Writing from Islamabad, the author describes the present political situation in Pakistan & discusses earlier attempts to reach democracy through the electoral process. He contends that it would be absurd to try to predict the future of Pakistan, this country that faces challenges that few others have had to confront. However, it appears that Pakistan is going to make a third attempt to become a democracy. S. Stanton
This bibliographic essay aims to reconsider the propositions of Joseph Schumpeter's democratic minimalism and, through this exercise, to examine how its conceptual core is amplified in the effective funcioning of democracy. After a brief analysis of the schumpeterian minimalism, we present some criticisms that were directed to it from the 1960s onwards. Finally, based on O'Donnell, Saffon and Urbinati, we propose an extension of proceduralism so that it contemplates a normative dimension. This theoretical-conceptual discussion, however limited, is relevant today in the occasion of the challenges faced by social scientists to identify with scientific rigor which countries are indeed democratic – despite holding periodic elections. ; Este ensayo bibliográfico visa reconsiderar las propociones del minimalismo democrático de Joseph Schumpeter y, por ese ejercício , examinar como su núcleo conceptual se amplifica en el efetivo funcionamiento de la democracia. Tras una breve síntesis del minimalismo schumpeteriano, presentamos algunas críticas que le fueron direccionadas a partir de los años 1960. Por fin, basado en O'Donnell, Saffon e Urbinati, proponemos por una expansión del procedimentalismo de manera que éste contemple una dimensión normativa. Esa discusión teórico-conceptual, aunque limitada, se muestra relevante en la actualidad en vista de los desafíos colocados a las científicas y científicos sociales para identificar con rigor científico cuales países son efetivamente democráticos – pese a de realizaren turnos electorales regulares. ; Este ensaio bibliográfico visa reconsiderar as proposições do minimalismo democrático de Joseph Schumpeter e, por meio desse exercício, examinar como seu núcleo conceitual se amplifica no efetivo funcionamento da democracia. Após uma breve síntese do minimalismo schumpeteriano, apresentamos algumas críticas que lhe foram direcionadas a partir dos anos 1960. Por fim, com base em O'Donnell, Saffon e Urbinati, propomos um alargamento do procedimentalismo de modo que este contemple uma dimensão normativa. Essa discussão teórico-conceitual, ainda que limitada, mostra-se relevante na atualidade em vista dos desafios colocados aos (às) cientistas sociais para identificar com rigor científico quais países são de fato democráticos – apesar de realizarem eleições regulares.
This research aims to map the academic production on the field of Administration concerning "e-Democracy" and "e-Government". The corpus is composed by articles published in Brazilian high impact journals in the field of Public Administration, public policies and information systems, from 2002 until 2016. The study analyzes the texts according to variables year, journal, author, approach (managerial, political, hybrid), through content analysis. The research has found 49 articles mostly concentrated in only seven journals and mostly produced by researchers from only six Brazilian institutions. In addition, we found that the term "digital democracy" was practically non-existent until 2011. Finally, management approach was predominant in early stages, but was overcome by political approach in recent years. We conclude that the area of Administration has been able to overcome an overly managerial view, but the subject still needs more academic attention. ; En este artículo se hace un levantamiento de la producción de artículos en el campo de la Administración sobre democracia digital y gobierno electrónico. La encuesta cubre el período de 2002 a 2016 en artículos publicados en periódicos calificados, en el área de Administración, relacionados a la gestión, políticas públicas y sistemas de información. El estudio expone la publicación por año, por periódico y por autor, clasificándolos según tres enfoques: gerencial, política e híbrida usando el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican una producción bastante concentrada. Se han encontrado 49 artículos, pero que se distribuyen en solo siete periódicos y la mayoría de las encuestas se centran en solo seis instituciones brasileñas. Además, evidenciamos que el término "democracia digital" era prácticamente inexistente hasta 2011. Por último, el enfoque gerencialista era predominante inicialmente, pero fue superado por el enfoque político en los últimos años. Concluimos que el área de Administración ya fue capaz de superar una visión excesivamente gerencialista, pero que el tema aún carece de una mayor atención académica. ; Esta pesquisa realiza um levantamento da produção acadêmica no campo da Administração sobre democracia digital, governo eletrônico e termos afins. A prospecção envolve artigos que abordam gestão, políticas públicas e sistemas de informação, publicados em periódicos qualificados na área de Administração, entre 2002 e 2016. O estudo lança mão de uma análise de conteúdo, classificando as publicações de acordo com as seguintes variáveis: ano, periódico, autor, abordagem (gerencial, política, híbrida). Foram encontrados 49 artigos, distribuídos em apenas sete periódicos e majoritariamente produzidos por pesquisadores provenientes de apenas seis instituições brasileiras. Ademais, evidenciamos que o termo "democracia digital" era praticamente inexistente até 2011. Por fim, a abordagem gerencialista era predominante inicialmente, mas foi superada pela abordagem política nos últimos anos. Conclui-se que a área de Administração já foi capaz de superar uma visão excessivamente gerencial, mas que o tema ainda carece de maior atenção acadêmica.
By looking into the relation between democratic political regimes, Alexis de Tocqueville sees that an increase of commerce & industry, the ever-growing equality among citizens & the fact that each nation in the international community increasingly resembles each other, makes it intolerable for the democratic man to resort to war. Democracies do not like war & they mistrust the military spirit. War becomes rarer. But when it finally arises, its intensity & scope are totally unusuaI. Tocqueville finds the causes of this paradox in the very nature of democratic armies as well as in the defense of democratic liberty & the fundamental equality of all human beings. He is convinced that to secure a moderate democracy, the main challenge of democratic nations in international relations is to find the right balance between self-interest & great political principles. Adapted from the source document.
The Europe of the future, democratic, freedom fighter, promoter of peace and well-being, is a task of all Europeans. The founding fathers of the European project opened up the path that men of good-will like David Sassoli were capable of dynamizing with determination and wisdom. It is important to follow their example and make of the general interest of Europe the common wish of each citizen and each nation.
This article intends to analyze if the best way to conceptualize security is through the exception. For this reason, the paper aims to explain the securitization theory developed by the Copenhagen School & to understand how close the latter is with the concept of the exception put forward by Carl Schmitt. Because this concept cannot be understood without the concept of the political, it will be analyzed how the concept of the political influenced the concept of the exception & what are the dangers for liberal democracies when security is perceived through the lenses of the relationship friend/enemy. Moreover, it will be suggested that the concept of desecuritization cannot work as an alternative for the concept of securitization. References. Adapted from the source document.
