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The article presents the most recent Polish analyses concerning the thought of Niccolò Machiavelli on the background of trends in the contemporary international literature on this thinker, focusing on Romuald Piekarski's book Koncepcja cnót politycznych Machiavellego na tle elementów klasycznej etyki cnót (Machiavelli's Concept of Political Virtues against the Background of the Classical Virtue Ethics, Gdańsk 2007). The author points out that Piekarski's work uses the methodology appropriate to the philosophy of politics, while the important monograph by Igor Kąkolewski, based on modern methodology of the study of political discourse, seeks to reconstruct an image of tyranny in the political culture of the Renaissance, and the book by Piotr Kimla devoted to political realism utilizes fairly typical methodological assumptions for the studies of political and legal thought. While in Piotr Kimla's opinion Machiavelli is a "philosopher of security" seeking to stabilize the state with a strong power, Piekarski regards Machiavelli as a philosopher whose postulates assume the superiority of foreign policy over domestic one, and thus lead the unsettling of the political institutions. In turn, Kąkolewski argues that Machiavelli's works are the key to understanding the sixteenth-century discourse on tyranny, which began the process – culminating in the nineteenth century – of axiological neutralization of such terms as "dictatorship" or "despotism". Romuald Piekarski's analyses, though carried out from a completely different point of view, correspond with those theses. According to Piekarski (who refers to famous Leo Strauss' thoughts), Machiavelli was a thinker who broke with the classical, i.e. antique and Christian, concept of virtue in politics, and the contemporary research on politics which assumes refraining from value judgment and axiological pluralism is a specific legacy of Machiavelli's approach. Following the considerations of Piekarski and Kąkolewski, the author of the article states that distant heritage of that approach is a kind of inability of contemporary reflection on the politics to explicitly, i.e., in an unambiguous manner, asses such political phenomena as tyranny.

The article presents the most recent Polish analyses concerning the thought of Niccolò Machiavelli on the background of trends in the contemporary international literature on this thinker, focusing on Romuald Piekarski's book Koncepcja cnót politycznych Machiavellego na tle elementów klasycznej etyki cnót (Machiavelli's Concept of Political Virtues against the Background of the Classical Virtue Ethics, Gdańsk 2007). The author points out that Piekarski's work uses the methodology appropriate to the philosophy of politics, while the important monograph by Igor Kąkolewski, based on modern methodology of the study of political discourse, seeks to reconstruct an image of tyranny in the political culture of the Renaissance, and the book by Piotr Kimla devoted to political realism utilizes fairly typical methodological assumptions for the studies of political and legal thought. While in Piotr Kimla's opinion Machiavelli is a "philosopher of security" seeking to stabilize the state with a strong power, Piekarski regards Machiavelli as a philosopher whose postulates assume the superiority of foreign policy over domestic one, and thus lead the unsettling of the political institutions. In turn, Kąkolewski argues that Machiavelli's works are the key to understanding the sixteenth-century discourse on tyranny, which began the process – culminating in the nineteenth century – of axiological neutralization of such terms as "dictatorship" or "despotism". Romuald Piekarski's analyses, though carried out from a completely different point of view, correspond with those theses. According to Piekarski (who refers to famous Leo Strauss' thoughts), Machiavelli was a thinker who broke with the classical, i.e. antique and Christian, concept of virtue in politics, and the contemporary research on politics which assumes refraining from value judgment and axiological pluralism is a specific legacy of Machiavelli's approach. Following the considerations of Piekarski and Kąkolewski, the author of the article states that distant heritage of that approach is a kind of inability of contemporary reflection on the politics to explicitly, i.e., in an unambiguous manner, asses such political phenomena as tyranny.

Reformatory ideas of Khayr ad-Din at-Tunusi and Rifa at-Tahtawi inscribed into an interesting discussion which has been going on in the Arabic and Muslim world since the beginning of the 19th century; the discussion which centred around very important matters concerning the political system, social and political reforms, comparison of the representative system and democracy with their antithesis: despotism, and also around the search for the ways out of stagnation and backwardness, which essentially included the reform of the educational system – which idea was emphasised by all thinkers. Their objective was to find the answer to the basic question pervading the representatives of the Muslim world: the question about the reason of its fall and backwardness, and the basis of European supremacy considering the role of the oppressive governments, anachronistic state structures, lack of modern school system and other issues, but most of all – crystallisation of the ideas and notions concerning the relationship between tradition and modernity, modern state, social and political system. Hence the contemplation of settling the relationship with the West, the character of this relationship and the idea of complete or partial acceptance of the European models of government. ; Myśl reformatorska Chajr ad-Dina at-Tunusiego i Rifa'y at-Tahtawiego wpisała się w ciekawy dyskurs, który toczy się w świecie arabsko-muzułmańskim od zarania XIX wieku, dyskurs wokół niezwykle ważnych zagadnień ustrojowych, reform polityczno-społecznych, porównania systemu przedstawicielskiego, demokracji, z jego przeciwieństwem, despotyzmem, a także wokół poszukiwania dróg wyjścia ze stagnacji i zacofania, którego niezbędnym elementem była podkreślana przez wszystkich myślicieli reforma systemu edukacyjnego. Ich celem było udzielenie odpowiedzi na nurtujące przedstawicieli tego świata podstawowe pytanie o przyczynę jego upadku i zacofania oraz podstawy europejskiej supremacji, z uwzględnieniem roli despotycznych rządów, anachronicznych struktur społecznych, braku nowoczesnego systemu szkolnictwa i innych zagadnień, ale przede wszystkim – skrystalizowanie idei i wyobrażeń dotyczących relacji pomiędzy tradycją a nowoczesnością, współczesnym systemem państwowym, społecznym i politycznym. Stąd rozważania wokół ułożenia stosunków z Zachodem i charakteru tych relacji, przyjęcia całkowicie lub częściowo europejskich wzorców rządzenia.

Myśl reformatorska Chajr ad-Dina at-Tunusiego i Rifa'y at-Tahtawiego wpisała się w ciekawy dyskurs, który toczy się w świecie arabsko-muzułmańskim od zarania XIX wieku, dyskurs wokół niezwykle ważnych zagadnień ustrojowych, reform polityczno-społecznych, porównania systemu przedstawicielskiego, demokracji, z jego przeciwieństwem, despotyzmem, a także wokół poszukiwania dróg wyjścia ze stagnacji i zacofania, którego niezbędnym elementem była podkreślana przez wszystkich myślicieli reforma systemu edukacyjnego. Ich celem było udzielenie odpowiedzi na nurtujące przedstawicieli tego świata podstawowe pytanie o przyczynę jego upadku i zacofania oraz podstawy europejskiej supremacji, z uwzględnieniem roli despotycznych rządów, anachronicznych struktur społecznych, braku nowoczesnego systemu szkolnictwa i innych zagadnień, ale przede wszystkim – skrystalizowanie idei i wyobrażeń dotyczących relacji pomiędzy tradycją a nowoczesnością, współczesnym systemem państwowym, społecznym i politycznym. Stąd rozważania wokół ułożenia stosunków z Zachodem i charakteru tych relacji, przyjęcia całkowicie lub częściowo europejskich wzorców rządzenia. ; Reformatory ideas of Khayr ad-Din at-Tunusi and Rifa at-Tahtawi inscribed into an interesting discussion which has been going on in the Arabic and Muslim world since the beginning of the 19th century; the discussion which centred around very important matters concerning the political system, social and political reforms, comparison of the representative system and democracy with their antithesis: despotism, and also around the search for the ways out of stagnation and backwardness, which essentially included the reform of the educational system – which idea was emphasised by all thinkers. Their objective was to find the answer to the basic question pervading the representatives of the Muslim world: the question about the reason of its fall and backwardness, and the basis of European supremacy considering the role of the oppressive governments, anachronistic state structures, lack of modern school system and other issues, but most of all – crystallisation of the ideas and notions concerning the relationship between tradition and modernity, modern state, social and political system. Hence the contemplation of settling the relationship with the West, the character of this relationship and the idea of complete or partial acceptance of the European models of government.

Myśl reformatorska Chajr ad-Dina at-Tunusiego i Rifa'y at-Tahtawiego wpisała się w ciekawy dyskurs, który toczy się w świecie arabsko-muzułmańskim od zarania XIX wieku, dyskurs wokół niezwykle ważnych zagadnień ustrojowych, reform polityczno-społecznych, porównania systemu przedstawicielskiego, demokracji, z jego przeciwieństwem, despotyzmem, a także wokół poszukiwania dróg wyjścia ze stagnacji i zacofania, którego niezbędnym elementem była podkreślana przez wszystkich myślicieli reforma systemu edukacyjnego. Ich celem było udzielenie odpowiedzi na nurtujące przedstawicieli tego świata podstawowe pytanie o przyczynę jego upadku i zacofania oraz podstawy europejskiej supremacji, z uwzględnieniem roli despotycznych rządów, anachronicznych struktur społecznych, braku nowoczesnego systemu szkolnictwa i innych zagadnień, ale przede wszystkim – skrystalizowanie idei i wyobrażeń dotyczących relacji pomiędzy tradycją a nowoczesnością, współczesnym systemem państwowym, społecznym i politycznym. Stąd rozważania wokół ułożenia stosunków z Zachodem i charakteru tych relacji, przyjęcia całkowicie lub częściowo europejskich wzorców rządzenia. ; Reformatory ideas of Khayr ad-Din at-Tunusi and Rifa at-Tahtawi inscribed into an interesting discussion which has been going on in the Arabic and Muslim world since the beginning of the 19th century; the discussion which centred around very important matters concerning the political system, social and political reforms, comparison of the representative system and democracy with their antithesis: despotism, and also around the search for the ways out of stagnation and backwardness, which essentially included the reform of the educational system – which idea was emphasised by all thinkers. Their objective was to find the answer to the basic question pervading the representatives of the Muslim world: the question about the reason of its fall and backwardness, and the basis of European supremacy considering the role of the oppressive governments, anachronistic state structures, lack of modern school system and other issues, but most of all – crystallisation of the ideas and notions concerning the relationship between tradition and modernity, modern state, social and political system. Hence the contemplation of settling the relationship with the West, the character of this relationship and the idea of complete or partial acceptance of the European models of government.