itself. This will lead to a further & beneficial fading of the demarcation line between pure & applied res. M. Maxfield.

A report of a survey to determine the extent to which the survey method may be valid in other cultures. A survey questionnaire was administered to 984 M R's in a geographically stratified sample. Specific reference was made to the reliability & validity of the data & to the influence of interviewer affiliation on responses. The reliability check asked R's to say whether or not they had ever participated (a) in any kind of voluntary work & (b) in a Shramdan (a voluntary contribution to public labor). 95% of R's who reported participation in Shramdan also reported participation in voluntary work while 95 of those who never participated in Shramdan deny participation in any kind of voluntary work. Internal consistency,was shown by the fact that 50% of R's who participated in Shramdan recognized the term whereas only 20% of nonparticipants recognized it, early in the interview. 5 checks of interviewer bias who were both gov related &/or Cornell U affiliates were made: (1) little effect of the affiliation of interviewers on their rating of R's capacities & comprehensions, such as intelligence, outspokenness, precision of responses to questions, friendliness, & sincerity, were observed. (2) Since it is difficult for a stranger to remain inconspicuous in Indian villages, PRAI have a greater tendency than Cornell interviewers to report the more desirable kind of interview situation without bystanders & uninvited participants. (3) The distribution of interviewer ratings of R's age, educ, occup & caste by PRAI interviewers differed signif'ly from the equivalent distribution by Cornell interviewers. PRAI interviewers tended to rate R's as better educated, younger, more likely to be small landowners in the intermediate caste group. The sampling technique leaves little reason to assume that distribution of these traits differed in R's reached by both crews. (4) 3 factors are given as possibly important in the finding that PRAI interviewers were most likely to leave blank the question 'What are your greatest worries & difficulties?' or to report R's as saying 'I have no cares or worries:' (a) PRAI interviewers may have been less skilled in their ability to elicit replies; however, the incidence of `no answers' did not differ for the 2 groups of interviewers on all other questions. (b) Some tendency was noted in the responses to conceal worries about the gov - repayment of loans - from the gov affiliated PRAI interviewers but not from the Cornell interviewers. (c) PRAI interviewers expressed misgivings about the question during the training seminar & expectations of failure may have influenced the kind of replies obtained. (5) Villagers appeared to be reluctant to tell gov representatives that the gov rather than the villages should build roads. A test showed that the r between educ & occup held for both sets of interviews so that analytic conclusions reached by the survey's r analysis & statements of co-variation are affected only slightly by affiliation bias. J. D. Twight.

Ein wesentliches Kampfwertkriterium von gepanzerten Kampffahrzeugen stellt der Schutz dar. Weder in den Anfangsjahren und auch heute kann jedoch kein vollkommener Schutz der Fahrzeuge gegenüber der Bedrohung erzielt werden. Dieser Umstand wurde von Kritikern häufig zum Anlass genommen, das baldige Aussterben des Kampfpanzers (KPz) vorauszusagen. (Europäische Sicherheit & Technik / SWP)