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THIS ARTICLE STATES THAT NOWHER IS THE INABILITY OF THE SOVIET STATE TO UPHOLD ITS PART OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT WITH ITS SITIZENS DEMONSTRATED MORE GRAPHICALLY AS IN HEALTH CARE. THE DUAL ILLNESS THAT PARALYZES THE SOVIET ECONOMY AND SOCIETY MATERIAL PVERTY AND EXHAUSTION ON ONE HAND AND THE TOTAL BREAKDOWN OF LABOR MORE ON THE OTHER-IS LEAVING DEEP SCARS ON SOVIET MEDICINE.

Marked regional differences in HIV‐related clinical outcomes exist across Europe. Models of outpatient HIV care, including HIV testing, linkage and retention for positive persons, also differ across the continent, including examples of sub‐optimal care. Even in settings with reasonably good outcomes, existing models are scrutinized for simplification and/or reduced cost. Outpatient HIV care models across Europe may be centralized to specialized clinics only, primarily handled by general practitioners (GP), or a mixture of the two, depending on the setting. Key factors explaining this diversity include differences in health policy, health insurance structures, case load and the prevalence of HIV‐related morbidity. In clinical stable populations, the current trend is to gradually extend intervals between HIV‐specific visits in a shared care model with GPs. A similar shared‐model approach with community clinics for injecting drug‐dependent persons is also being implemented. Shared care models require oversight to ensure that primary responsibility is defined for the persons overall health situation, for screening of co‐morbidities, defining indication to treat comorbidities, prescription of non‐HIV medicines, etc. Intelligent bioinformatics platforms (i.e. generation of alerts if course of care deviates from a prior defined normality) are being developed to assist in providing this oversight and to provide measure of quality. Although consensus exists to assess basic quality indicators of care, a comprehensive set of harmonized indicators are urgently needed to define best practise standards via benchmarking. Such a tool will be central to guide ongoing discussions on restructuring of models, as quality of care should not be compromised in this process.

Intro -- INTEGRATED HEALTH CARE DELIVERY -- NOTICE TO THE READER -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES, AND A PROGRAM RESPONSE TO THE COMPLEX ISSUES OF MANY INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE CONFRONTED WITH MULTIPLE, CHRONIC CONDITIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LITERATURE REVIEW -- THE INTERGRATED HEALTH ADVOCACY PROGRAM -- The Primary Advocate -- The Psychosocial Advocate -- The Medical Advocate -- The Advocacy Team -- The IHAP Participants -- Materials -- DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL RESULTS -- Descriptives -- Statistical Results -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- A COMPARISON OF INTEGRATED DUAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT SERVICE DELIVERY MODELS ON FIDELITY AND CLIENT OUTCOMES AT 1- AND 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UPS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOD -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- OPERATING ROOM COSTS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN LUMBAR FUSION WITH INSTRUMENTATION PROCEDURES: INTEGRATED DELIVERY SYSTEM IS IMPLICATED -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Sample and Data Sources -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- SOCIAL CAPITAL AND PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES: MANAGEMENT IMPLICATION IN INTEGRATED HEALTHCARE NETWORKS -- ABSTRACT -- INTEGRATED HEALTH NETWORKS -- MANAGERIAL ISSUES FOR HEALTH CARE NETWORK MANAGEMENT -- WHAT WE FOCUS ON ARE SOCIAL CAPITALS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED HEALTH NETWORKS -- EXAMPLE OF TAIWAN'S PRIMARY COMMUNITY CARE NETWORK (PCCN) DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASURES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL -- Unique Characteristics in Taiwan's Healthcare Industry -- Backgrounds of the Health Reform for PCCNs in Taiwan -- Structures and Responsibilities for PCCNs in Taiwan.