Suchergebnisse

After a review of the concept of economic growth as a historical process beginning with the capitalist revolution and the formation of the modern national states, the author claims that growth is almost invariably the outcome of a national development strategy. Effective economic development occurs historically when the different social classes are able to cooperate and formulate an effective stretegy to promote growth and face international competition. It follows a discussion of the main characteristics and of the basic tensions that such strategies face in the central countries which first developed, and in the underdeveloped countries, which, besides their domestic problems, confront major challenges in their relations with the rich countries. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

Stephanie and Laura are two girls who find themselves in the uniquenessof a mode of existence that does not always have space in everyday life and schools. Tinho is sensitive enough to perceiving Stephanie's needs as intrinsic to any child's. Thus, a silent and complicit friendship is born between them. Laura recognizes―in her family and at the heart of the politics of the country in which she was born―that all lives matter. Every effort is therefore valid to run a school that caters for a single child.Based on the methodology for analyzing the creation of images from the Brazilian short Carreto and the Cuban short Una niña, una escuela, the article highlights the respectful way in which the directors build the relationship of children with special educational needs and their surroundings. The result of this analysis made it possible to share, inthe context of Law 13.006/2014, creative exercises based on these two films. The exercises proposed by the article, inspired by the methodology of creation pedagogy, can be developed with children, and aim to highlight Brazilian and Latin American childhoods, as well as to enhance the inventive relationship with the audiovisual material. ; Stephanie y Laura son dos chicas que se encuentran en la singularidad de una forma de existencia que no siempre tiene un lugar en la vida cotidiana y en las escuelas. Tinho es sensible a percibir las necesidades de Stephanie como intrínsecas a las de cualquier niño. Así, una amistad silenciosa y cómplice nace entre ellos. Laura tiene en su familia y en el corazón de las políticas del país donde nació el reconocimiento de que todas las vidas importan. Por lo tanto, todo esfuerzo es válido para operar una escuela que atiende a un solo niño. A partir de la metodología de análisis de la creación de imágenes de los cortos Carreto (brasileño) y Una niña una escuela (cubano), el artículo destaca la forma respetuosaen que los directores construyen la relación de los niños con necesidades educativas especiales y su entorno. El resultado de este análisis permitió compartir, en el contexto de la Ley 13.006 / 2014, ejercicios creativos, basados en estas dos películas. Los ejercicios que propone el artículo, inspirados en la metodología de la pedagogía de la creación, puedenser desarrollados con niños, y tienen como objetivo resaltar la infancia brasileña y latinoamericana y potenciar la relación inventiva con el audiovisual. ; Stephanie e Laura são duas meninas que se encontram na singularidade de um modo de existência que nem sempre tem espaço no cotidiano da vida e das escolas. Tinho é sensível em perceber as necessidades de Stephanie como intrínsecas à de qualquer criança. Assim, nasce entre eles uma silenciosa e cúmplice amizade. Laura tem em sua família e no coração das políticas do país onde nasceu o reconhecimento de que todas as vidas importam. Todo esforço é válido, portanto, para fazer funcionar uma escola que atenda a uma única criança. A partir da metodologia de análise da criação das imagens dos curtas brasileiro, Carreto, e cubano, Una niña una escuela, o artigo destaca o modo respeitoso com que os diretores constroem a relação das crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais e seu entorno. O resultado dessa análise permitiu compartilhar, no contexto da Lei 13.006/2014, exercícios de criação, a partir desses dois filmes. Os exercícios que o artigo propõe, inspirados na metodologia da pedagogia da criação, podem ser desenvolvidos com crianças, e tem o objetivo de destacar as infâncias brasileiras e latino-americanas e potencializar a relação inventiva com o audiovisual.

The work of Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiroz has been influential in the understanding of social change in Brazil. Her analyses of the modifications, persistence, adaptations and resistance that have flourished in many spheres of social life provide elements for a reading of the social-anthropological singularities of current change processes that have gone on in the country since the 1950s. Based on an analysis in which the microsociological and macrosociological aspects are combined, she has not only drawn a sociological profile of some environments (rural neighbourhoods, for example), but also developed an approach that shows how Brazilian society has changed under increasing urbanization and industrialization - processes which create interactions, practices and specific contexts that are unique to Brazil and do not merely mirror the trajectory followed by other nations.

Revisionism of relations with the United States and its variables in progressive governments in South America. This paper Identifies and analyzes the different types of revisionist politics, and its levels, developed by progressive governments in South America toward the United States over the past 13 years. For such, it uses as starting points concepts that are fundamental for better understanding the behavior of South American countries in relation with the great power: 'peripheral revisionism,' by Cesar Guimaraes, and 'autonomous confrontation' and 'antagonistic confrontation,' both by Hello Jaguarlbe. From the developments of these concepts, a theoretical model was developed with different types of peripheral revisionisms, which allowed for fine-tuning the classifications of foreign policies in the period. Adapted from the source document.

Considering the first decade of the 21st century, Brazil's foreign policy has been undergoing a significant evolution characterized by an assertive international stance & power projection, promoting an update & enlargement of strategic partnerships with developed & emerging countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the main tenets of this agenda & the potentials linked to these efforts of horizontal & vertical bi & multilateral cooperation. References. Adapted from the source document.

Mortality of children under-5 continues to be a global priority. In 2012, 6.6 million children under-5 died worldwide; more than half of these deaths are due to diseases that are preventable and treatable through simple, affordable interventions. In response to the United Nations' Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) which called, through MDG4,to "reduceby two thirds the under-5 child mortality, between 1990 and 2015", global organizations and many countries set targets and developed specific strategies to reduce child mortality and monitor progress.As a result, the number of deaths in children under-5 worldwide declined from 12.4 million in 1990 to 6.6 in 2012. Under-5 child mortality dropped in all regions of the world. However, two major challenges face the international community: The wide disparity in the risk of child death among countries, and the emerging role of neonatal death as a major component of child mortality. In order to continue the progress in reducing under-5 child mortality worldwide, current efforts must continue and new strategies need to be implemented to focus on preventing neonatal deaths as they start to represent a larger proportion of under-5 child deaths. In particular, further reduction in neonatal mortality will depend heavily on improving maternal health (MDG5).The world leaders continue to support the MDGs. In 2010, in a major push to accelerate progress on women's and children's health, a number of Heads of State and Government from developed and developing countries, along with the private sector, foundations, international organizations, civil society and research organizations, pledged over $40 billion in resources over the next five years.

A integração comercial e financeira global fortaleceu a classe capitalista em relação ao proletariado em cada país ao permitir às transnacionais deslocar suas empresas para países em que o custo da mão de obra é menor. A crise colheu a América Latina pela fuga das divisas fortes, extinção do crédito externo e queda das exportações, das inversões estrangeiras e das remessas dos emigrados. A crise se generaliza com as demissões em massa, a difusão do pânico que faz o crédito encolher, derrubando as vendas de bens de maior valor e os investimentos. Os governos do Primeiro Mundo trataram de resgatar os seus bancos falidos, comprando parte do seu capital ou sua totalidade com recursos do Tesouro. No Brasil, o governo faz que os bancos públicos estendam o crédito aos setores abandonados pelos bancos privados e baixem os juros que cobram. Os governos latino-americanos estimulam o mercado interno a absorver a produção que não enontra mais compradores no exterior mediante redistribuição da renda e aumento do investimento público. Nos últimos seis anos, os emergentes cresceram 50%, enquanto os industrializados cresceram apenas 10%, o que ampliou o número de nações cuja coordenação é indispensável para que a crise mundial possa ser domada do G-7 para o G-20. Uma das lições da crise é que, em lugar da globalização financeira, o povo de cada país deve ter o direito de decidir como seu excedente social deve ser administrado. A guarda do dinheiro do público e o seu empréstimo a investidores e consumidores devem ser reservados ao poder público e a entidades associativas sem fins de lucro. ; Global commercial and financial integration has strengthened the capitalist class in comparison with the proletariat around the globe as it permitted multinationals to relocate their companies to countries in which the cost of the labor force was lower. The crisis reached Latin America through the flight of capital, disappearance of external credit and a drop in exports, foreign investment and emigrant remittances. The crisis spread due to mass job redundancies, diffusion of panic which negatively affected credit availability and decreased sales of higher added value goods and investments. Developed-countries governments rescued their bankrupt banks acquiring part of their capital or even the entire institution with Treasury resources. In Brazil, the government forced public banks to extend credit to the sectors that had been abandoned by the private market and to decrease their interest rates. Latin-American governments stimulated the domestic market to absorb the production that could no longer find buyers abroad in return for redistribution of income and increase of public investment. In the last six years, emerging economies have grown 50% while industrialized countries have grown only 10%. Such fact has enlarged the number of nations that must be coordinated to tackle the global crisis from seven (G7) to twenty (G20). One of the lessons to be learned from the crisis is that instead of financial globalization, the people of each country must have the right to decide how their social surplus must be managed. Monitoring the use of public money as well as public loans to investors and consumers must be the role of the public authorities and not-for-profit organizations only.

This text analyses aspects of metropolitan governance in European countries, observing cooperated action strategies. Accordingly, it is descanted about the instituted arrangements in a spontaneous and institutionalized way, the sources of funding and the offering of cooperated services. Thereby, this study has the objective of analyzing the metropolitan matter, considering essentially its institutions and the promotion of policies and programs undertaken in the metropolitan spaces. There are considered the institution guidelines of the following European countries: Germany, Spain, France and England, as well as the challenges and limitations of fomentation to the metropolitan governance. The observations were developed from the review of the international literature and researches accomplished by the respective governments between the decade of 1970 and the year 2012. The analysis indicates that the arrangements of metropolitan governance are heterogeneous and diversified, with diverse models, being to common service delivery or being to cooperative acting. There are still observed fragilities in the strategies to the articulation of intersectoral policies and strong conflicts among the public and private economical agents.

The development of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice within the European Union requires a comprehensive strategy that covers not only its internal aspects, but also an external dimension, allowing the EU to deal with threats, at its source, and through strategic partnerships with third countries. In the first part of this article, we briefly analyze how the JHA external dimension has been developed and established itself as a determining policy on the European agenda. In the second part, we demonstrate this external dimension in greater detail through the European migration policy, and how it is possible to obtain within this external action benefits for all stakeholders. Adapted from the source document.

Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) constitute the majority of businesses and a significant part of developed and developing countries' Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This article presents a series of prospective scenarios that investigate the effects of public policies on entrepreneurship in Canada, Ireland, and Italy. Public policies for this sector can be classified as regulatory policies (e.g., laws for the entrance and exit of businesses, labor and social laws, property laws, tax laws, intellectual property laws, bankruptcy laws, and laws that affect the liquidity and availability of capital) and stimulus policies (e.g., promotion of cultural and educational programs to foster entrepreneurship and internationalization). Regulatory policies influence the business environment for MSMEs, and are generally designed to provide entrepreneurs with high growth potential (known as "gazelles"). Four scenarios involving the critical uncertainties surrounding political and economic integration and technological development are developed for each country. Each scenario is constructed based on public policies specific to each country. This article concludes that public policies are not a panacea capable of generating economic development, given that their effectiveness depends on other economic decisions and exogenous economic conditions. However, the absence of state intervention does not produce positive effects, even in the case of positive scenarios under exogenous conditions.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o nível e a tendência temporal da impunidade do homicídio no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo ecológico no qual dois índices de impunidade foram calculados a partir do número total de homicídios em determinado período, de cinco anos, dividido pelo número de indivíduos na prisão por homicídio (impunidade do homicídio) ou por qualquer causa (impunidade geral) dois anos após o final desse período. O modelo de regressão linear com correção de autocorrelação serial de Prais-Winsten foi utilizado para estimar a tendência temporal dos índices de impunidade. RESULTADOS: No Brasil, entre 2009 e 2014, foram identificados 328.714 homicídios, contudo apenas 84.539 presos cumpriam pena por esse tipo de delito em 2016, revelando que houve 244.175 mais casos de homicídio no Brasil do que presos por esse crime. O índice de impunidade do homicídio variou de 3,9, em 2006, a 3,3 em 2014. Todos os estados apresentaram valores acima de 1. O Rio de Janeiro destacou-se negativamente, com valores acima de 20. Os menores índices de impunidade do homicídio foram encontrados nos estados de São Paulo, Santa Catarina e Distrito Federal, com valores abaixo de 2. Oito estados mostraram tendência de redução no índice de impunidade geral. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos estados brasileiros apresentou valores altíssimos nos índices de impunidade. No entanto, detectamos um sinal positivo de que a sociedade brasileira começou, a partir de 2010–2012, a combater de forma efetiva a impunidade dos crimes violentos graves, incluindo o homicídio. São Paulo iniciou essa tendência positiva em meados dos anos 1990 e apresenta atualmente índices de impunidade similares aos dos países desenvolvidos. ; OBJECTIVE: To describe the level and temporal trends of homicide impunity in Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study that calculated two impunity indexes by dividing the total number of homicides committed in a 5-year period by the number of individuals arrested for murder (homicide impunity) or any other cause (general impunity) two years after this period. The Prais-Winsten linear regression model with serial autocorrelation correction was used to estimate the temporal trend of the impunity indexes. RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2014, 328,714 homicides were recorded in Brazil, but only 84,539 prisoners were serving sentences for this kind of crime in 2016. This shows that the number of homicides in Brazil exceeded in 244,175 the number of individuals in prisons for this crime. The impunity index ranged from 3.9 in 2006 to 3.3 in 2014. All states reached values above 1. Rio de Janeiro stood out negatively, with values above 20. São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Distrito Federal showed the lowest impunity indexes for homicide, with values below 2. Eight states showed a downward trend in the overall impunity index. CONCLUSIONS: Most Brazilian states presented extremely high impunity indexes values. However, from 2010 to 2012, Brazilian society started to effectively combat impunity for serious violent crimes, including homicide. In São Paulo, this positive trend arose in the mid-1990s and that state currently shows impunity indexes values similar to those of developed countries.

This study aims to analyze the Popular Education, highlighting its importance in the social, political and
economic reality of our society, and also, seek to establish relations regarding its importance for providing tools for
excluded people to express themselves. The theme of this reflection is very relevant in face of the Latin American
countries situation, where conquests, most often, happened and happen through struggles of the popular classes
organized in social movements. Reflections will also be made starting from a survey made on "1º of May Settlement",
in Curitibanos city (SC, Brazil). In this place live people from several towns, from the rural environment of Curitibanos
and region. To achieve this aim, it was outlined the following specific objectives: to characterize conceptually popular
education; historicize the process of formation of "1º of May Settlement" of Curitibanos; describe the project of
Popular Education, establishing relationships with the process of effective community participation of the reported
Settlement. This work also proposes to demystify the reality of the settlements, bringing the educational experience
developed in the Settlement to reflections. As for the objectives, the research is classified as exploratory. Regarding the
procedures for data collection, it is characterizes as a field literature review, and case study. As tools and techniques for
collecting data it was used interviews and field diary. It is expected, with this study, to map the theoretical and
methodological referentials of popular education developed by the Landless Workers Movement of Brazil.

Este artigo busca analisar o impacto provocado pela greve do funcionalismo público francês de novembro/dezembro de 1995 sobre o processo de reforma da previdênciasocial então em curso no Brasil. Seu objetivo específico é verificar a acolhida que o movimento grevista na França encontrou junto a intelectuais e lideranças sindicais brasileiras. Para isso, o texto apresenta, em linhas gerais, o contexto político em que o processo de reforma da previdência se desenrola, bem como os projetos em discussão,a fim de traçar um paralelo entre os dois países em questão. ; This article tries to analyze the impact of the French public employees' strikeof November and December of 1995 on the process of social pension reform that was then taking place in Brazil. Its specific objective is to underscore thepositive response the strike movement received from Brazilian intellectuals and union leaders. The text presents, in a general manner, the political contextin which the process of pension reform developed, as well as the plans under discussion, in order to establish parallels between the two countries in question.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo das principais características dos modelos de regulação adotados em assuntos relacionados à saúde do trabalhador no setor petroleiro no Brasil e na Noruega. As legislações de ambos os países estão inseridas na tradição da lei escrita, mas cada nação tem uma abordagem particular de sua regulação. O Brasil conta com uma típica postura regulatória, enquanto a Noruega apresenta traços do direito consuetudinário, com modelos legais baseados na presunção de que as partes envolvidas são capazes de agregar boas e seguras práticas profissionais. Percebe-se que ambas as abordagens regulatórias relacionam-se com o panorama social de cada nação. Porém, como o tempo e a cultura se modificam, os dois países talvez tenham algo a aprender um com outro. ; The purpose of this article is to compare the regulations on work related health issues in the offshore petroleum sector in Brazil and Norway. The regulation of reporting and handling of work related illness has been used as a case for the study. We aim to show that even though the legislation both in Brazil and Norway relies upon similar legislative traditions, emphasising statute law, with written norms given by national authorities, there are considerable differences in how the regulation is developed and how the this kind of norms are formulated in the two countries. The differences will be interpreted in view of the governance cultures in the petroleum sector in the two countries. What can be learnt from this comparison may be of general interest when working with development of legislation and regulations.

This article analyzes the factors that affect local governments' decision-making processes on whether to engage in cooperative agreements through intermunicipal consortia. Several studies have examined this issue in Western developed countries, but there is a gap in the literature regarding the phenomenon in the developing world. The research addresses this gap and observes the Brazilian local governments' policies on waste services, focusing on cooperative agreements such as interlocal consortia. These arrangements may be a solution to the political and managerial challenges of providing public services in many areas, including waste collection, treatment, and disposal. However, it is still unclear what factors influence municipalities in their decision to cooperate. Based on cross-sectional research exploring 963 Brazilian municipalities and on the perspective of Institutional Collective Action, this study identified characteristics of communities, transaction characteristics of goods, and the structure of policy networks that influence the local governments in their decision to work cooperatively. The findings shed light on the field of public policies, particularly those carried out through intermunicipal consortia. ; Este articulo analiza los factores que influyen en los municipios en su toma de decisiones sobre la prestación de servicios públicos de residuos por medio de consorcios. Varios estudios abordaron esa cuestión investigando países occidentales y desarrollados, pero existe una laguna en la literatura que explora el fenómeno en países en desarrollo como Brasil. Por lo tanto, este estudio selecciona los gobiernos locales de Brasil y analiza su política de recolección y tratamiento de residuos, con foco en la prestación de servicios públicos a través de acuerdos cooperativos, particularmente, consorcios intermunicipales. Estos pueden ser una solución para los desafíos políticos y gerenciales relacionados con la gestión de residuos sólidos y la prestación de otros servicios públicos. No obstante, aún no está claro que factores influyen en los gobiernos locales para adoptar esa estrategia. El estudio utilizo un enfoque transversal aplicado a una muestra de 963 municipios y adopto la perspectiva de la acción colectiva institucional, identificando las características de la comunidad, las características transaccionales de los bienes, y la estructura de las redes de políticas públicas, que influyen en la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos locales para cooperar. Los resultados tienen implicaciones en las políticas públicas que adoptan acuerdos de cooperación intermunicipales en Brasil. ; Este artigo analisa os fatores que influenciam os municípios em sua tomada de decisão sobre a prestação de serviços públicos de resíduos por meio de consórcios. Vários estudos abordaram essa questão pesquisando países ocidentais e desenvolvidos, mas há uma lacuna na literatura que explora o fenômeno em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Este estudo, portanto, seleciona os governos locais no Brasil e analisa sua política de coleta e tratamento de resíduos, com foco na prestação de serviços públicos por meio de acordos cooperativos, particularmente consórcios intermunicipais. Os consórcios intermunicipais podem ser uma solução para os desafios políticos e gerenciais em torno do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e da prestação de outros serviços públicos. No entanto, ainda não está claro quais fatores influenciam os governos locais a adotar essa estratégia. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem transversal aplicada a uma amostra de 963 municípios e adotou a perspectiva da Ação Coletiva Institucional, identificando as características da comunidade, as características transacionais dos bens, e a estrutura das redes de política pública, que influenciam a tomada de decisão dos governos locais para cooperar. Os resultados têm implicações nas políticas públicas que adotam acordos de cooperação intermunicipais no Brasil.