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ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1405.

ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1431.

Keywords: globalisation, energy, climate changeDagli anni '70 il tema del cambiamento climatico si è imposto gradualmente al centro del dibattito culturale e politico, parallelamente all'emergere di una economia globalizzata. In questo contesto, il trattato di Kyoto può venire considerato, assieme al WTO, un sofisticato strumento di governo per la sempre crescente complessità del mondo economico. Nel presente lavoro viene analizzato l'ambito geografico degli accordi di Kyoto. Dal sostegno quasi unanime registrato fra i governi nel 1972, la volontà politica si è costantemente ridotta a causa del prezzo elevato da pagare intermini di sviluppo economico. Quando l'Unione Europea ha deciso nel 2005 di procedere da sola, era chiaro che qualsiasi riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 effettuata dagli Stati membri non avrebbe avuto alcun effetto sulla dinamica attesa del riscaldamento globale. Inoltre, dopo il volgere del millennio i dati sperimentali hanno dimostrato che l'aumento continuo delle emissioni di anidride carbonica non è più collegato all'aumento delle temperature, quasi che il riscaldamento globale avesseterminato il suo corso. Un'analisi degli interessi economici in gioco consente di rivelare la logica della decisione europea. Tre aree di vantaggio vengono delineate: ideologica, economica, di politica economica, che si situano tutte sia all'interno che all'esterno dell'Unione. Di particolare importanza è la nascita di nuovi campi di attività, non limitati al settore industriale. Alla luce della progressiva riduzione dell'industriaeuropea registrata nell'ultima decade e della crescente finanziarizzazione di tutte le economie del continente, è importante considerare l'emergere di un settore "climatico" della finanza, assai più ampio delle transazioni sui diritti di emissione. Viene inoltre considerata la strategia mondiale degli USA. Questi perseguono attualmente l'obiettivo di riguadagnare la leadership nella politica ambientale assieme a quello di ritornare ad essere il maggior esportatore mondiale di idrocarburi.

ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.

ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (from November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1432. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.1 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. As opposed to the previous version 2.0, this version corrects some errors in various corpora and adds the information on upper / lower house for bicameral parliaments. The vertical files have also been changed to make them easier to use in the concordancers.

ENGLISH: This introductory essay consists of two parts. The first is a contextualisation of the overall purpose of the monographic section, as well as a general summary of the questions, issues and themes which we were proposing to debate. The second part is an Appendix, which sets out the guidelines of the database MedItaNunC, which supported some of the research, and now provides not only a large percentage of the source material, but also a methodology about the connections which can be made through the information brought together. The essay looks at the historiography of the subject, including the recent wealth of research published from the perspective of gender studies in this area, and the way in which the Italian material fits into it. It also explains the chosen chronology, and the geographical spread used in the volume, and the important input of archaeology, which has helped propose new questions. Lastly, it sets out the three core themes which run through the other papers in the volume: the links between female monasteries and the city elites, the history of the monasteries concerned in the light of both their foundation and hagiographical myths, their material culture, and their ideological place in the cityscape, and finally, the attempt to identify the difference, if any, between female and male monastic houses. It is hoped that the collection will provide a first panorama of female monasticism across the multiplicity of Italian political and cultural landscape. / ITALIANO: Questo saggio introduttivo si articola in due parti. La prima è una contestualizzazione dello scopo generale della sezione monografica, nonché un sommario generale delle domande, degli argomenti e delle tematiche proposti alla discussione. La seconda parte è un'Appendice, che definisce le linee guida del database MedItaNunC, che è stato alla base di alcune delle ricerche e che adesso fornisce non solo una grande percentuale delle fonti, ma anche una metodologia sulle connessioni che possono essere fatte grazie alle informazioni riunite. Il saggio esamina la storiografia specifica, rilevando la recente ricchezza di ricerche pubblicate sotto il profilo degli studi di genere in questo settore e il modo in cui le ricerche italiane si inseriscono in tale contesto. Spiega anche la cronologia scelta, la copertura territoriale delle indagini attuate per questa sezione monografica e l'importante contributo dell'archeologia, che ha contribuito a proporre nuove domande. Infine, l'intervento espone i tre temi centrali che attraversano i contributi qui proposti e più orientati sulle fonti scritte: i legami tra monasteri femminili e le élite cittadine; la storia dei monasteri alla luce del loro mito di fondazione e della loro agiografia, della cultura materiale e del loro peso ideologico nel paesaggio urbano; e infine il tentativo di identificare la differenza, se esiste, tra monasteri femminili e maschili. L'auspicio è che la raccolta di studi fornisca un primo quadro del monachesimo femminile contestualizzato rispetto a un variegato panorama politico e culturale italiano.