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The connection between art and destruction has occurred in various ways throughout art's history. Most familiarly art is the focus of destruction by acts of iconoclasm insofar as art is the vehicle for religious imagery. As familiar is the destruction of art by oppressive regimes concerned with the aesthetic and intellectual freedom certain works may continue to symbolise. Alternatively of course, destruction may take place via interventions by art's public fighting a political or personal cause or, for the sake of the dismantling of 'the old order' symbolic works or edifices may be destroyed by revolutionary groups. There is also a more intimate history of unexplained defacing or acts of destroying of art works, whether in museums or public places, often referred to as 'art vandalism'. As pertinent are art actions and art movements whose raison d'etre is 'destruction'. This has taken various forms from large themed and ambitious auto destructive art movements to intricate counterpoints to the making of art, which involve the literal breaking with the tradition by breaking the made object. Modernity itself has been characterised as the 'destruction' of tradition. Thus far historically art and destruction, as well as creation, have never been far away from each other. This has been the inspiration for this collection of essays across the practice and theory of art and destruction

Pasolini was simultaneously a revolutionary Marxist and a man forever influenced by his religious childhood. So his question was: do the revolutionary becoming of history and political negativity represent a destruction of the tragic beauty of the Greek myths and of the peaceful promise of Christianity? Or do we have to speak of a subtraction where an affirmative reconciliation of beauty and peace becomes possible in a new egalitarian world? ; Alain Badiou, 'Destruction, Negation, Subtraction', in The Scandal of Self-Contradiction: Pasolini's Multistable Subjectivities, Geographies, Traditions , ed. by Luca Di Blasi, Manuele Gragnolati, and Christoph F. E. Holzhey, Cultural Inquiry, 6 (Vienna: Turia + Kant, 2012), pp. 269–77

Pasolini was simultaneously a revolutionary Marxist and a man forever influenced by his religious childhood. So his question was: do the revolutionary becoming of history and political negativity represent a destruction of the tragic beauty of the Greek myths and of the peaceful promise of Christianity? Or do we have to speak of a subtraction where an affirmative reconciliation of beauty and peace becomes possible in a new egalitarian world?

From the perspective of WMD, the purpose of this essay is to explore and understand the violence of the world in the past and at present, discovers ways to reduce violence for the global development. Global development or International development is an interesting topic in Political Science and or International Relations and my favorite therefore I would like to do further studies as PhD as my preparation to gain knowledge and experience. Chemical Weapon, Biological Weapon are not recognized as modern weaponries while various nuclear, thermonuclear and radiological weapons are modern weaponries. Yet recent killing of North Korean President's step brother in Malaysia Airport by Nerve gas reminds that Chemical weapons still exists and used by countries who are not signatory of the convention. In Syria chemical weapon is using currently.

Opening with an image of a Boeing aircraft falling to the ground, Hito Steyerl's video In Free Fall (2010) significantly differs from documentaries produced in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in that the work does not embrace a straightforward and detached didactic approach. Instead it mimics the spectacular quality of consumer culture by presenting the audience with a nerve-racking combination of theatrical performances, lively animations, clips of aeroplane explosions and snippets from television science programmes about recycling. This act of mimicry demands attention: is Steyerl's work an elegy to the possibility of critical distance under the conditions of financial capitalism and an example of accelerationist politics? Or is it an attempt to create an aesthetic of 'cognitive mapping'? This article offers an in-depth analysis of Steyerl's appropriation strategies and discusses them in relation to the theory of capitalism and schizophrenia of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

The Greek novelist and essayist Christos Chryssopoulos was inspired by the surrealist poet Yorgos Makris magining, during World War II, the "total destruction of the classical monuments" starting with the most prestigious and symbolic of all, the Parthenon. He has built his novel {The Destruction of the Parthenon} upon this story, combining history with the contemporary nnd fiction with documentation. Since the economic, political and social crisis is ravaging the writer's country, his novel's impact seems to be notably amplified. The author's interview by the Belgian journalist Pierre Jassogne, in the midst of 2012's autumn, is based on such a point of view, asking him as well to cast his opinion about the role of the intellectuals in these times of crisis. The most recent book by Christos Chryssopoulos ({Une lampe entre les dents. Chronique athénienne}, released in February 2013) mingles a poetical meditation with fiction and a review of the present situation. Published by Actes Sud, those books have been translated by Anne-Laure Brisac. ; Romancier et essayiste grec, Christos Chryssopoulos s'est inspiré du poète surréaliste Yorgos Makris, qui, en pleine seconde guerre mondiale, imaginait la « destruction totale des monuments classiques », à commencer par le plus prestigieux et symboliques d'entre tous, le Parthénon. Il en a construit son roman {La Destruction du Parthénon}, qui mêle histoire et contemporain, fiction et documentation. Depuis que la crise – économique, politique, sociale – ravage le pays de l'écrivain, tout se passe comme si ce roman prenait une résonance plus vaste. C'est de ce point de vue que l'a interviewé le journaliste belge Pierre Jassogne, à l'automne 2012, lui demandant également de revenir sur la place de l'intellectuel en temps de crise. Le dernier texte de Christos Chryssopoulos vient de paraître (février 2013), qui associe méditation poétique, fiction et chronique du temps présent : {Une lampe entre les dents. Chronique athénienne} (tous ces ouvrages sont publiés par Actes sud et traduits par Anne-Laure Brisac).

This review was commissioned by the Victorian Attorney-General,The Hon Rob Hulls MP, following the recent case of McCabe in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Mrs McCabe suffered from lung cancer which she attributed to the smoking over many years of cigarettes produced by British American Tobacco Australia Services Limited (BAT). She sued BAT for personal injuries caused by its alleged negligence, and claimed damages.At the trial, the trial judge struck out BAT's defence, thus awarding the case to Mrs McCabe. He did so on the basis that BAT had failed to comply with a series of discovery orders he had earlier made, requiring the company to produce various documents relevant to Mrs McCabe's case. BAT was unable to produce many of these documents because over a period of years they had been destroyed pursuant to a number of document retention policies devised by the Company. BAT appealed to the Court of Appeal against the decision of the trial judge to strike out its defence. The Court allowed the appeal and in doing so made new law for Victoria on the key issue of principle which had arisen, of what the position should be when documents relevant to litigation have been destroyed in advance of the formal commencement of legal proceedings. On this question the Court of Appeal said that the document destruction in McCabe was not unlawful because it took place before the commencement of litigation.The Court also said that decisions of the type made by the trial judge in McCabe to strike out a defence would only be justified in future cases if the precommencement destruction amounted to an attempt to pervert the course of justice or, if open, contempt of court. The broad policy conclusion reached by this review is that the exercise of a trial judge's discretion in civil litigation to rule on the consequences of failure by parties to comply with discovery rules should not be limited to circumstances in which formal legal proceedings have been commenced. It should extend to certain pre-commencement situations.The main reasons for this general conclusion are to ensure fairness in civil litigation; to enable the courts to decide cases on the basis of as much relevant evidence and information as possible; and to preserve and enhance the overall integrity and reputation of the civil justice process and therefore the justice system as a whole. Destruction of relevant documents is a serious matter and can adversely affect individual parties to litigation as well as damage community confidence in the system of justice itself. This can be so whether the destruction occurs after or before the commencement of litigation. To deal with this important issue, a three-pronged approach is proposed in this report. First, there should be a new statutory provision applicable to civil proceedings in all the Victorian courts, giving judicial officers very similar discretionary powers in dealing with pre-commencement document destruction as those available if destruction occurs after proceedings have been formally commenced. The second proposal is that Victoria should have a new statutory criminal offence dealing with the destruction of documentary material which is relevant to a judicial proceeding. This statute would deal with the worst and most blatant instances of the destruction of material relevant to civil litigation and would cover highly negligent destructions as well as intentional ones. It should cover cases of pre-commencement destruction as well as those post-commencement of proceedings. The third key proposal is that there should be a new professional conduct regulation, as there now is in New South Wales, to apply where advice is given by lawyers to clients about document retention and destruction and also to situations where lawyers themselves are in possession or control of material which is relevant to actual or reasonably anticipated litigation. This regulation would be aimed at guiding the day-to-day operations of legal practitioners in this area, both solicitors and barristers, as distinct from dealing with a particular case before a court or an actual allegation of destruction so serious that it could give rise to possible criminal liability. The particular Recommendations are set out in the next section of the report.They are expressed in reasonably broad, general terms. This is because the main thrust of this review has been to identify the key public and legal policy issues which arise in this area and to suggest what the appropriate responses might be.The drafting of any specific statutory and regulatory provisions should be left to the relevant experts, depending upon decisions that the Attorney-General and the Government as a whole may make in relation to the Recommendations.

If he lost, we all expected Trump to accuse the Democrats of trying to steal the election. He did not disappoint us, commencing the false narrative only a few hours after Election Day drew to a close. But the basis for Trump's 3 am version of events did not get much traction, perhaps because he did not bother to provide any evidence of the voting irregularities that he alleged were committed against him. Even in some corners of the Republican Party his hyperbolic accusation machine is wearing thin—it is hard to argue the ballots that re-elected Republicans to the Senate are somehow at the same time invalid for the presidential vote. Moreover, the legal complaints that Trump's campaign is showering the courts with are struggling to find any footing.

Analysts of the South African labour market have predominantly used household surveys to analyse the labour market. It has been more di fficult to explore labour demand from the firm side, as a result of limited data from relatively small cross sectional firm surveys, mainly funded by the World Bank. We use the Quarterly Employment Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa that allows us to explore how South African enterprises create and destroy jobs, shedding light on many of the policy questions that are relevant in a high unemployment society like South Africa. We find job creation and destruction rates are similar to those found in OECD countries. There is little evidence that labour legislation creates rigidities that prevent firms from hiring or fi ring workers. We also find that larger firms are better net creators of jobs than small firms and that net job creation rates are negative in manufacturing, consistent with work using household surveys. Our research has important policy implications - particularly for the National Planning Commission's suggestion that new jobs will come mainly from small and medium sized fi rms. Our research suggests this is not likely without changes to policy or legislation. This is a joint SALDRU/DataFirst Working Paper ; We thank Naume Malepe and Mandla Masemula of Statistics South Africa for their help in explaining the QES data and sampling procedures. We are grateful for helpful comments from participants at the SALDRU seminar, University of Cape Town, the Firms and Labour Markets conference, University of Oxford and the Micro-econometric analysis of South African data conference, Durban. This research was made possible by an exploratory grant awarded by the Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries (PEDL) research initiative. PEDL is a joint research initiative of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) and the UK Department For International Development (DFID). It aims to develop a research programme focusing on private-sector development in low-income countries.

Analysts of the South African labour market have mainly used household surveys to analyse the labour market. It has been more difficult to explore the labour demand of firms, as a result of limited data availability. We use the Quarterly Employment Statistics survey, an enterprise survey conducted by Statistics South Africa, to explore how South African firms create and destroy jobs, thereby shedding light on many of the policy questions that are relevant in a high unemployment society like South Africa. We find that job creation and destruction rates are similar to those found in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. There is little evidence that labour legislation creates rigidities that prevent firms from hiring or firing workers. We also find that larger firms are better net creators of jobs than small firms and that net job creation rates are negative in manufacturing. Our research has important policy implications – particularly for the South African National Planning Commission's 2030 plan, in which new jobs are envisaged to come mainly from small- and medium-sized firms. Our research suggests that this scenario is not likely without changes to policy or legislation.

This paper presents a short overview of dynamic models of labor markets with transaction costs. It shows that these models have deeply renewed the understanding of job search, job flows, job creations and destructions, unemployment and wage formation. It argues that this renewal provides a very useful toolkit for analyzing important economic policy issues such as the optimal level of unemployment benefits, the funding of unemployment insurance and the impact of employment protection legislation.

this article analyses the destruction of immoral temples (hui yinci) by local officials during the Qing period. It discusses the fluctuating category of yinci; present narratives of destruction and place destruction, and the threat of destruction as a tool to be used in larger projects of religious reforms.

this article analyses the destruction of immoral temples (hui yinci) by local officials during the Qing period. It discusses the fluctuating category of yinci; present narratives of destruction and place destruction, and the threat of destruction as a tool to be used in larger projects of religious reforms.

Recent events in the US, with the release of Anthrax Bacillus from as yet unknown sources, have for the first time in most people's lifetime focussed the world's attention on the threat of biological warfare. However, such attacks are not new. From time to time throughout history peoples and governments around the world have used microorganisms as efficient and cost-effective weapons of mass destruction. Starting in a rather crude but effective way, the Greeks and Romans deposited dead animals into their enemies' drinking water. Later dead soldiers were added to this, and the technique was further refined in Medieval times when bodies of people who had died of infectious diseases were catapulted into towns under siege.

In Mali, and throughout West Africa, ongoing illicit trafficking movements and violent conflicts have necessitated a call for new protective measures and policies to protect cultural heritage. Traditional strategies of customs regulation and restriction on the antiquities market have been previously based on economic and legal issues enmeshed in trafficking networks and transnational crime processes. However, these do not reflect the realities of Malian daily life, nor do they go beyond the onedimensional stance framing the actions of looters and traffickers as a facet of these processes. What is ignored are the underlying motivations for looting and illicit antiquities trafficking and how these motivations are affected by, and enacted through, the ever shifting socio-political climate that has been Mali's system of government since its independence from the French Sudan in 1960. This paper explores the realities of looting throughout Mali, ongoing debates concerning the representation of Malian antiquities in the transnational art trade, and the ways in which both national and international bodies have attempted to thwart ongoing heritage destruction.