Suchergebnisse

In Confucian Concord , Federico Brusadelli offers an intellectual analysis of the Datong Shu . Written by Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and conceived as his most esoteric and comprehensive legacy to posterity, the book was eventually published posthumously, in 1935, considered "too advanced for the times" in Kang's own opinion. Connecting Datong Shu to its author's intellectual biography and framing it within the intellectual and political debate of the time, Brusadelli investigates the conceptual and philosophical implications of Kang's 'global prophecy', showing how an apparently 'utopian' and 'escapist' piece of literature was actually an attempt to save (at least ideally) the imperial political order, updating the traditional Confucian universalism to a new, 'modern' world

This article analyzes the concept of Great Unity (da tong), textually enshrined in the treatise "Kong-zi jiayu", chapter "Li yun". The concept of Great Unity is considered by Confucian thinkers as the ideal state in which the Tianxia was in the period of golden antiquity. This concept is directly related to the modern political culture of China. It was embodied in the idea of a "Community of Shared Future for Mankind," which was first introduced at the 18th National Congress of the CPC in November 2012 by the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping. Within the framework of this article, there isa preliminary comparison of the chapter "Li yun" from the "Kong-ji jiayu" and the chapter of the same name from the famous written monument, named "Li ji"; the article also discloses the main ideological content of this chapter.

In the course of China's history, the term datong (great unity) has been interpreted in multiple ways. This article first discusses the concept as understood in the Liji, and then focuses on the way in which the perceived loss of the "great unity" within "all-under-heaven" (tianxia) at the end of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), and the endeavor to reconstruct the empire as a modern nation-state starting in the early twentieth century, informed the way the term datong was interpreted. After discussing the interpretations by Wang Tao (1828–1897), Hong Xiuquan (1813–1864), Kang Youwei (1858–1927), Liang Qichao (1873–1929), Sun Zhongshan (1866–1925), and Mao Zedong (1893–1976), this work concludes with a discussion on how, against the background of the perceived threat of loss of national unity that characterizes the contemporary People's Republic of China, a New Confucian interpretation is developed.

The concept of 'datong' in Chinese philosophy was developed more than two millennia ago in the Confucian classics. It has been translated as 'Great Unity', 'Great Community', 'Great Universality', 'Great Similarity', 'Grand Harmony', etc. In the 'Liyun' section of Liji the Book of Rites, the concept of 'datong' was first introduced. In the early twentieth century, the great Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei wrote a book entitled Datong shu (Book on the Great Community) in which he put forward an original and radical interpretation of 'datong'. This paper will analyze the concept of 'datong' in Liyun and in Kang's Datong shu, and suggest that the concept is an expression of the idea of the common good in traditional Chinese social and political philosophy. It will examine and reflect on Kang's Datong shu and the elements of Confucianism, Buddhism, liberalism, utilitarianism, utopianism and socialism/communism that can be found in the book. It will also show that the ideology currently propounded by the Chinese Communist Party, including the ideas of the 'preliminary stage of socialism' and the 'xiaokang society', may be better understood in the light of the concept of 'datong' in Chinese philosophy. ; postprint

Abstract
Background
The restoration of lake ecosystems requires a good knowledge of the lake's history and the driving mechanism of environmental changes. In this study, we used Lake Datong, the largest inland lake in Hunan Province China, as an example to study the effects of aquaculture, based on historical data of aquatic creature, diatom inferred-total phosphorous (DI-TP) data, and an Ecopath model. Lake Datong has undergone several stages of aquaculture from 1980, with a rapid increase in fish production and fish feed supplementation at each stage. Its water quality has deteriorated since the introduction of aquaculture and the lake has become moderate eutrophic status.

Results
According to the DI-TP data, before 1930, Lake Datong was in a mesotrophic status (50–60 μg/L DI-TP). Between 1930 and 1980, the number of nutrient-tolerant species increased slightly, which indicates a nutrient increase in the lake (66–83 μg/L DI-TP). From the 1980s to 2010 and especially since 2000, eutrophication increased rapidly, with eutrophic species dominating the diatom assemblage, such as Stephanodiscus hantzschii, S. minutulus, and a sudden decrease in Aulacoseira granulata (< 10%). The annual average DI-TP concentration was 202 μg/L. After 2010, DI-TP decreased to 127–152 μg/L. In 2019, consumer biomass in Lake Datong was very low because the large-scale aquaculture was restricted by local government. The biomass of submerged macrophytes was relatively high, indicating that excessive primary producers had not been used by consumers and therefore, had not entered the food web. This led to a reduction in the energy transfer efficiency (TE) of the ecosystem.

Conclusions
The succession of the water ecosystem of Lake Datong is reappeared by DI-TP analysis and historical reference data. Lake Datong has experienced four stages of eutrophication succession following the introduction of aquaculture activities, with dramatic changes in the composition and biomass of its aquatic creatures. After comprehensive management in 2017, the consumer biomass of Lake Datong was at a relatively lower level, and the biomass of submerged macrophytes was higher, meaning a large quantity of primary producers had not been used by consumers, thus had not entered the food web, which consequently reduces the energy TE of the ecosystem. Future management needs to pay attention to making a suitable macrophyte harvest plan, stocking herbivorous and omnivorous fish, and establishing rational fishing, which can not only enhance the energy flows and nutrient cycling of the ecosystem, but also improve the food web structure. Our results provide important reference values and theoretical support for decision-makers and stakeholders in the subsequent management of similar shallow lake-water ecosystems.

When Li Datong's publication was closed down, the fallout marked a new era for Chinese journalism