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The Advanced Research Foundation is governmental organization wich tasked with informing the country's leadership on projects that can ensure Russian superiority in defense technology. The foundation will also analyze the risks of any Russian technological backwardness and technological dependence on other powers. The report considers an historical background about worldwide analogous, i.e. DARPA (USA), MAFAT (Israel), DRDO (India), DGA (France) and SASTIND (China), and an experience of advanced research projects organizations in the Soviet Union and modern Russia.

Current article of Roger Scruton is considering elitism in terms of positive distinction between people as recognition of their ones through their achievements. Also elitism is considering as necessary element of society that helps it to develop. However, modern society aims to equality all people and destroying any kind of distinction. This situation leads to devaluation of human contribution to development of society, leads to stagnation. ; В данной статье Роджера Скратона рассматривается элитизм как стремление человека к признанию его статуса через его достижения. Элитизм также рассматривается как необходимый для развития самого общества элемент. Однако, современное общество стремится к уравниванию всех людей и упразднению отличий, что девальвирует ценность человеческих заслуг и обесценивает вклад людей в развитие самого общества, ведёт к стагнации.

The timing has never been better. But without long-term funding, the strategy will fail.

This article provides insight into the initiatives of the President of France Emmanuel Macron in the field of European Union security and defense. France is leading the processes of military convergence of the EU members. The author examines the perspectives of such a convergence and tries to identify both internal and external causes of the French European policy. The author explores Macron's European policy and compares it with the ideology of classical gaullism, laid the foundation for the Fifth Republic led by general Charles de Gaulle. The author characterizes Macron's policies as ―flexible gaullism'' and identifies its main features. The author assesses the perspectives of the initiatives suggested by Macron in the sphere of European security and defense and tries to reveal possible obstacles for the realization of these initiatives. The article also provides an analytical assessment of the current French external European policy, evaluates the political influence of modern France on the European Union Common Security and Defense. The author explores the impact of Brexit on the position of France in EU and studies the role of Paris in PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation. The article reveals joint initiatives of France and Germany and the role of Franco-German tandem in the EU Common Security and Defense Policy. © 2020 Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

В настоящей работе раскрыты сущность и признаки необходимой обороны, условия правомерности её применения. Приведены различные точки зрения о полезности или вредности необходимой обороны. Необходимая оборона, её виды были рассмотрены с точки зрения закона, а также приведены научные мнения на этот счёт. Особое внимание в статье обращено на пределы необходимой обороны, рассмотрена возможность их превышения. В этой связи обращено внимание на важность тщательного рассмотрения всех обстоятельств конкретного дела, где можно применить законодательство о необходимой обороне. Выявлены трудности применения норм о необходимой обороне, в частности установления её пределов у практических работников, а также предложено решение данной проблемы. ; In the article reveals the essence and signs of necessary defense, the conditions for the legality of its application. Various points of view on the usefulness or harmfulness of necessary defense are presented. The necessary defense, its types were considered from the point of view of the law, and scientific opinions on this matter were given. Particular attention in the article is paid to the limits of necessary defense, the possibility of exceeding them is considered. In this regard, attention is drawn to the importance of careful consideration of all the circumstances of a particular case, where the legislation on necessary defense can be applied. The difficulties of applying the norms on necessary defense, in particular, the establishment of its limits for practitioners, are revealed, and a solution to this problem is proposed.

Формирование и реализация государственного оборонного заказа в настоящее время является актуальной задачей. Эффективность её решения находится в прямой зависимости от степени научно-методического сопровождения соответствующих мероприятий, одним их которых является процесс прогнозирования целевых показателей государственного оборонного заказа.Цель статьи – разработка методики прогнозирования количественных значений целевых показателей государственного оборонного заказа.Используемые методы исследования: метод анализа и синтеза, экономико-математическое моделированиеОсновные результаты: построена система целевых показателей государственного оборонного заказа, разработана методика прогнозирования их количественных значений, выявлено место государственного оборонного заказа в системе обеспечения национальной безопасности государства. ; Preparation and execution of the state defense order is now an important task. Effectiveness of its solution directly depends on the level of methodological basis of measures necessary to carry out this order. One of these measure is the process of determination of goal indexes of the state defense order.Goal of the paper – working out a method of determination of goal indexes of the state defense order.Methods of research – analysis and synthesis, economical and mathematical modellingMain results: system of goal indexes of the state defense order, method of forecast of their quantitative values, place of the state defense order in the national security of the state.

Private business contributed significantly to the growth of the defense sector of the economy in the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. This paper analyzes the evolution of the company of P. V. Baranovsky and its role as a corporation to promote military-industrial development of Russia. The company's activity was accompanied by a very specific government model of financing defense industries in order to stimulate domestic manufacturing and lessen the country's dependence on imported goods. The role played by the strategic leadership of the founder and director of the company Victor Petrovich Baranovsky is of particular interest. By exploring the case of Baranovsky company, this paper illuminates how equity military-industrial enterprises took shape through traditional Russian family business, Western corporate culture and investment. The article contains a number of new approaches to the explanation of the institutional and organizational aspects of the company. It shows the structure of ownership and control, orientation relationships among managers and shareholders, the process of development and implementation of strategic and operational plans. The analysis of Baranovsky`s part in the management of joint-stock companies shows scales of its business, degree of its business activity (complete or limited, including participation of the partners or occupied post), its integration in most dynamically developing structures of the Russian business, ability to work with large industrial and financial resources (first of all associated). Finally, the participation of Baranovsky in the activity of business group allows to reveal structural parameters of industrial business in the beginning of the 20 century which were the most important for defense sector of the Russian economy. The analysis also highlights the role of financial intermediaries (banks) in the investment support of business groups.

The Advanced Research Foundation is governmental organization wich tasked with informing the country's leadership on projects that can ensure Russian superiority in defense technology. The foundation will also analyze the risks of any Russian technological backwardness and technological dependence on other powers. The report considers an historical background about worldwide analogous, i.e. DARPA (USA), MAFAT (Israel), DRDO (India), DGA (France) and China (SASTIND), and an experience of advanced research projects organizations in the Soviet Union and modern Russia.

The article analyzes the right of the defender to collect and present evidence at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings as one of the main ways to implement the principle of adversarialism, to ensure equality of parties in criminal proceedings. In the framework of a systematic analysis of the epistemological nature of the process of proof, the author comes to the conclusion that the powers of the defender, specified in the criminal procedural law as ways of collecting evidence, have a different procedural essence. The author's position is that only state bodies are the subjects of collecting evidence, and for the defense party another way of exercising the right to participate in proving is provided-the presentation of evidence. Examples are given from the investigative and judicial practice, illustrating the problems arising in the course of implementation by the party protecting their rights, and confirming the legal incompleteness of their procedural regulation. The peculiarities of collecting electronic evidence by the defense party on the Internet are considered, the necessity of adopting legislative provisions ensuring its fixation is argued. ; В статье анализируется право защитника на собирание и представление доказательств на досудебных стадиях уголовного процесса как один из основных способов реализации принципа состязательности, обеспечения равноправия сторон в уголовном судопроизводстве. В рамках системного анализа гносеологической природы процесса доказывания автор приходит к выводу, что полномочия защитника, указанные в уголовно-процессуальном законе как способы собирания доказательств, имеют иную процессуальную сущность. Аргументируется авторская позиция о том, что субъектами собирания доказательств в полной мере являются только государственные органы, а для стороны защиты предусмотрен иной способ реализации права на участие в доказывании – представление доказательств. Приводятся примеры из следственной и судебной практики, иллюстрирующие проблемы, возникающие в ходе реализации стороной защиты своих прав, и подтверждающие правовую незавершенность их процессуальной регламентации. Рассматриваются особенности собирания стороной защиты электронных доказательств, находящихся в сети Интернет, аргументируется необходимость принятия законодательных положений, обеспечивающих их фиксацию.