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本报告为中国社会科学院科研局"中国国情报告"丛书的第一辑, 包括文化, 法治, 收入, 住房四个部分. 该报告采取社会科学研究最基础的田野调研方式, 由以中国社科院相关院所为主的资深专家参与调研与撰写, 资料权威, 论述精辟, 对于展现我国国情现状具有重要的参考意义

China is now the lender of first resort for much of the developing world, but Beijing has fueled speculation among policymakers, scholars, and journalists by shrouding its grant-giving and lending activities in secrecy. Introducing a systematic and transparent method of tracking Chinese development projects around the world, this book explains Beijing's motives and analyzes the intended and unintended effects of its overseas investments. Whereas China almost exclusively provided aid during the twentieth century, its twenty-first century transition from 'benefactor' to 'banker' has had far-reaching impacts in low-income and middle-income countries that are not widely understood. Its use of debt rather than aid to bankroll big-ticket infrastructure projects creates new opportunities for developing countries to achieve rapid socio-economic gains, but it has also introduced major risks, such as corruption, political capture, and conflict. This book will be of interest to policymakers, students and scholars of international political economy, Chinese politics and foreign policy, economic development, and international relations.

在数据分析的基础上,本文检验了两个理论假设--"政治资本假设与"冲突性偏差假设,以分析国家主导的市场化进程对共产党员收入优势的影响。主流观点认为,在中国,党员身份代表了一种政治资本,因而在经济转型期,共产党员收入优势的变化就相应地反映了市场化进程中政治资本收益(或党员身份政治资本含量)的变化,即关于党员身份的"政治资本假设。而"冲突性偏差假设则考虑了市场化进程中,政治资本和人力资本对个体的职业流动和收入回报的双向影响,以及这种双向影响在回归分析中造成的偏误。通过运用 Pearl(2000)有关冲突性偏差( collider bias,选择偏差的一种)的分析结论,笔者推断,在市场化进程中,控制"单位体制类型和"干部位置会导致党员身份和个人收入之间出现虚假的负偏差,因此,即使党员身份带来的政治资本收益不变,"党员身份对"个人收入的回归系数(控制"单位体制类型和"干部位置后)也会因为选择偏差的上升而呈现出下降甚至转变为负的趋势。如若"党员身份对"个人收入的回归系数在控制"单位体制类型和"干部位置后变为零,反而证明"党员身份对"个人收入仍存在积极的直接效应--这就是关于市场转型期中国共产党员收入优势的悖论。通过运用 2008年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2008),回归分析结果充分验证了"冲突性偏差的经验预测。这也提醒研究者:在对当代共产党员的收入优势进行理论解读时,主流观点忽视了冲突性偏差所造成的影响。在文章的最后,笔者讨论了此发现对将来研究的启发。 ; This study examines two hypotheses for the impact of deepening marketization on the income returns to party membership in socialist China: the political capital and collider bias hypotheses. The prevailing view holds that party membership brings political capital (positional power and connections) and changing income returns reflects the changing leverage of political capital in market transition. The collider bias hypothesis acknowledges the expanding role of unobserved ability in the determination of income in the presence of party clientelism. Drawing on Pearl's analysis of collider bias, we argue that recent marketization would lead to a paradoxical increase of negative bias on the income returns to party membership even if the political capital benefits of party membership persist as the prior literature maintains. Consequently, after conditioning on sector and cadre position, regression coefficient of party membership on income would be suppressed and become even negative. The paradox is that, if the income effect of party membership vanishes after controlling sector and/or cadre position, there must be a true positive party effect on income. Results based on the 2008 Chinese General Social Survey consistently support the predictions of collider bias hypothesis. The prevailing interpretation of previous findings is seriously undermined by ignorance of this pervasive selection bias. ...

In this report, the World Health Organization maps out what countries can do to modify their financing systems so they can move more quickly to universal coverage, and sustain the gains that have been achieved. The report builds on new research and lessons learnt from country experience. It provides an action agenda for countries at all stages of development and proposes ways that the international community can better support efforts in low-income countries to achieve universal coverage and improve health outcomes

For at least a century academics and governmental researchers have been developing measures that would aid them in understanding income distributions, their differences with respect to geographic regions, and changes over time periods. It is a fascinating area due to a number of reasons, one of them being the fact that different measures, or indices, are needed to reveal different features of income distributions. The existing indices, the Gini index, the Bonferroni index and the Zenga index are intrinsically linked each other, whereas their emphasis are laid differently. One of the limitations of the existing indices is that they provide an overall measurement for the whole society and cannot distinguish the distributions with the same index value. This thesis works on the extension of the three indices and proposes a new index which can make comparison between any groups with different income level, for example, the richest group and the poorest group. The new index satisfies the axioms of inequality measures. The statistical inferential results of the new index are derived and their performance are tested by a simulation study and the results are used to analyze the income data of Hong Kong from Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR. ; 近一個世紀學術界和政府間的研究人員一直致力於創造和發展可以幫助理解不同國家地區收入分布和差異的測度。很多原因使之成為令人感興趣的研究領域,需要不同測度或指數用以理解收入分布的不同特征便是原因之一。Gini指數,Bonferroni 指數和Zenga指數等現有指數在本質上相互聯系,但側重點各有不同。可以對整個社會有一個整體測度而不能對具有相同指數的收入分布進行區分是現有指數的共同缺陷。本論文基於以上三種指數提出一種新的指數可以在不同收入水平間進行比較,例如,最富有階層和最貧困階層。新指數滿足收入不均測度的相關性質。本論文推導出新指數的相關統計推理結果並用數值模擬實驗進行了測試,最終用其結果對香港政府統計處的人口普查數據進行了分析。 ; Chen, Teng. ; Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016). ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only.