Suchergebnisse

Data and information within the authority of the government are information of the public sector for which the competent institutions are responsible. These data are normally public property. However, when these data become accessible on the Internet, public access is regulated. The most frequent reason behind this is the decision to charge for the expenses. This paper deals with two specific approaches to this issue and describes characteristics of the services through which cadastral data can be viewed. Both approaches are analyzed with regard to the payment of expenses, i.e. the policy on the access and price of public information in some countries, with special emphasis on cadastral data. ; Podaci i informacije u nadležnosti tijela javne vlasti čine informacije javnog sektora kojima upravljaju nadležne institucije. Ti podaci u pravilu podliježu načelu javnosti. Međutim, pri stavljanju tih podataka dostupnima putem interneta javnost se ograničava. Najčešći je razlog tomu želja za naplatom troškova. U radu se prikazuju dva karakteristična pristupa tom pitanju i svojstva servisa preko kojih se može pristupiti katastarskim podacima. Analizirana su oba pristupa s gledišta naplate troškova te odnosa politike pristupa i cijena javnih informacija u nekim zemljama svijeta s posebnim osvrtom na podatke katastra.

SSCB'nin dağılmasından sonra uluslararası sisteme entegre olma girişimlerinin sürdüğü Kafkasya ve Türkistan1 ülkeleri dünya siyasasında jeo-stratejik açıdan önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu bölgelerde yeni bağımsız devletlerin kurulmasıyla, daha önce kapalı alanda dikkat çekmeyen birçok konu, bu kez sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sorunlardan biri ve en önemlisi de bölgedeki enerji kaynaklarının ve askeri bakımdan stratejik merkezlerin paylaşımıdır. Bu çalışmamızda tarihsel zemine dayalı olarak, söz konusu bölgelerdeki muhtelif sorunları ele aldık. Çünkü, bu bölgelerde tarihçilerin geleneksel ilgilerine yakın olan sorunlar demeti bulunmaktadır. Kafkasya ve Türkistan devletlerinin eskiden SSCB'ye bağımlı olmaları konunun karmaşıklığını iyice artırmaktadır. Günümüzde Rusya'nın yakın çevre doktriniyle, ABD'nin büyük oyun stratejisi, araştırmamızda öne çıkan kavramlardır. Bu araştırma bizi Avrasya tarihine biraz olsun yaklaştırmıştır. ; Caucasus and Turkestan countries trying to inegrate into international system after the demise of Soviet Union have very important geo-strategic role in the world policy. A lot of subjects that didn't draw attention at that close area has became a problem after the establishment of new independent states. The most important one of these problems is sharing the strategical military regions and energy sources. In this essay we have analyzed these problems according to the historical perspective. Because, there are a bunch of problems which are close to historians traditional interests. The dependency of the Caucasus and Turkestan countries to Soviet Union in the near history is increasing the complexity of the issues. Russia's vicinity doctrine and USA's big game strategy are prominent concepts of our essay. This study promises us to get a bit more closer to Eurasian history.

The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is not new and has already been present in the world for quite a long time. President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 from April 1994 played a crucial role and was an initiative in establishing National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). This Order induced briskly the building of NSDI and also of all additional counterparts in the USA and around the whole world. Besides NSDI, various other initiatives at regional (EUROGI, PCGIAP, …) and global level (GSDI) were also launched.In this paper, an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Croatia will be presented. State bodies such as the Government and State Geodetic Administration have the main role in it in collaboration with public and commercial sector and also with academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. The arrangement and modernization of spatial records and the establishment of NSDI make the key factors for sustainable physical planning and land development at local and national level.In the next few years Croatia must solve numerous duties to arrange spatial records. These duties must be solved very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Croatian prosperity and for the fulfilment of the conditions set in the process of entering European and international integrations. ; Pojam infrastrukture prostornih podataka (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) već je dulje vrijeme prisutan u svijetu. Presudnu ulogu i poticaj ka stvara-nju nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka imala je izvršna naredba 12906 američkog predsjed-nika Clintona iz 1994. godine. Donošenje ove naredbe potaknulo je ubrzan rad na izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka i svih dodatnih mjera u SAD-u, ali i diljem svijeta. Uz nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenute su i različite inicijative na regionalnoj (EUROGI, PCGIAP .) kao i na globalnoj razini (GSDI).U radu će se dati pregled različitih inicijativa i napora koji su pokrenuti u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju. Najveću ulogu u tome imaju državna tijela, u prvom redu Vlada i Državna geodetska uprava uz potporu i suradnju javnog i privatnog sektora te akademske zajednice. Državna geodetska uprava je kao glavni čimbenik u stvaranju buduće infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenula niz inicijativa koje imaju za cilj uvođenje novih tehnologija, oprema i postupaka pri izradi karata i stvaranju digitalnih i katastarskih baza podataka. Učinkovito upravljanje prostorom uz održivi razvitak zahtijeva uređenje i modernizaciju prostornih evidencija te uspostavu nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka.U idućih nekoliko godina pred Hrvatskom su brojne zadaće i obaveze po pitanju uređenja prostornih evidencija. Tim zadaćama treba savjesno pristupiti i riješiti ih u razumnom roku, a što je od interesa kako za boljitak cijele države tako i za ispunjenje postavljenih uvjeta u procesu pristupanja europskim i svjetskim integracijama.

A rational economic person desires to achieve happiness by acting for his or her own benefit. Therefore, the key of human happiness is in the sense of pleasure and satisfaction. The concept of happiness, which has been emphasized more over time, has also started to be discussed frequently in economic terms. The economics of happiness at the focus of these discussions was built on an economy model based on society and nature. It is possible to mention many socioeconomic factors that add value to life and create happiness. Factors such as a clean environment, a good income level, relationships based on trust, healthy and quality life can be described as the causes of happiness. Today, a new social process is mentioned and happiness takes attention as well as technological developments in this society. This study has aimed to investigate the factors associated with happiness in the context of Society 5.0, using the panel data analysis method for 8 OECD countries between the years 2007-2019. In the study, it has been found that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between GDP per capita and happiness. In addition, it was found that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between human capital and happiness. It has been determined that there is a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy consumption and happiness. The happiness index, which is the dependent variable in the study, is explained by all other independent variables at the rate of 89 %.

U članku je opisan razvoj modela podataka u Republici Hrvatskoj te detaljno izmijenjeni model podataka CROTIS 2.0. Za usporedbu je dan prikaz modela podataka iz dviju europskih zemalja. Uzeti su primjeri Danske i Nizozemske s obzirom na to da obje imaju temeljne topografske baze u mjerilu 1:10 000, a površinom su slične Republici Hrvatskoj. Pretpostavlja se da površina države utječe na cikluse i vrijeme potrebno za prikupljanje i obradu podataka, pa je namjera bila izložiti kako su ti modeli i procesi organizirani u europskim državama koje raspolažu sa sličnim količinama podataka. TOP10DK je vektorska topografska baza koja je iz baze za proizvodnju topografskih karata prerasla u izvornik za druge prostorne registre u Danskoj. Drugi primjer je Nizozemski TOP10NL s posebnim osvrtom na njegovu dostupnost široj javnosti putem web portala. U Hrvatskoj se model podataka CROTIS razvija od 1997. godine, od 2000. je u službenoj upotrebi, a od tada se kontinuirano nadograđuje i poboljšava prateći tehnološki napredak i, u posljednje vrijeme, zahtjeve koje postavlja Europska unija. Opisane su i komponente interoperabilnosti Generičkog konceptualnog modela (GCM) INSPIRE-a, budući da je ispunjavanjem tih zahtjeva bilo koji skup podataka moguće uskladiti s INSPIRE-om. ; This article describes data models in two European countries and presents the development of the data model in the Republic of Croatia, describing in detail the modified CROTIS 2.0 data model. Denmark and the Netherlands are taken as examples, as they both have basic topographic databases in the scale of 1:10 000 and have similar area as the Republic of Croatia. It is assumption that the area of the state influences on the cycles and time needed for the data gathering and editing. The intention was to present how these processes are organised in the European countries that have similar amount of data. TOP10DK is a vector topographic base which grew from a topographic maps production base into an original for other spatial registers in Denmark. The second example is Dutch TOP10NL, with special reference to its availability to the public through a web-portal. In Croatia, the CROTIS data model started to develop in 1997 and came into official use in 2000, after which it has been continuously upgraded and improved following developments in technology and, lately, requirements set by the European Union. Interoperability components of the Generic Conceptual Model (GCM) are also described, since meeting their requirements makes it possible to harmonise any data set with INSPIRE.

U članku je opisan razvoj modela podataka u Republici Hrvatskoj te detaljno izmijenjeni model podataka CROTIS 2.0. Za usporedbu je dan prikaz modela podataka iz dviju europskih zemalja. Uzeti su primjeri Danske i Nizozemske s obzirom na to da obje imaju temeljne topografske baze u mjerilu 1:10 000, a površinom su slične Republici Hrvatskoj. Pretpostavlja se da površina države utječe na cikluse i vrijeme potrebno za prikupljanje i obradu podataka, pa je namjera bila izložiti kako su ti modeli i procesi organizirani u europskim državama koje raspolažu sa sličnim količinama podataka. TOP10DK je vektorska topografska baza koja je iz baze za proizvodnju topografskih karata prerasla u izvornik za druge prostorne registre u Danskoj. Drugi primjer je Nizozemski TOP10NL s posebnim osvrtom na njegovu dostupnost široj javnosti putem web portala. U Hrvatskoj se model podataka CROTIS razvija od 1997. godine, od 2000. je u službenoj upotrebi, a od tada se kontinuirano nadograđuje i poboljšava prateći tehnološki napredak i, u posljednje vrijeme, zahtjeve koje postavlja Europska unija. Opisane su i komponente interoperabilnosti Generičkog konceptualnog modela (GCM) INSPIRE-a, budući da je ispunjavanjem tih zahtjeva bilo koji skup podataka moguće uskladiti s INSPIRE-om. ; This article describes data models in two European countries and presents the development of the data model in the Republic of Croatia, describing in detail the modified CROTIS 2.0 data model. Denmark and the Netherlands are taken as examples, as they both have basic topographic databases in the scale of 1:10 000 and have similar area as the Republic of Croatia. It is assumption that the area of the state influences on the cycles and time needed for the data gathering and editing. The intention was to present how these processes are organised in the European countries that have similar amount of data. TOP10DK is a vector topographic base which grew from a topographic maps production base into an original for other spatial registers in Denmark. The second example is Dutch TOP10NL, with special reference to its availability to the public through a web-portal. In Croatia, the CROTIS data model started to develop in 1997 and came into official use in 2000, after which it has been continuously upgraded and improved following developments in technology and, lately, requirements set by the European Union. Interoperability components of the Generic Conceptual Model (GCM) are also described, since meeting their requirements makes it possible to harmonise any data set with INSPIRE.

Kao povijesno-kulturne ustanove, arhivi prikupljaju, obrađuju i daju na korištenje različite kategorije podataka sadržanih u arhivskom gradivu, vodeći se pritom domaćim i međunarodnim stručnim standardima, pravnom regulativom i dobrom praksom. Jedna od znatnije zastupljenih kategorija su osobni podatci građana, o kojima se u recentnoj stručnoj literaturi najviše pisalo s aspekta njihove dostupnosti, tj. uvjeta i načina korištenja. U ovom članku analiziraju se i naglašavaju neki praktični i etički aspekti u vezi s opisivanjem arhivskih fondova i zbirki koji sadrže takve podatke, posebno u kontekstu primjene Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). Daje se i pregled preporuka koje je u listopadu 2018. izradila Europska arhivska grupa (European Archives Group, EAG) kao pomoć europskoj arhivskoj službi u implementaciji te Uredbe. Time se nastoji dati poticaj za daljnju znanstvenu i stručnu obradu te teme, posebno u vidu izrade odgovarajućega nacionalnoga priručnika za opis arhivskoga gradiva koje sadrži osobne podatke i druge kategorije ograničeno dostupnih podataka u kojem bi primjena normi i važećih propisa bila ilustrirana odgovarajućim praktičnim primjerima. ; In order to present archival records they store and facilitate their usage archives produce various types of finding aids. Previously these finding aids were accessible in Croatian archives in archival reading rooms in printed form, whereas in recent times they have become more accessible in digital form on websites of archives or on network information systems. In this way the descriptions of archival records become publicly available to a large number of users, without geographical or time constraints, by which archives mostly do not possess tools or resources to monitor the manner users further dispose of that descriptive data. This further reinforces the practical and ethical issues regarding the formation of archival description in a way that it provides the whole information on records' contents and the context of their creation, without hiding (omitting) and at the same time does not reveal data responsible for the possible limited availability of records. For the last twenty years Croatia has been applying ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF), the international archival standards for describing archival records. Despite that, there are departures in practice and misgivings regarding the interpretation of contents and the role of individual descriptive elements, as well as the structure of finding aids. Such departures are also expected in the segment that describes personal data, bearing in mind that both ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF) contain general rules without particular guidelines for the description of archival records containing data with limited availability. Misgivings in practice can result in a passive approach in processing and describing personal data which can, for example, manifest by producing finding aids only for internal needs (without making them available to users), ignoring or (un)intentionally withholding information on the existence of personal data in archival records and terms of their availability. Since 2018 Croatia has been applying two new provisions that are important in the context of the processing and description of personal data in archival records. They are the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Act on Archival Records and Archives. The paper describes in detail and compares some of the principles from these two provisions and analyses their influence on the current practice of description of personal data in archival records (defining personal data, processing the data of deceased individuals, the principle of reducing the quantity of data, encouraging the acquirement of data that is important for raising awareness of totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences). With regard to the very broad definition of personal data archivists always face the question whether the data they will supply in the title or the description of archival units can cause the direct or indirect identification of an individual i.e. the particular issue of endangering someone's privacy, dignity and other rights. Furthermore, bearing in mind that the Regulation and the Croatian archival act do not impose any limitations regarding the processing of deceased individuals' data, it can be concluded that there are no formal impediments either for archival description or publishing such data. However, the question remains, regardless of the fact it concerns the data of deceased individuals, whether the ethical principle that archivists abstain from overly exposing data should be upheld, particularly if it concerns sensitive data which can influence the violation of dignity of family members of those individuals. The basic principles of the Regulation include the principle of reducing the quantity of data. It entails that personal data must be appropriate, relevant and limited to necessities in relation to purposes for which they are processed. The application of this principle is particularly important in the context of creating and enhancing the trust between the archives and the public. In other words, this approach conveys the message to the public that they can trust the archival service not to unjustifiably or excessively reveal and publish personal data. Within the context of processing data which is important for enhancing the awareness on the totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences there is a practical and ethical question on how to maintain the neutral position of archivists and archives as institutions in terms of providing objective description, without the endeavour to interpret on the political or ideological level. Concerning the indicated practical and ethical issues, the application of the guidelines created in October 2018 by the European Archives Group as assistance in implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation is recommended. The guidelines are connected with the Principles of Access to Archives by the International Council on Archives from 2012. This demonstrates that even before the General Data Protection Regulation was adopted the archival community paid considerable attention to ethical issues and standards of good professional practice regarding protection, processing and description of personal data in archival records. However, within the context of the new legislation the paper's intention is to encourage further scientific and professional addressing of this topic within the Croatian archival community, including producing a guide regarding all aspects of managing personal data in archival records. Besides, the prevailing view is that there is a need for producing a special manual for the description of archival records which contain personal data and other categories of data with limited access, in which the application of standards and current provisions would be illustrated with appropriate practical examples.

In the aftermath of the 5th Regional Conference on Cadastre and Spatial Data Infrastructure (Banja Luka and Laktaši, Bosnia and Herzegovina, June 6–8, 2012), the Republic Authority for Geodetic and Property Affairs of the Republic of Srpska and the Federal Administration for Geodetic and Real Property Affairs published the 5th Regional Study on Cadastre and Spatial Data Infrastructure. The study was produced in the frame of the Project INSPIRATION – Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Western Balkans, which is being realized for the benefit and with cooperation of representatives of eight geodetic administrations in the region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia) by consortium led by German company GFA of Hamburg, in cooperation with GDi GISDATA of Zagreb, experts from the Austrian Environmental Agency and German company con terra GmbH and financed from the European Union IPA funding programme for 2010. ; Nakon 5. regionalne konferencije o katastru i infrastrukturi prostornih podataka (Banja Luka i Laktaši, Bosna i Hercegovina, 6–8. lipnja 2012.) Republička uprava za geodetske i imovinsko pravne poslove Republike Srpske i Federalna uprava za geodetske i imovinsko pravne poslove Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine izdale su 5. regionalnu studiju o katastru i infrastrukturi prostornih podataka. Studija je izrađena u okviru projekta INSPIRATION – the SDI in the Western Balkans, kojeg za potrebe i uz suradnju predstavnika osam geodetskih uprava u regiji (Albanija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Kosovo, Makedonija, Srbija), realizira konzorcij na čelu s njemačkom tvrtkom GFA iz Hamburga u suradnji s tvrtkom GDi GISDATA iz Zagreba, stručnjacima austrijske Agencije za okoliš i njemačke tvrtke con terra GmbH, a financira se iz sredstava programa IPA Europske unije za 2010. godinu.