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Historical background sharing of land in UkraineZaplitnya I.Abstract. The article analyzes the political, economic and social conditions, with the onset of which there is a need of sharing of land in Ukraine. The study determined that the political pre requisites for sharing landin Ukraine became a political change of power, the independence of Ukraine, the need toup date the legislation. Economic – the desire of individual samassl arge areas of agricultural land, and social - tocreate a new segment of the population – land owners.Keywords: sharing, conditions, land reform, land owners and land relations.

Urgency of the research. Today, the task of analyzing the veracity of information in the news, which filled all existing channels for obtaining information, is relevant. Its urgency is related to the need to prevent panic by obtaining inaccurate information, debunking pseudo-scientific facts that can threaten people's lives, combating political propaganda and others. Target setting This article focuses on the concept of developing a system for detecting fake news, analysis of existing systems and their principles of operation, principles of construction of their algorithms and features of their use. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Recent open publications, statistics, and corporate reports were reviewed. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. File analysis will be performed using three methods / classifiers and without the use of PassiveAgressive classifier. The calculation and derivation of results is performed by constructing error matrices and calculating accuracy. The research objective. The main purpose of the work is to create a system for detecting fake news on the basis of the considered materials and to achieve the highest possible accuracy. Presenting main material. Input data for the study were selected, prepared and analyzed. Data were studied using the methods / classifiers of Logistic Regression, Decision Tree and Random Forest. The accuracy of detecting fake news is calculated. Conclusions. The proposed system allows to classify news as "fake" or "true" with an accuracy of 98-99 %. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Великий об'єм інформації, що став традиційним для інформаційного суспільства, створює нові виклики для людства. На заміну проблемі складного доступу до інформації, що була актуальна раніше, приходить нова проблема: структуризації та фільтрування інформації. Серед загального потоку інформаційного шуму актуальним стає питання виокремлення правди. У цьому контексті важливим постає питання не лише розвитку критичного мислення, але й розробки технічних засобів виявлення фейків. Постановка проблеми. Ця робота фокусується на понятті розробки системи виявлення фейкових новин, аналізі існуючих систем та їхніх принципів роботи, принципів побудови їхніх алгоритмів та особливостях їх використання. Аналіз останніх досліджень та публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, статистичні дані, звіти корпорацій. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Аналіз файлу буде виконаний за допомогою трьох методів/класифікаторів і без використання PassiveAgressive класифікатора. Обчислення та виведення результатів виконується за допомогою побудови матриць помилок та розрахування точності. Постановка задачі. Основною метою роботи є створення на основі розглянутих матеріалів систему виявлення фейкових новин та досягти найбільш можливої точності. Виклад основного матеріалу. Обрано вхідні дані для дослідження, проведена їх підготовка та аналіз. Проведено дослідження даних за допомогою методів/класифікаторів Логістичної регресії, Дерева рішень та Рандомного лісу. Обчислена точність виявлення фейкових новин. Висновки відповідно до статті. Запропонована система дозволяє класифікувати новини як «фейкові» або «правдиві» з точністю 98-99 %.

Urgency of the research. Today, the task of analyzing the veracity of information in the news, which filled all existing channels for obtaining information, is relevant. Its urgency is related to the need to prevent panic by obtaining inaccurate information, debunking pseudo-scientific facts that can threaten people's lives, combating political propaganda and others. Target setting This article focuses on the concept of developing a system for detecting fake news, analysis of existing systems and their principles of operation, principles of construction of their algorithms and features of their use. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Recent open publications, statistics, and corporate reports were reviewed. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. File analysis will be performed using three methods / classifiers and without the use of PassiveAgressive classifier. The calculation and derivation of results is performed by constructing error matrices and calculating accuracy. The research objective. The main purpose of the work is to create a system for detecting fake news on the basis of the considered materials and to achieve the highest possible accuracy. Presenting main material. Input data for the study were selected, prepared and analyzed. Data were studied using the methods / classifiers of Logistic Regression, Decision Tree and Random Forest. The accuracy of detecting fake news is calculated. Conclusions. The proposed system allows to classify news as "fake" or "true" with an accuracy of 98-99 %. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Великий об'єм інформації, що став традиційним для інформаційного суспільства, створює нові виклики для людства. На заміну проблемі складного доступу до інформації, що була актуальна раніше, приходить нова проблема: структуризації та фільтрування інформації. Серед загального потоку інформаційного шуму актуальним стає питання виокремлення правди. У цьому контексті важливим постає питання не лише розвитку критичного мислення, але й розробки технічних засобів виявлення фейків. Постановка проблеми. Ця робота фокусується на понятті розробки системи виявлення фейкових новин, аналізі існуючих систем та їхніх принципів роботи, принципів побудови їхніх алгоритмів та особливостях їх використання. Аналіз останніх досліджень та публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, статистичні дані, звіти корпорацій. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Аналіз файлу буде виконаний за допомогою трьох методів/класифікаторів і без використання PassiveAgressive класифікатора. Обчислення та виведення результатів виконується за допомогою побудови матриць помилок та розрахування точності. Постановка задачі. Основною метою роботи є створення на основі розглянутих матеріалів систему виявлення фейкових новин та досягти найбільш можливої точності. Виклад основного матеріалу. Обрано вхідні дані для дослідження, проведена їх підготовка та аналіз. Проведено дослідження даних за допомогою методів/класифікаторів Логістичної регресії, Дерева рішень та Рандомного лісу. Обчислена точність виявлення фейкових новин. Висновки відповідно до статті. Запропонована система дозволяє класифікувати новини як «фейкові» або «правдиві» з точністю 98-99 %.

In accordance to a law on the protection of the personal data, proprietors of bases of the personal information are under an obligation to provide their defence. By the basic type of depository for the personal information there is a database in the informative system. Practice of development of the informative systems shows that except for a productive (basic) database there is a task of creation of its copies, unproductive (test) databases. To use such universal mechanism in test databases, as cryptography, for the protection of the personal data is not always possible. Reason to that not only the known legislative limitations but also that test databases must be functionally equivalent a production database. It means that the protected information must be presented in a kind, not defiat integrity of database (both integrity on references and on belonging of information to the certain domain). For the protection of the personal data it is possible to take approach in such situation, which is named data masking method. Essence of this method, his actuality, requirements to realization, opens up in this article. Authors offer developed by them as a programming code of protection of the personal data in the environment of MS SQL Server. ; Согласно закону о защите персональных данных, владельцы баз персональных данных обязаны обеспечить их защиту. Основным видом хранилища для персональных данных в информационной системе является база данных. Практика разработки информационных систем показывает, что, кроме производственной (основной) базы данных, возникает задача создания ее копий, непроизводственных (тестовых) баз данных. Использовать в тестовых базах данных такой универсальный механизм, как криптография, для защиты персональных данных не всегда представляется возможным. Причина тому не только известные законодательные ограничения, но и то, что тестовые базы данных должны быть функционально эквивалентными производственной базе данных. Это означает, что защищаемая информация должна быть представлена в виде, не ...

Processing of personal data, which is obligatory for any institution or organization, requires implementation of personal data processing information systems and definitely their security. The majority of existing information security methods and techniques is focused on the security of corporate information systems resources. Such techniques do not always take into account the special requirements for data processing. This fully applies to the processing of personal data protection, the security of which is provided by the current legislation. Approaches to the protection of personal data processed in automated information systems were discussed. The classification of threats to personal data that may occur when processing them in automated systems was brought. We considered the aims and methods of minimizing such threats including comprehensive measures to protect personal data. The ways and means of personal protection methods of personal data were considered. The priorities of forming the overall personal data protection system were defined. ; Обработка персональных данных, процесс, который есть обязательным для любого учреждения или орга­низации, требует внедрения информационных систем обработки персональных данных и, безусловно, их за­щиты. Существующие методы и методики защиты ин­формации, в подавляющем большинстве, ориентиро­ванны на защиту ресурсов корпоративных информа­ционных систе. Такие методики не всегда учитывают особые требования к данным, которые обрабатыва­ются. Это в полной мере касается обработки и персо­нальных данных, защита которых предусмотрена дей­ствующим законодательством. Рассмотрены подходы к защите персональных данных, обрабатываемых в авто­матизированных информационных системах. Приве­дена классификация угроз персональным данным, ко­торые могут возникать при их обработке в автоматизи­рованных системах. Рассмотрены цели и методы мини­мизации угроз на основе комплексных мер защиты персональных данных. Предложены пути и средства реализации методов защиты персональных данных. ...

Big data is a social, cultural and technological phenomenon — a complex combination of large numbers of digital data, new analytical methods, data mythology and growing criticism of the general implications of using big data for democracy and society.The article explores the scientific-theoretical and pragmatic prerequisites for transforming the format of presentation of analytical media content in connection with using of digital computer and Internet databases (so-called data-journalism, "big data" journalism), an attempt is made for understanding the features of using big data for a journalist's professional activities. Generally, the use of big data can be very important for transformations in the field of journalism, and this article sets out the future directions of journalism research in the context of big data. ; В статье исследуются научно-теоретические и прагматические предпосылки трансформации формата представления аналитического медиаконтента в связи с использованием данных цифровых компьютерных и интернет-баз (так называемая дата-журналистика, журналистика «больших данных»), делается попытка осмысления особенностей использования больших данных для профессиональной деятельности журналиста. В целом, использование больших данных может иметь большое значение для трансформаций в сфере журналистики, а эта статья излагает будущие направления исследований журналистики в контексте больших данных. ; У статті досліджуються науково-теоретичні та прагматичні передумови трансформації формату представлення аналітичного медіаконтенту у зв'язку з використанням даних цифрових комп'ютерних та інтернет-баз (так звана дата-журналістика, журналістика «великих даних»), робиться спроба осмислення особливостей використання великих даних для професійної діяльності журналіста. У цілому, використання великих даних може мати особливе значення для трансформацій у сфері журналістики, а ця стаття окреслює майбутні напрямки досліджень журналістики в контексті великих даних.

Big data is a social, cultural and technological phenomenon — a complex combination of large numbers of digital data, new analytical methods, data mythology and growing criticism of the general implications of using big data for democracy and society.The article explores the scientific-theoretical and pragmatic prerequisites for transforming the format of presentation of analytical media content in connection with using of digital computer and Internet databases (so-called data-journalism, "big data" journalism), an attempt is made for understanding the features of using big data for a journalist's professional activities. Generally, the use of big data can be very important for transformations in the field of journalism, and this article sets out the future directions of journalism research in the context of big data. ; В статье исследуются научно-теоретические и прагматические предпосылки трансформации формата представления аналитического медиаконтента в связи с использованием данных цифровых компьютерных и интернет-баз (так называемая дата-журналистика, журналистика «больших данных»), делается попытка осмысления особенностей использования больших данных для профессиональной деятельности журналиста. В целом, использование больших данных может иметь большое значение для трансформаций в сфере журналистики, а эта статья излагает будущие направления исследований журналистики в контексте больших данных. ; У статті досліджуються науково-теоретичні та прагматичні передумови трансформації формату представлення аналітичного медіаконтенту у зв'язку з використанням даних цифрових комп'ютерних та інтернет-баз (так звана дата-журналістика, журналістика «великих даних»), робиться спроба осмислення особливостей використання великих даних для професійної діяльності журналіста. У цілому, використання великих даних може мати особливе значення для трансформацій у сфері журналістики, а ця стаття окреслює майбутні напрямки досліджень журналістики в контексті великих даних.

The article presents the practical bases of the use of the latest Big Data technologies in political campaigns conducting. The impact of Big Data technologies on election campaigns process is highlighted. It is established that data-driven technologies are a widespread means of effective public communication aimed at achieving the goals of certain political figures. The tools for transforming political campaigns include the following: collection and processing of personal data, tracking of information trail on the Internet, building personalized messages and psychological impact through targeted communication. The results of the analysis of the use of Big Data technologies as a tool of impact on the mass audience, allow distinguishing the tasks of each identified technology. It should also be admitted that data-driven technologies are part of the process of coordinating people's minds and directing them in the right direction for certain policymakers. This article analyzes political campaigns that use data-driven technologies and shows that political leaders use information technologies to win voters' consciousness. ; У статті представлено практичні основи необхідності використання новітніх технологій для проведення політичних кампаній. Висвітлено вплив використання Big Data технологій на процес виборчих кампаній. Установлено, що технології, якікеруються даними (від англ. Data-driven technologies), є розповсюдженим засобом ефективних суспільних комунікацій, які спрямовані на досягнення мети певних політичних діячів. Серед інструментів трансформації політичних кампаній можна виокремити такі: збір та обробка персональних даних, відстеження інформаційного сліду в мережі Інтернет, побудова персоналізованих меседжів і психологічний вплив за допомогою цільової комунікації. Результати аналізу дослідження використання Big Data технологій як вплив на масову аудиторію дають змогу виокремити завдання кожної визначеної технології у формуванні масової опінії в суспільно-політичних відносинах. Потрібно враховувати також і те, що технології, які керуються даними, є частиною великого процесу координування свідомості людей і спрямування їх рішення в потрібному напрямі для певних політичних діячів. У статті проаналізовано політичні кампанії, у яких використовувалися технології, що керуються даними, та доведено , що політичні лідери використовують розвиток інформаційних технологій дляманіпулювання свідомістю виборців, щоб аудиторія неусвідомлено приймала вигідне для певної політичної сили рішення.

Problem setting. The current stage of social development poses on a global scale of countries tasks and requirements concerning public administration systems' construction taking into account basic principles of democracy, onward movement, balance, sustainable development. A new space of social interaction is being formed, which is characterized by fundamentally different peculiarities, while changing the traditional social roles of modern society and its individuals. Our state also needs an open and transparent governance that can face the new contemporary challenges and requirements, where digital technologies can substantially stimulate development of the transparent information society as one of the essential factors of Ukrainian democracy progress, increase of productivity, economic growth, job creation as well as appearance of new forms of solidarity, partnership and cooperation, significant increase of life quality of the whole society and its individuals.Recent research and publications analysis. In the modern scientific literature on the subject of our study there is a number of publications that to some extent respond to the demand of research raised. In consideration of the appearance of new research areas as well as attempts to characterize current trends in social development in terms of new technologies' usage in the field of public administration the researches of recent years are worthy of notice. Thus, the publications of R. Vlasenko, O. Kolomytseva and I. Shevchuk, O. Orlov, O. Orlov and A. Serenok, O. Pizhuk, L. Samoilenko, V. Chekina and S. Kniaziev, I. Shkyrta and V. Lazar are devoted to certain issues related to our study, on the main results of which we relied in its conducting.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The Ukrainian Government has determined a new main direction for further development of Ukrainian society; it made a decision on general digitalization, digital transformation, introduction of the latest achievements in the field of information and telecommunications technologies in all spheres of life, which begin to play a top-ranked role and transform into a key factor affecting almost all social processes – from daily to global. In view of the aforesaid the study of state support for organization and implementation of relevant arrangements is of great relevance, because countries that do not focus enough attention on this issue, risk losing their positions not only in the IT sphere, but also in others – economic, financial, humanitarian, etc.Paper main body. Over the past few years emerged a global trend, the impact of which on public administration is currently not very noticeable, but in a few years it can become a determining factor in operations with data in political and social spheres. The matter concerns shifting the emphasis towards Big Data analysis technologies' usage, which became widespread mainly in commercial and private spheres.Nowadays the usage of new technologies to achieve the public good is a global trend that gives impressive results, because in forming of Big Data content are involved all participants of public-civil interaction actualizing in that way potential areas of its usage, among which, in particular: tracking the dynamics of public opinions' change on the effectiveness of public authorities' activities, forecasting, elaboration, appropriate decision-making on further socio-economic development of certain territories and assessing their effectiveness and efficiency, analysis of changes in audience mood and response to published information about public authorities' activities and implemented administrative decisions, identification of basic needs, requests and pursuits of inhabitants of the certain territory, identification of the main problem issues requiring urgent solutions, etc.Already now the work is under way at the state level on the wider usage of modern e-governance tools, including automation of data bulk processing and information-analytical support of administrative decisions, optimization and automation of administrative processes, implementation of electronic interaction forms. The main task to ensure the development of e-governance in the basic fields of Ukraine is implementation of information and telecommunication systems of decision-making support and automation of administrative processes (including usage of prospective geographic information technologies, Internet of Things, Big Data processing technologies and Blockchain).Therefore now when public authorities have an opportunity not only to collect but also to analyze and manage Big Data, they have received a powerful tool for its effective usage to construct a safer society, to improve and optimize its administrative functions, to forecast and reduce the government spending, etc.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, the benefits of Big Data usage in public authorities are obvious. They allow to reveal hidden patterns that are invisible to human perception. And this provides good opportunities for optimization of all spheres of human life: public and municipal government in general, medicine, security, finance, transport, education and more. Therefore, further research on the analysis of implementation and usage of specific e-governance tools in the basic fields of Ukraine concerning decision-making support and automation of administrative processes seem to be very promising. ; Розглянуто основні підходи до застосування технологій аналізу даних великих масивів у сучасній практиці публічного управління України. Показано, що використання новітніх технологій з метою досягнення суспільного блага є загальносвітовою тенденцією, яка здатна принести вражаючі результати усім суб'єктам і об'єктам державної політики, залученим до відповідних процесів її формування й реалізації. Продемонстровано, що нині на рівні органів державної влади інтенсифікується робота щодо ширшого застосування сучасних інструментів електронного урядування у базових галузях України з метою підтримки прийняття управлінських рішень та автоматизації адміністративних процесів. Розкрито базові принципи реалізації державної політики цифрового розвитку в сучасній Україні.

Problem setting. The current stage of social development poses on a global scale of countries tasks and requirements concerning public administration systems' construction taking into account basic principles of democracy, onward movement, balance, sustainable development. A new space of social interaction is being formed, which is characterized by fundamentally different peculiarities, while changing the traditional social roles of modern society and its individuals. Our state also needs an open and transparent governance that can face the new contemporary challenges and requirements, where digital technologies can substantially stimulate development of the transparent information society as one of the essential factors of Ukrainian democracy progress, increase of productivity, economic growth, job creation as well as appearance of new forms of solidarity, partnership and cooperation, significant increase of life quality of the whole society and its individuals.Recent research and publications analysis. In the modern scientific literature on the subject of our study there is a number of publications that to some extent respond to the demand of research raised. In consideration of the appearance of new research areas as well as attempts to characterize current trends in social development in terms of new technologies' usage in the field of public administration the researches of recent years are worthy of notice. Thus, the publications of R. Vlasenko, O. Kolomytseva and I. Shevchuk, O. Orlov, O. Orlov and A. Serenok, O. Pizhuk, L. Samoilenko, V. Chekina and S. Kniaziev, I. Shkyrta and V. Lazar are devoted to certain issues related to our study, on the main results of which we relied in its conducting.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The Ukrainian Government has determined a new main direction for further development of Ukrainian society; it made a decision on general digitalization, digital transformation, introduction of the latest achievements in the field of information and telecommunications technologies in all spheres of life, which begin to play a top-ranked role and transform into a key factor affecting almost all social processes – from daily to global. In view of the aforesaid the study of state support for organization and implementation of relevant arrangements is of great relevance, because countries that do not focus enough attention on this issue, risk losing their positions not only in the IT sphere, but also in others – economic, financial, humanitarian, etc.Paper main body. Over the past few years emerged a global trend, the impact of which on public administration is currently not very noticeable, but in a few years it can become a determining factor in operations with data in political and social spheres. The matter concerns shifting the emphasis towards Big Data analysis technologies' usage, which became widespread mainly in commercial and private spheres.Nowadays the usage of new technologies to achieve the public good is a global trend that gives impressive results, because in forming of Big Data content are involved all participants of public-civil interaction actualizing in that way potential areas of its usage, among which, in particular: tracking the dynamics of public opinions' change on the effectiveness of public authorities' activities, forecasting, elaboration, appropriate decision-making on further socio-economic development of certain territories and assessing their effectiveness and efficiency, analysis of changes in audience mood and response to published information about public authorities' activities and implemented administrative decisions, identification of basic needs, requests and pursuits of inhabitants of the certain territory, identification of the main problem issues requiring urgent solutions, etc.Already now the work is under way at the state level on the wider usage of modern e-governance tools, including automation of data bulk processing and information-analytical support of administrative decisions, optimization and automation of administrative processes, implementation of electronic interaction forms. The main task to ensure the development of e-governance in the basic fields of Ukraine is implementation of information and telecommunication systems of decision-making support and automation of administrative processes (including usage of prospective geographic information technologies, Internet of Things, Big Data processing technologies and Blockchain).Therefore now when public authorities have an opportunity not only to collect but also to analyze and manage Big Data, they have received a powerful tool for its effective usage to construct a safer society, to improve and optimize its administrative functions, to forecast and reduce the government spending, etc.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, the benefits of Big Data usage in public authorities are obvious. They allow to reveal hidden patterns that are invisible to human perception. And this provides good opportunities for optimization of all spheres of human life: public and municipal government in general, medicine, security, finance, transport, education and more. Therefore, further research on the analysis of implementation and usage of specific e-governance tools in the basic fields of Ukraine concerning decision-making support and automation of administrative processes seem to be very promising. ; Розглянуто основні підходи до застосування технологій аналізу даних великих масивів у сучасній практиці публічного управління України. Показано, що використання новітніх технологій з метою досягнення суспільного блага є загальносвітовою тенденцією, яка здатна принести вражаючі результати усім суб'єктам і об'єктам державної політики, залученим до відповідних процесів її формування й реалізації. Продемонстровано, що нині на рівні органів державної влади інтенсифікується робота щодо ширшого застосування сучасних інструментів електронного урядування у базових галузях України з метою підтримки прийняття управлінських рішень та автоматизації адміністративних процесів. Розкрито базові принципи реалізації державної політики цифрового розвитку в сучасній Україні.

More than ten years ago in the world has emerged the concept "smart city" and till today smart cities have developed in many countries of the world.A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business [1].Any smart city, in turn, consists of a huge amount of cyber physical systems (CPSs).Cyber physical systems are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components [2].The essential requirements to functioning of these systems are safety, security, reliability, resilience, confidentiality. Automated decision-making, including profiling in the personal data processing constitutes a significant part of cyber physical systems as components of smart cities.As the personal data is processed automatically, computations are performed in the "cloud" in the network of distant servers, there is a risk of various cyber threats and real cyber attacks on certain cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) which may cause a damage or losses to the personal data subject as a result of unlawful destruction, use, alteration or disclosure of the personal data.The Ukrainian legislation does not contain the concept "smart city". The unsolved problem in the Ukrainian legislation is the recognition of the personal data subject as a central element of any cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) and the necessity of ensuring balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the personal data subject and the rights of the data possessors, data processors, data protection officials, the authority of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on human rights who gain access to the personal data by means of personal data subject consent.The comparative analysis of the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Regulation) [5] with the Ukrainian Law [4] which refers to various elements of the processing of personal data in different processing systems, to the rights and obligations of the data controller, the data processor, the supervisory authority with regard to ensuring lawful, secure, confidential processing of personal data is made.

More than ten years ago in the world has emerged the concept "smart city" and till today smart cities have developed in many countries of the world.A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business [1].Any smart city, in turn, consists of a huge amount of cyber physical systems (CPSs).Cyber physical systems are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components [2].The essential requirements to functioning of these systems are safety, security, reliability, resilience, confidentiality. Automated decision-making, including profiling in the personal data processing constitutes a significant part of cyber physical systems as components of smart cities.As the personal data is processed automatically, computations are performed in the "cloud" in the network of distant servers, there is a risk of various cyber threats and real cyber attacks on certain cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) which may cause a damage or losses to the personal data subject as a result of unlawful destruction, use, alteration or disclosure of the personal data.The Ukrainian legislation does not contain the concept "smart city". The unsolved problem in the Ukrainian legislation is the recognition of the personal data subject as a central element of any cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) and the necessity of ensuring balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the personal data subject and the rights of the data possessors, data processors, data protection officials, the authority of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on human rights who gain access to the personal data by means of personal data subject consent.The comparative analysis of the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Regulation) [5] with the Ukrainian Law [4] which refers to various elements of the processing of personal data in different processing systems, to the rights and obligations of the data controller, the data processor, the supervisory authority with regard to ensuring lawful, secure, confidential processing of personal data is made.

More than ten years ago in the world has emerged the concept "smart city" and till today smart cities have developed in many countries of the world.A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business [1].Any smart city, in turn, consists of a huge amount of cyber physical systems (CPSs).Cyber physical systems are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components [2].The essential requirements to functioning of these systems are safety, security, reliability, resilience, confidentiality. Automated decision-making, including profiling in the personal data processing constitutes a significant part of cyber physical systems as components of smart cities.As the personal data is processed automatically, computations are performed in the "cloud" in the network of distant servers, there is a risk of various cyber threats and real cyber attacks on certain cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) which may cause a damage or losses to the personal data subject as a result of unlawful destruction, use, alteration or disclosure of the personal data.The Ukrainian legislation does not contain the concept "smart city". The unsolved problem in the Ukrainian legislation is the recognition of the personal data subject as a central element of any cyber physical system (as part of a smart city) and the necessity of ensuring balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the personal data subject and the rights of the data possessors, data processors, data protection officials, the authority of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on human rights who gain access to the personal data by means of personal data subject consent.The comparative analysis of the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Regulation) [5] with the Ukrainian Law [4] which refers to various elements of the processing of personal data in different processing systems, to the rights and obligations of the data controller, the data processor, the supervisory authority with regard to ensuring lawful, secure, confidential processing of personal data is made.

The article has analyzed the main provisions of General Data Protection Regulation and compared it with the Law of Ukraine 'On Data Protection'. Advantages of the Regulation and necessity to adopt a new Law of Ukraine which could regulate data protection on European level have been identified. The main provisions which are necessary to be implemented in future legal act have been defined. They are the following: personal data, controller, data processor, adequacy of protection etc. It is also necessary to identify rights, obligations, functions, competence and goal of activities after implementing such notions as controller and processor. An important aspect is fines for violation of legislation on personal data protection. The Regulation provides for several types of violations and fine sanctions for them. Liability for violation of standards in the sphere of personal data protection ensures an effective mechanism for implementation of Regulation. The article has also analyzed the notion 'adequacy of protection'. The list of sources which were checked on 'adequacy' has been identified. The main criteria of 'adequacy' which the state has to comply with have been specified. The term for undergoing the inspection regarding compliance with 'adequacy of protection' has been defined. Criteria which the states should comply with in order to undergo the inspection have been provided. It is also necessary to define the mechanism for control in the sphere of personal data protection. The Regulation provides clear criteria for existence of this mechanism which should be implemented not only on the territory of Ukraine. Existing provisions of the Law have been analyzed. Compared analysis of the term 'privacy policy' has been done and gaps in Ukrainian legislation have been studied. Compliance of the Regulation with a standard Ukrainian consent for processing of personal data has been defined.

Big Data technologies have great prospects for application not only in the economy and business, but also in public administration. The article shows the possibility of using Big Data technologies not only to analyze the performance of government bodies of different levels, but also to ensure the effective management of the spatial and economic development of a region or city. In the first case, Big Data is used to assess public opinion about the effectiveness of measures to implement socio-economic policies and to monitor public opinion about the activities of state authorities. In the second case, for the development of infrastructure with the transition from quantitative development of territories to qualitative, the definition of basic needs and attitudes of the population, monitoring of the use of budget funds in support of certain industries, evaluation of migration processes, optimization of various spheres of the region's economy, improving the life of cities by optimizing the flows of transport, identifying threats to the economic security of the region, identifying and taking into account the possible consequences of changes in the natural, socio-economic environment of the region, their impact on Six stages of the Big Data application process are highlighted and described to identify priority areas of entrepreneurial activity in the territories of long-term development. The process of forming and adopting managerial decisions on the spatial development of the region (city) with the use of technologies Big Data is rather complex and multilateral and consists of several stages. The general scheme is described with a detailed description of the three levels of Big Data infrastructure (data collection; data storage and processing; analysis and use).