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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundrigi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 411 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 48 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 40 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 84 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under high (>57 kg/ha) in the available phosphorus content.  An area of about 12 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under low (4.5 ppm) and 23 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in the available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in the available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 172(42) 17(4) Sapota 98(24) 114(28) Maize <1(<1) 189(46) Pomegranate 98(24) 114(28) Bajra 175(42) 51(12) Guava 95(23) 117(28) Groundnut 95(23) 219(53) Jackfruit 98(24) 114(28) Sunflower 95(23) 80(19) Jamun 95(23) 116(28) Cotton 95(23) 93(23) Musambi 98(24) 114(28) Red gram 95(23) 79(19) Lime 98(24) 114(28) Bengalgram - 189(46) Cashew 95(23) 167(40) Chilli 172(42) 17(4) Custard apple 175(42) 189(46) Tomato 172(42) 17(4) Amla 175(42) 189(46) Brinjal 79(19) 234(57) Tamarind 95(23) 21(5) Onion <1(<1) 314(76) Marigold 95(23) 94(23) Bhendi <1(<1) 314(76) Chrysanthemum 95(23) 93(23) Drumstick 98(24) 166(40) Jasmine 95(23) 93(23) Mulberry 98(24) 252(61) Crossandra 95(23) 93(23) Mango 95(23) 3(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundrigi is located at North latitude 150 16' 58.624" and 150 14' 44.725'' and East longitude 760 12' 48.228'' and 750 11' 55.13" covering an area of about 411.61 ha coming under Mallikeri, Kunakeri and Lachananakeri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundrigi micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 16 were marginal, (47.06 %) were small 4 (11.76%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (58.19%) men and 74 (41.81 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.94 per cent illiterates, 32.20 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.86 per cent middle school education, and 9.60 per cent high school education, 5.65 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.69 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.64 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 29.41 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.59 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.82 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.45 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.82.  Further, 67.65 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.77 per cent (35.53 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 45.23 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 20.00 live bore wells and 20.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 58.82 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Pearl millet and Redgram and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.29 per cent.  Out of the sample households 52.94 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 52.94 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton and Redgram was Rs.51685.51, 24587.06, 47833.51, 33857.89 and 12779.58 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.80 and 1:4.30 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 59020.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 40667.65 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 28 horticulture trees and 35 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 61.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 23.53 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (52.94%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 58.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 79.41 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (58.82%), pulses (55.88%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (52.94%) wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (26.47%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.29%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%), Less rainfall (52.94%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (20.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopanhalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 567 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils except 1 ha area, which is covered by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 90 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 9 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  Entire area of the microwatershed soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 26 per cent area is 0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  Entire area of the microwatershed is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 566(100) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 566(100) Jamun - 566(100) Sunflower 566(100) - Musambi 566(100) - Cotton 566(100) Lime 566(100) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 566(100) - Custard apple 566(100) - Bengal gram 566(100) - Amla 566(100) - Guava - - Tamarind - 566(100) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1704'–1706' North latitudes and 77021'–77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 567.15 ha, bounded by Mudhol, Adki, Bidharcheda and Gopanpalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.6 to 35.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.2 per cent households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 31.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 60.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.88167 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. 2  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.5500 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough  The average value of livestock is around Rs.75000 per livestock; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 831.3 grams (1831.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.20717 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2295 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.420 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.237921 per year for the total area of 567.15 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 10316/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs.21561) followed by redgram (Rs.10671) and greengram is negative return.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 64858) followed by green gram (Rs 42379) and redgram (Rs 60481). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (74.6 %) followed by bengal gram (15.8 %) and green gram (9.6%).  In Gopanhalli-2 micro-watershed, major soil are Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 4.22 % of areas, crops grown are bengalgram (53.8 %) and redgram (46.2 %) and Dandothi (DDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 95.52 % of area, crops grown are green gram (13.0 %) and redgram (87.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.52021/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs.28339/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.59).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs.20701/ha (with BCR of 2.04) and green gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 19699/ha (with BCR of 0.93). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (8.3 to 9.9 %), bengal gram (35.9 %) and green gram (28.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hanumantharayanagudda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 131 ha out of total area of 668 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 509 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 20 per cent is covered by soils, 76 per cent by forests and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of Land growing period is 150 days and starts from 3rdweek of June to 3rdweek of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural Lands were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent area of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), 1 per cent deep (100-150 cm) and 14 per cent very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has loamy soils, 2 per cent sandy and 16 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 14 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%).  About 1 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in about 19 per cent and deficient in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 14 per cent and sufficient in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major Lands grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various Lands but what specific Land to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various Lands in the microwatershed Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Land Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 66(10) 45(7) Guava 65(10) 14(2) Maize 65(10) 13(2) Banana 59(9) 40(6) Red gram 65(10) 63(9) Jackfruit 65(10) - Horsegram 65(10) 67(10) Jamun 59(9) 40(6) Fieldbean 59(9) 53(8) Musambi 65(10) 34(5) Groundnut 6(1) 86(13) Lime 65(10) 34(5) Sunflower 26(4) 72(11) Cashew 65(10) 14(2) Cotton 60(9) 19(3) Custard apple 65(10) 67(10) Onion 59(9) 53(8) Amla 65(10) 67(10) Potato 59(9) 19(3) Tamarind 59(9) 40(6) Beans 59(9) 53(8) Marigold 65(10) 61(9) Beetroot 59(9) 19(3) Chrysanthemum 59(9) 53(8) Mango 59(9) 6(1) Turmeric 59(9) 19(3) Sapota 65(10) 14(2) Apart from the individual Land suitability, a proposed Land plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different Lands and Landping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture Lands.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to Land production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hanumantharayanagudda-2 micro-watershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11043' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 668 ha, bounded by Devarahalli, Puttanapura, Kaligaudanahalli and Siddapura villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results:The socio-economic outputs for the Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 46 to 54 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 70 per cent.  Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 70 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Only 20.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80.0 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 13.3 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 1.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 60.8 % and irrigated land is 39.2 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 71.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.4 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 87513 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5784 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 20067 per household; about 42.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 690.7 grams (1501.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 48539 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs 1155. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 58781 per year for the total area of 668.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 37885/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs. 142496) followed by sunflower (Rs. 10234), onion (Rs. 93300), tomato (Rs. 9445), horse gram (Rs. 7050), groundnut (Rs. 3187) and sorghum is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1917/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 3590) followed by horse gram (Rs. 1281) and groundnut (Rs. 880).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in tomato (Rs. 83902) followed by turmeric (Rs. 40928), sorghum (Rs. 34270), sunflower (Rs. 30218), groundnut (Rs. 20390), horse gram (Rs. 19342) and onion (Rs. 18662). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (38.7 %) followed by horsegram (27.4 %), sorghum (15.2 %), groundnut (8.0 %), turmeric (4.7 %), tomato (3.0 %) and onion (3.0 %). 3  In Hanumantharayanagudda-2 Microwatershed, major soils are Devarahalli (DRH) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing onion (50.0 %) and tomato (50%). Kannigala (KNG) series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.08 % of area; the crops are groundnut (37.8 %), horse gram (13.1 %) and sunflower (49.0 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 0.95 % of areas, crops are sorghum. Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having veer deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of area; the major crops grown are horse gram (23 %), sorghum (22.6 %) and sunflower (54.4 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 5.0 % of area, the major crop grown is turmeric (100 %). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 4.8 % of areas respectively; crops are horse gram, sorghum and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.38586/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and Rs 20801/ha in ARK soil is (with BCR of 1.36).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.15993/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.52) and Rs 10367 in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.38).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 36804/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs. 24433/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 2.17).  In tomato the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs 48348/ha (with of 1.18).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 24664/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  In onion the cost of cultivation in DRH soil Rs.115679/ha (with BCR of 1.78) and in turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs 57087/ha (with BCR of 3.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (56 to 67.4 %), sunflower (35.1 to 54.7 %), horse gram (31.0 to 36.9 %), groundnut (57.1 %), onion (71.9 %) and tomato (23.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halawadi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 525 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil and 3 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 40 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 57 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 38 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 7 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 55 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 23 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.00) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 35 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 124(24) 169(32) Sapota 73(14) 234(44) Maize 43(8) 250(48) Pomegranate 73(14) 249(47) Bajra 219(42) 159(30) Musambi 89(17) 234(44) Groundnut 142(27) 320(61) Lime 89(17) 234(44) Sunflower 89(17) 168(32) Amla 235(45) 268(51) Redgram 73(14) 183(35) Cashew 73(14) 237(45) Bengal gram 15(3) 297(57) Jackfruit 73(14) 234(44) Cotton 46(9) 247(47) Jamun 31(6) 269(52) Chilli 108(21) 184(35) Custard apple 235(45) 268(51) Tomato 108(21) 184(35) Tamarind 31(6) 58(11) Brinjal 188(36) 192(37) Mulberry 73(14) 358(68) Onion 153(29) 212(41) Marigold 73(14) 219(42) Bhendi 153(29) 227(44) Chrysanthemum 73(14) 219(42) Drumstick 73(14) 282(54) Jasmine 73(14) 204(39) Mango 31(6) 43(8) Crossandra 73(14) 204(39) Guava 73(14) 234(44) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Halawadi is located at North latitude 150 11' 54.604" and 150 9' 51.215" and East longitude 750 58' 33.457'' and 750 56' 52.871" covering an area of about 524.88 ha coming under Halavagali, Kallahalli, Alavandi and Hyderanagar villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Halawadi micro watersheds of Bettageri subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 42 total respondents, 16 (38.10 %) were marginal, 12 (28.57%) were small, 9 (21.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.38 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (54.15%) men and 94 (45.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.34%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.49 per cent illiterates, 59.01 percent pre university education and 4.88 per cent attained graduation.  About, 92.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 7.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 78.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.52 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 28.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 102.38 per cent possess mobile phones and 54.76 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.52 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess tractor, 9.52 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.90 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 4.76 per cent possess local cow and 9.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.67, hired labour (men) available was 9.66 and hired labour (women) available was 9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 83.04 per cent (51.66 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.89 per cent.  Out of the sample households 35.71 percent possessed bank account and 14.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 54.76 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower was Rs.38281.00 , 20291.06, 23686.60, 40972.51, and 33117.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.01, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.30 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 21.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72246.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56722.62 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 72 horticulture trees and 68 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 928.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.33 per cent depends on own funds and 16.28 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 69.05 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 78.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (33.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 61.90 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 78.57 per cent of the households and 21.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 38.10 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.62 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.24 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 92.86 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 4.76 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (66.67%), pulses (26.19%) and oilseeds (40.48%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (64.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.81%), high rate of interest on credit (73.81%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.90%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), inadequate extension services (42.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.90%), Less rainfall (33.33%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (23.81%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hasgal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 79 per cent is covered by soil, 20 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 33 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 40 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 5 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 13 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 0.75%) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 66 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 13 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 34 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 56 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 19 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available copper is deficient (0.2 ppm) in 72 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(<1) 213(44) Sapota - 94(19) Maize - 206(42) Pomegranate - 119(24) Bajra 12(2) 259(53) Musambi 1(<1) 118(24) Groundnut 12(2) 286(58) Lime 1(<1) 118(24) Sunflower 1(<1) 59(12) Amla 12(3) 317(65) Redgram - 60(12) Cashew - 78(16) Bengal gram 14(3) 200(41) Jackfruit - 94(19) Cotton 1(<1) 214(44) Jamun - 96(19) Chilli 1(<1) 192(39) Custard apple 12(3) 315(64) Tomato - 192(39) Tamarind - 25(5) Brinjal 12(2) 197(40) Mulberry - 157(32) Onion 12(2) 186(38) Marigold - 215(44) Bhendi 12(2) 197(40) Chrysanthemum - 215(44) Drumstick - 102(21) Jasmine - 191(39) Mango - - Crossandra - 201(41) Guava - 94(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hasgal-2 is located at North latitude 150 31' 5.36" and 150 32' 37.741" and East longitude 760 15' 38.565" and 760 17' 53.48" covering an area of about 491.86 ha coming under Hasgala, Hosura and Hiresoolikeri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Hasgal-2 micro watersheds of Ganganal subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 45 total respondents, 8 (17.78 %) were marginal, 14 (31.11%)were small, 12 (26.67 %) were Semi medium and 5 (11.11 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (52.80%) men and 101 (47.20 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (41.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 27.10 per cent illiterates, 0.93 percent were functional literates, 72.42 per cent pre university education and 2.34 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.22 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 4.44 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.87 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 73.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 4.44 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.22 per cent possess TV, 55.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.89 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.22 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.56 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.22 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 22.22 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.56 per cent possess local cow and 6.67 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 16.59 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 9.05.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 64.04 per cent (64.26 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 35.96 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 14.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 33.33 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Paddy, Horse gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.15 per cent.  Out of the sample households 66.67 percent possessed bank account and 44.44 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 48.89 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 31.82 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 18.18 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Paddy, Horse gram and Groundnut was Rs.32823.70, 37771.28, 41184.13, 19107.60 and 46621.42 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.50 and 1:1.40 respectively.  Further, 42.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.56 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 125525.56 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 94775.56 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 52 horticulture trees and 107 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1244.44 for land development and Rs. 288.89 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 15.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 42.22 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 33.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 93.33 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (20.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 62.22 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 95.56 per cent of the households and 8.89 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 84.44 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.78 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.22 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.78%), pulses (57.78%) and oilseeds (17.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (62.22%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.56%), high rate of interest on credit (60.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (55.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (53.33%), inadequate extension services (48.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%) and Less rainfall (22.22%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (13.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Himalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 498 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 330 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 152 ha covered by forest and 17 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 330 ha (66%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) whereas 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 34 per cent soils are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75) in organic carbon content.  About 19 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 48 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 32 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 34 per cent area is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) covers an area of 17 per cent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 60(12) 99(20) Sapota - - Maize - 159(32) Pomegranate - 134(27) Bajra - 159(32) Musambi 134(27) - Groundnut - - Lime 134(27) - Sunflower 60(12) 74(15) Amla - 159(32) Redgram - 134(27) Cashew - - Bengal gram 134(27) 25(5) Jackfruit - - Cotton 134(27) 25(5) Jamun - 134(27) Chilli - 85(17) Custard apple 134(27) 25(5) Tomato - 85(17) Tamarind - 134(27) Drumstick - 134(27) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 159(32) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 159(32) Brinjal - 159(32) Bhendi - 159(32) Onion - 25(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Himalapur is located at North latitude 160 52' 34.382" and 160 50' 38.077" and East longitude 770 20' 51.651'' and 770 19' 20.923" covering an area of about 498.01 ha coming under Himalapura and Chapetla Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Himalapur micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Himalapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 25 (73.53%) were marginal, 4 (11.76%) were small and 2 (5.88 %) were semi medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 83 (60.58%) men and 54 (39.42 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.7, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4.3 and semi medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (42.34%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 49.64 per cent illiterates, 0.73 percent were functional literates, 47.45 per cent pre university education and 3.65 per cent attained graduation.  About, 76.47 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 35.04 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.94 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households possess plough.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, women available in the micro watershed was 1.38, hired labour (men) available was 8.91 and hired labour (women) available was 7.34.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.95 per cent (24.04 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.05 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 2.94 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Bengal gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Bengal gram was Rs.36642.31, 78378.30, 30333.70 and 116785.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.50, 1: 1.10, 1: 3.30 and 1: 0.99 respectively.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 90000.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 39794.12 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 61 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.18 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (91.18%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.18 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.12%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.18%) wild animal menace on farm field (8.82%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (14.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (76.47%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (79.41%), inadequate extension services (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 223 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 195 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 28 ha (13%) by Rock outcrops (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and one land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  An area of about 87 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (0.75%), about 29 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 18 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 66 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and found that there are no highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are available. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various uses but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kotageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 16.355" and 160 52' 9.747" and East longitude 770 15' 16.915'' and 770 13' 59.517" covering an area of about 222.80 ha coming unde Kootagera, Gajarakota and Fatthepura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kotageri-1 micro watersheds of Shivapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Kotageri-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 3 (8.82%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 15 (44.12 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (69.86%) men and 44 (30.14 %) were women. The average population of landless was 1,0, marginal farmers were 3.7, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.01 per cent illiterates, 38.35 per cent pre university education and 0.68 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 68.49 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.94 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.12 per cent possess TV, 8.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 73.53 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.82 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 26.47 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 17.34 and hired labour (women) available was 18.13.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.45 per cent (62.70 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.94 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 18.18 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.65 per cent.  Out of the sample households 14.71 percent possessed bank account and 5.88 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 17.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.21481.17, 42411.22, 111937.68, 119969.37 and 30735.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.20, 1: 0.80 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 58.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 134073.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 88588.24 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 114 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 741.18 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 79.41 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (100.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 79.41 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 2.94 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.24%), pulses (76.47%) and oilseeds (14.71%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.24 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (64.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (50.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (2.94 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%), less rainfall (2.94%), source of agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kondapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 352 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 331 ha (94%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 20 ha (6%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 45 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 13 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 36 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm).  About 23 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 71 per cent clayey soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 10 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 10 per cent are slightly eroded (e1), 68 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 16 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 13 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 69 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in relation.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 86 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 45 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 49 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 10 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 331(94) - Guava - - Maize - 331(94) Sapota - - Bajra - 331(94) Pomegranate - 331(94) Groundnut - - Musambi 205(58) 126(36) Sunflower 205(58) 126(36) Lime 205(58) 126(36) Redgram - 331(94) Amla 205(58) 126(36) Bengal gram 331(94) - Cashew - - Cotton 205(58) 126(36) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 331(94) Jamun - 205(58) Tomato - - Custard apple 331(94) - Drumstick - 331(94) Tamarind - 205(58) Brinjal - 331(94) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 331(94) Marigold - 331(94) Onion - 47(13) Chrysanthemum - 331(94) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kondapur is located at North latitude 160 31' 17.129" and 160 29' 33.557" and East longitude 770 16' 46.336" and 770 15' 15.084" covering an area of about 351.42 ha coming under Kondapura and Badiyala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kondapur micro watersheds of Mungal subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 5 (14.29 %) were marginal, 12 (34.29%)were small, 11 (31.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium and 2 (5.71 %) were large farmers and 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (54.05%) men and 68 (45.95 %) were women. The average population of landless was 1.0, marginal farmers were 0.20, small farmers were 0.20, semi medium farmers were 0.21, medium farmers were 1.0 and large farmer were 0.25.  Majority of the respondents (43.24%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.03 per cent illiterates, 50.68 per cent pre university education and 3.38 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 62.86 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 80.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, women available in the micro watershed was 1.77, hired labour (men) available was 11.94 and hired labour (women) available was 16.97.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (88.39 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 73.42 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram and Sorghum was Rs.25254.34, 41845.18, 27374.25 and 29450.24 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.00, 1: 0.60 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 149302.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 96445.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 151 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  piped supply of water was the major source for drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households followed by bore well water (94.29%).  Electricity was the major source of light for 105.71 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (108.57%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (42.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yelawanti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 862 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 825 ha (96%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 16 ha (2%) by rock outcrops and about 21 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 96 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 59 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 20 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 17 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 8 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 29 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 88 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 142(16) 540(63) Guava - 172(20) Maize 172(20) 510(59) Sapota - 172(20) Bajra 172(20) 510(59) Pomegranate - 682(79) Groundnut 103(12) 69(8) Musambi 73(8) 609(71) Sunflower 73(8) 609(71) Lime 73(8) 609(71) Redgram - 682(79) Amla 172(20) 73(8) Bengal gram 73(8) 437(51) Cashew - 86(10) Cotton 73(8) 506(59) Jackfruit - 172(20) Chilli 172(20) 510(59) Jamun - 73(8) Tomato 172(20) - Custard apple 176(20) 506(59) Brinjal 172(20) - Tamarind - 73(8) Onion 172(20) - Mulberry - 172(20) Bhendi 172(20) 510(59) Marigold 172(20) 510(59) Drumstick - 245(28) Chrysanthemum 172(20) 510(59) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yelawanti is located at North latitude 160 53' 8.505" and 160 15' 55.219" and East longitude 770 27' 39.013'' and 770 25' 53.49" covering an area of about 839.17 ha coming under Chandraki Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yelawanti micro watersheds of Chandraki sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 41 farmers were sampled in Yelawanti micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (36.59%) were marginal, 11 (26.83%) were small, 9 (21.95 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.44 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 105 (58.33%) men and 75 (41.67 %) were women. The average population of landless were landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 4.6 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (45.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.67 per cent illiterates, 50.01 per cent pre university education and 6.11 per cent attained graduation.  About, 90.24 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 4.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.44 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.54 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.63 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 92.68 per cent possess TV, 63.41 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.56 per cent possess mobile phones and 26.83 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 24.39 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.76 per cent possess tractor, 19.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 4.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 7.32 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.46, women available in the micro watershed was 1.35, hired labour (men) available was 13.14 and hired labour (women) available was 13.86.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 99.92 per cent (50.92 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Sorghum, Cotton, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.18 per cent.  Out of the sample households 56.10 percent possessed bank account.  About 34.15 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Sorghum, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.41931.03, 23554.86, 26118.68 and 35760.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 2.20, 1: 1.70 and 1: 1.00 respectively.  Further, 29.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 4.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 51170.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 37121.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 69 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2024.39 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 36.59 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 87.80 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 87.80 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (70.73%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 75.61 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 68.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.56 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.44 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (58.54%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (92.68%) wild animal menace on farm field (87.80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.37%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.20%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (78.05%), high rate of interest on credit (56.10%), low price for the agricultural commodities (70.73%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.41%), inadequate extension services (2.44%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (46.34%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 1015 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 883 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 58 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 73 ha (7%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 26 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 14 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 26 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 23 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 68 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 17 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent, about 45 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 40 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 83 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 286(28) 305(37) Guava - 261(26) Maize 252(25) 410(40) Sapota - 261(26) Bajra 252(25) 410(40) Pomegranate - 395(39) Groundnut - 335(33) Musambi 35(3) 360(35) Sunflower 35(3) 360(35) Lime 35(3) 360(35) Redgram - 588(57) Amla 252(25) 118(12) Bengal gram 35(3) 99(10) Cashew - - Cotton 35(3) 359(35) Jackfruit - 261(26) Chilli 126(12) 342(34) Jamun - 35(3) Tomato 126(12) 208(20) Custard apple 35(3) 433(43) Brinjal 126(12) 208(20) Tamarind - 35(3) Onion 126(12) 208(20) Mulberry - 261(26) Bhendi 126(12) 342(34) Marigold 126(12) 342(34) Drumstick - 296(29) Chrysanthemum 126(12) 342(34) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 50' 6.06" and 160 46' 4.614" and East longitude 770 8' 20.378'' and 770 6' 35.654" covering an area of about 1014.53 ha coming under Bheemanagara, Chamanahalli. Yadhagiri. B and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-2 micro watersheds of Yadgiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 2 (5.71%) were marginal, 23 (65.71%) were small and 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (56.21%) men and 67 (43.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (33.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.52 per cent illiterates, 49.02 per cent pre university education and 7.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.86 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 54.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 14.5 and hired labour (women) available was 10.83.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.62 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum and Groundnut was Rs.24826.29, 23996.08, 17039.52 and 43988.83 and with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.90 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70237.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48865.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 164 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1257.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chennahalu-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 1 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 59 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 39 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 36 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 14 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 85 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 11 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 58 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 9 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 11 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 71 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 37 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 62 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 85 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28(6) 398(81) Sapota 105(21) 235(48) Maize - 426(87) Pomegranate 105(21) 341(70) Bajra 34(7) 412(84) Musambi 105(21) 341(70) Groundnut 60(12) 252(52) Lime 105(21) 341(70) Sunflower 28(6) 398(81) Amla 110(22) 232(48) Redgram 28(6) 398(81) Cashew 105(21) 235(48) Bengal gram - 106(21) Jackfruit 105(21) 235(48) Cotton - 365(75) Jamun 89(18) 170(35) Chilli 28(6) 398(81) Custard apple 110(22) 336(69) Tomato 28(6) 292(59) Tamarind 89(18) 170(35) Brinjal 28(6) 292(59) Mulberry 105(21) 235(48) Onion - 320(65) Marigold 28(6) 398(81) Bhendi 28(6) 398(81) Chrysanthemum 28(6) 398(81) Drumstick 105(21) 237(49) Jasmine 28(6) 292(59) Mango 89(18) 168(34) Crossandra 28(6) 292(59) Guava 105(21) 235(48)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chennahalu-1 is located at North latitude 150 30' 14.452" and 150 28' 40.049" and East longitude 760 11' 48.631'' and 760 10' 11.077" covering an area of about 508.97 ha coming under Chennahalu, Honnahunasi, Oddarahatti and Kudrimutti Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chennahalu-1 micro watersheds of Irakallaguda subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 (40.00 %) were marginal, 13 (37.14%)were small and 3 (8.57 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (53.74%) men and 68 (46.26 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (35.37%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 42.18 per cent illiterates and 59.85 per cent pre university education and 2.72 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 24.49 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 42.86 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 74.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, women available in the micro watershed was 1.91, hired labour (men) available was 14.62 and hired labour (women) available was 15.12.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 79.05 per cent (31.74 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 20.95 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize and Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.76 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 82.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize and Bajra was Rs.34691.83 and 25299.61 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10 and 1: 0.60 respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 55114.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 28400.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 62 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 85.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned and 8.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 17.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 68.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), inadequacy of 3 irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (57.14%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (31.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20.00%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.86%), Less rainfall (48.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (62.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 515 ha in Shethalli-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 67 per cent is covered by soils, 31 per cent by mining/industrial and 2 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 1 land Management units.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent are deep (100-150 cm) and about 57 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 66 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 32 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 31 per cent soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 – 9.0) and about 5 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 59 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 43 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Shethalli-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 345 (67) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 345 (67) Pomegranate - 345 (67) Bajra - 345 (67) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 345 (67) Sunflower - 345 (67) Musambi - 345 (67) Cotton - 345 (67) Lime - 345 (67) Bengalgram - 345 (67) Cashew - - Chilli - 345 (67) Custard apple - 345 (67) Tomato - - Amla - 345 (67) Drumstick - 345 (67) Tamarind - 345 (67) Mulberry - - Marigold - 345 (67) Mango - 345 (67) Chrysanthemum - 345 (67) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 53.654" and 160 31' 15.619" and East longitude 770 19' 40.855'' and 770 17' 42.879" covering an area of about 515.22 ha coming unde Shettilli, Kadechoora and Daddala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-1 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (24.32%) were marginal, 12 (32.43%) were small and 11 (29.73 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (59.12%) men and 74 (40.88 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 5.2 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (39.23%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.41 per cent illiterates, 72.36 per cent pre university education and 8.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.89 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.35 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 86.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 75.68 per cent possess TV, 18.92 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.59 per cent possess mobile phones and 29.73 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households possess plough, 10.81 per cent possess tractor, 13.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 35.14 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 27.03 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 12.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 1.41 and hired labour (women) available was 6.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Maize, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.35 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 127.03 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 26.09 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 34.78 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Maize, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.54846.06, 24673.26, 34772.97 and 22695.97 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.95, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 32.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 132751.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 59927.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 18.92 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 297.30 for land development and Rs. 17567.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.70 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 37.84 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.65 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 51.35 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.35%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 72.97 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 72.97 per cent of the households and 27.03 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.65 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (62.16%), pulses (64.86%) and oilseeds (59.46%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (54.05%) wild animal menace on farm field (37.84%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (83.78%), high rate of interest on credit (83.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (78.38%), inadequate extension services (10.81%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kodlur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 200 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 199 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 1 ha cover by railway line. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 100 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 2 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 61 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area is clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 61 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire cultivated area is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area has moderately (e2) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and about 70 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and 78 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 94 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 73 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 14 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 89 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 11 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 199(100) Guava - - Maize - 199(100) Sapota - - Bajra - 199(100) Pomegranate - 3(2) Groundnut - 121(61) Musambi - 3(2) Sunflower - 3(2) Lime - 3(2) Redgram - 78(39) Amla - 124(62) Bengal gram 3(2) 68(34) Cashew - - Cotton - 5(2) Jackfruit - 124(62) Chilli - 124(62) Jamun - 124(62) Tomato - 121(61) Custard apple - 124(62) Brinjal - 121(61) Tamarind - - Onion - 121(61) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 124(62) Marigold - 124(62) Drumstick - 3(2) Chrysanthemum - 124(62) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kodlur is located at North latitude 160 29' 30.929" and 160 28' 29.229" and East longitude 770 18' 0.612'' and 770 16' 18.842" covering an area of about 209.18 ha coming unde Badiyala Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kodlur micro watersheds of Kodlur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Kodlur micro-watershed among households surveyed 5 (14.71%) were marginal, 9 (26.47%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (45.81%) men and 84 (54.19 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (38.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.87 per cent illiterates, 78.06 per cent pre university education and 5.81 per cent attained graduation.  About, 14.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 70.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 9.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.35 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.06 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.76 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.34, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 10.69 and hired labour (women) available was 22.07.  In the study area, about 0.65 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 700.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (63.79 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 73.53 percent possessed bank account and 73.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 91.18 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.26 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.14 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 21.43 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.25663.10, 25267.86 and 32839.59, with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.98, 1: 1.03 and 1: 0.79 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 68147.06 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43970.59 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 21 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 20.59 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8852.94 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 58.82 per cent depends on own funds and 17.65 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 79.41 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 8.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 8.82 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 47.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (38.24%), pulses (44.12%) and oilseeds (32.35%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (44.12%) wild animal menace on farm field (35.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.35%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), inadequate extension services (14.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.65%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balachakra-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 530 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 489 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 15 ha (3%) covered by rock outcrops and 28 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 488 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm) 25 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 41 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 20 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 percent soils are medium (51-100), 18 per cent soils are low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 81 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 11 percent soils are low (337kg/ha), about 57 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) and 34 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75(14) 102(19) Guava - 75(14) Maize 75(14) 102(19) Sapota - 75(14) Bajra 75(14) 102(19) Pomegranate - 75(14) Groundnut - 157(30) Musambi - 75(14) Sunflower - 75(14) Lime - 75(14) Redgram - 95(18) Amla 75(14) 82(15) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 75(14) Jackfruit - 75(14) Chilli 75(14) 82(15) Jamun - - Tomato 75(14) 82(15) Custard apple - 157(30) Brinjal 75(14) 82(15) Tamarind - - Onion 75(14) 82(15) Mulberry - 75(14) Bhendi 75(14) 82(15) Marigold 75(14) 82(15) Drumstick - 75(14) Chrysanthemum 75(14) 82(15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Balachakra-1 is located at North latitude 160 41' 8.752" and 160 39' 29.062" and East longitude 770 17' 8.217'' and 770 15' 52.036" covering an area of about 529.94 ha coming unde Balichakra village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Balachakra-1 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (61.15%) men and 61 (38.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.7, marginal farmers were were 3, small farmers were 4.7, semi medium farmers were 4.6 and medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (49.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.69 per cent illiterates, 34.38 per cent pre university education and 1.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.60 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 17.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, women available in the micro watershed was 1.94, hired labour (men) available was 11.38 and hired labour (women) available was 11.22. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.00 per cent (59.45 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.00 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.45 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account and 20.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 57.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.26436.56, 46397.95, 29260.31 and 109143.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.34 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94894.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57180.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 113 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 65.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (22.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project