Suchergebnisse

FrontMatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction--Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen -- 2 Changing Contexts in Which Youth Are Transitioning to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Converging Toward Developed Economies?--Jere R. Behrman and Piyali Sengupta -- 3 Small Families and Large Cohorts: The Impact of the Demographic Transition on Schooling in Brazil--David A. Lam and Letícia Marteleto -- 4 Progress Toward Education for All: Trends and Current Challenges for sub-Saharan Africa--Paul C. Hewett and Cynthia B. Lloyd -- 5 Trends in the Timing of First Marriage Among Men and Women in the Developing World--Barbara S. Mensch, Susheela Singh, and John B. Casterline -- 6 Marriage Patterns in Rural India: Influence of Sociocultural Context--Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Shiva S. Halli -- 7 Marriage in Transition: Evidence on Age, Education, and Assets from Six Developing Countries--Agnes R. Quisumbing and Kelly Hallman -- 8 Adolescent Transitions to Adulthood in Reform-Era China--Emily Hannum and Jihong Liu -- 9 Growing Up in Pakistan: The Separate Experiences of Males and Females--Cynthia B. Lloyd and Monica J. Grant -- 10 Multilevel Modeling of Influences on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Cameroon--Barthélémy Kuate-Defo -- 11 Assessing the Economic Returns to Investing in Youth in Developing Countries--James C. Knowles and Jere R. Behrman -- Appendix Contents Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries.

FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- PART I Introduction and Conceptual Framework -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptual Framework -- PART II Preparation for Adult Roles -- 3 Schooling -- 4 Health -- PART III Transition to Adult Roles -- 5 The Transition to Work -- 6 The Transition to Citizenship -- 7 The Transition to Marriage -- 8 The Transition to Parenthood -- PART IV Conclusions -- 9 The Way Forward -- References -- APPENDIXES -- APPENDIX A Coverage, Definitions, Methods, and Data -- APPENDIX B Contents The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies -- APPENDIX C Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff -- Index.

Front Matter -- José Luis Bobadilla -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Healthy Sexuality -- 3 Infection-Free Sex and Reproduction -- 4 Intended Births -- 5 Healthy Pregnancy and Childbearing -- 6 Program Design and Implementation -- 7 Costs, Financing, and Setting Priorities -- References -- APPENDIX A WHO Recommendations for Treatment of STD-Associated Syndromes -- APPENDIX B Examples of Programs to Promote Safe Pregnancy and Delivery -- Appendix C Estimating the Cost of Interventions: The Mother-Baby Package -- APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches -- Index -- Selected Publications, Committee on Population.

Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders -- Copyright -- REVIEWERS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- SCOPE -- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM -- FINDINGS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES -- To Reduce the Burden of Brain Disorders Now -- To Create Options for the Future -- CONCLUSION -- 1 Introduction -- NEUROLOGICAL, PSYCHIATRIC, AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS -- CHALLENGES FOR THE CARE OF BRAIN DISORDERS -- GOALS OF THE STUDY -- STUDY APPROACH -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Magnitude of the Problem -- EFFECTS ON COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS -- The Disease Burden -- EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES -- Lost Productivity -- Stigma and Discrimination -- THE ROLES OF POVERTY AND GENDER INEQUALITY -- The Role of Poverty -- Poverty-Associated Risk Factors for Brain Disorders -- Unsafe and Unhygienic Living Conditions -- Hunger and Malnutrition -- Inadequate Access to Health Care -- Lack of Educational and Employment Opportunities -- The Role of Gender Inequality -- Postnatal Depression -- Rape and Sexual Violence -- HIV/AIDS -- Domestic Violence -- CAPACITY TO ADDRESS BRAIN DISORDERS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Integrating Care of Brain Disorders into Health Care Systems -- THE ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE IN ADDRESSING BRAIN DISORDERS -- DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF CARE -- Primary Care -- The Role of Secondary and Tertiary Care -- BUILDING CAPACITY THROUGH TRAINING -- COLLABORATION WITH OTHER HEALTH AND NONHEALTH SECTORS -- Private Physicians -- Schools and Educators -- Community-Based Rehabilitation Programs -- Community Organizations -- Traditional Healers -- THE COST OF INTEGRATING SERVICES -- BUILDING RESEARCH CAPACITY THROUGH COLLABORATION -- POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- National Policy -- Local Policy -- INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR SYSTEMS OF PRIMARY CARE.

Resource Allocation for Family Planning in Developing Countries -- Copyright -- Contents -- Resource Allocation for Family Planning in Developing Countries -- CRITERIA FOR THE PUBLIC PROVISION OF SERVICES -- THE EFFECTS OF PROGRAM SUBSIDIES ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND FERTILITY -- THE DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS OF SUBSIDIES -- ACHIEVING COST REDUCTIONS -- ECONOMIES OF SCALE -- DIVISION OF LABOR BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS -- MEASURING COSTS AGAINST OUTCOMES -- THE POLITICAL SETTING FOR DECISIONS ON FAMILY PLANNING -- IMPLEMENTATION OF REFORMS TO INCREASE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- THURSDAY, JULY 21 -- Welcoming Remarks -- Potential Effects of Reduced Subsidies -- How Would Subsidies Be Reduced? -- FRIDAY, JULY 22 -- What Happens When Foreign Assistance is Reduced? -- Wrap-Up Session: Implications for Aid Donors and Governments of Developing Countries.

Welcoming remarks -- Background on purpose of the symposium: historical perspective -- Why is international scientific data sharing important? -- Discussion of part one by symposium participants -- Overview of scientific data policies -- Implementing a research data access policy in South Africa -- Access to research data and scientific information generated with public funding in Chile -- The management of health and biomedical data in Tanzania: the need for a national scientific data policy -- The data-sharing policy of the world meterological organization: the case for international sharing of scientific data -- Discussion of part two by symposium participants -- Developing the rice genome in China -- Data sharing in astronomy -- Sharing engineering data for failure analysis in airplane crashes: creation of a web-based knowledge system -- Integrated disaster research: issues around data -- Understanding Brazilian biodiversity: examples where more data sharing makes the difference -- Social statistics as one of the instruments of strategic management of sustainable development processes: compelling examples -- Remote sensing and in situ measurements in the global earth observation system of systems -- Discussion of part three by symposium participants -- Data sharing: limits and barriers and initiatives to overcome them: an introduction -- Consideration of barriers to data sharing -- Artificial barriers to data sharing: technical aspects -- Scientific management and cultural aspects -- Political and economic barriers to data sharing: the African perspective -- Discussion of part four by symposium participants -- Government science policy makers' and research funders' challenges to international data sharing: the role of UNESCO -- International scientific organizations: views and examples -- Improving data access and use: an industry perspective -- Production and access to scientific data in Africa: a framework for improving the conribution of research institutions -- The ICSU world data system -- Libraries and improving data access and use in developing regions -- Developing a policy framework to open up the rights to access and reuse research data for the next generation of researchers -- Discussion of part five by symposium participants

FrontMatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- PART I Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- PART II Addressing Maternal, Neonatal, and Fetal Mortality and Morbidity -- 2 Reducing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity -- 3 Reducing Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity -- 4 Reducing Fetal Mortality -- PART III Improving Health Care Systems -- 5 Improving Birth Outcomes Within Health Care Systems -- PART IV Additional Causes of Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity -- 6 The Problem of Low Birth Weight -- 7 Reducing Mortality and Morbidity from Birth Defects -- 8 Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV -- 9 Summing Up: The Way Forward -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A Workshop Agenda -- Appendix B Defining Developing Countries -- Appendix C The Essential Competencies of a Skilled Birth Attendant -- Appendix D Committee Biographies -- Appendix E Dissenting Note -- Glossary -- Acronyms -- Index.

Front Matter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Female Education and Fertility: Examining the Links -- 3 What Is Meant, and Measured, by "Education"? -- 4 Implications of Formal Schooling for Girls' Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries -- 5 School Quality, Student Achievement, and Fertility in Developing Countries -- 6 Fertility, Education, and Resources in South Africa -- 7 Which Girls Stay in School? The Influence of Family Economy, Social Demands, and Ethnicity in South Africa -- 8 Excess Fertility, Unintended Births, and Children's Schooling -- 9 Women's Education, Marriage, and Fertility in South Asia: Do Men Really Not Matter? -- 10 Fertility and Education: What Do We Now Know? -- Index.

FrontMatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Impact and Patterns of Occurrence -- 3 Interventions to Reduce the Impact of Birth Defects -- 4 Incorporating Care for Birth Defects into Health Care Systems -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A Prevalence of Birth Defects -- Appendix B Committee Biographies -- Glossary -- Acronyms -- Index.

FrontMatter -- Pravin Visaria (1937-2001) -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Location Matters -- 3 Urban Population Change: A Sketch -- 4 Urban Population Dynamics: Models, Measures, and Forecasts -- 5 Diversity and Inequality -- 6 Fertility and Reproductive Health -- 7 Mortality and Morbidity: Is City Life Good for Your Health? -- 8 The Urban Economy Transformed -- 9 The Challenge of Urban Governance -- 10 Looking Ahead -- References -- Appendices -- A Concepts and Definitions of Metropolitan Regions -- B Mathematical Derivations -- C Linking DHS Surveys to United Nations City Data -- D United Nations Estimates and Projections -- E Measuring Relative Poverty with DHS Data -- F Recommendations for the Demographic and Health Surveys -- Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff -- Index -- The Committee on Population.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility Behavior in Developing Nations: Theory and Initial Results -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- The Context of Fertility Behavior -- Fertility as a Process -- Causality -- 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL -- Intermediate Fertility Variables -- Child Mortality -- Sex Composition -- Socioeconomic Variables -- Interactions -- Variables Omitted From the Model -- 1.3 THE STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS -- Onset -- Early Outcomes -- Endogenous Socioeconomic Variables -- The Adjustment Variables -- Later Child Mortality -- Contraceptive Use Patterns -- Later Fertility -- Transitional Contexts -- Traditional Contexts -- 1.4 REDUCED AND SEMIREDUCED FORM IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODEL -- The Need for Reduction -- Connections With and Between Familiar Variables -- Implied and Actual Semireduced Form Equations -- Inferences About Coefficient Signs -- Child Mortality -- LCU -- CEB -- Child Mortality (CM) -- Contraceptive Use (LCU) -- Children Ever Born (CEB) -- Discussion -- 1.5 CONCLUSION -- The Micro Equations -- Hypotheses About Coefficients -- CHAPTER 2 -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 THE PROBLEM -- 2.3 MACRO HYPOTHESES -- Macro Determinants of Micro Slopes -- Macro Determinants of Micro Intercepts -- 2.4 DATA AND VARIABLES EMPLOYED -- 2.5 ILLUSTRATION OF OPERATIONALIZATION -- Macro Comparison -- Micro Results for Peru and Korea -- Age at First Birth (AFB) -- Early Fertility (EF) -- Later Fertility (LF) -- 2.6 MACRO ANALYSIS -- Within-Country Differences -- Between-Country Variability -- AFB and EF Slopes -- LF Slopes -- Intercepts -- 2.7 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- NOTES -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES.

Meeting the Challenges of Megacities in the Developing World -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Options for Improving Labor Markets for Megacities in the Developing World -- PANEL ON IMPROVING LABOR MARKETS -- Members -- National Research Council Staff -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT LABOR MARKETS IN MEGACITIES? -- THE MEGACITY LABOR FORCE -- Types of Labor -- Sectors of Employment -- The Informal Sector -- Manufacturing -- Government Employment -- Urban Services -- The High-Order Financial and Service or "Quaternary" Sector -- Women and Children -- Female Labor -- Child Labor -- THE MEGACITY LABOR MARKET -- Labor Supply -- Labor Demand -- Labor Market Equilibrium -- Megacity Spatial (Geographical) Structure and Labor Markets -- Research Needs and Information Constraints -- LABOR MARKET PROBLEMS -- Unemployment -- Poverty and Income Inequality -- Job Mobility Constraints -- The Lack of Protection -- Big Firm Bias -- THE ROLE OF POLICY -- Goals of Policy -- The Role for Government -- Policies to Reduce Unemployment -- Macroeconomic Policies -- International Trade Policies -- Human Resource Policies -- Policies to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality -- Minimum Wage Policies -- Informal Sector Promotion -- Policies to Eliminate Job Mobility Constraints -- Labor Unions -- Social Policies and Job Security Laws -- Transportation Strategies -- Spatial (Geographical) Redistribution Policies -- Policies to Protect Labor -- Child Labor Laws -- Health and Safety Legislation -- Privatization -- Policies to Reduce Big Firm Bias -- Small-Scale Sector Policies -- Industrial Incentive Policies -- Labor Policy and Key Megacity Issues -- THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCES -- Water and Sanitation Services for Megacities in the Developing World.

FrontMatter -- Reviewers -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Setting the Stage -- 3 Why the World Should Care About Violence Prevention -- 4 The Intersection of Violence and Health -- 5 What Is Working Around the World in Violence Prevention? -- 6 Words of Wisdom: Working with the Media and Nongovernmental Organizations -- 7 Scaling Up International Support for Violence Prevention -- 8 Opportunities and Challenges for U.S. Agencies and Organizations to Focus on Violence Prevention in Developing Countries -- 9 Taking Global Violence Prevention to the Next Step: Questions for the Workshop Participants -- References -- Appendixes -- Appendix A: Workshop Agenda -- Appendix B: Participant List -- Appendix C: Background Papers for June 2007 Workshop -- Preventing Violence in Developing Countries: A Framework for Action--James A. Mercy, Alex Butchart, Mark L. Rosenberg, Linda Dahlberg, Alison Harvey -- The Intersection of Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS--Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Marguerite L. Baty, Reem Ghandour, Jamila Stockman, Leilani Francisco, Jennifer Wagman -- A Logical Framework for Preventing Interpersonal and Self-Directed Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries--Susan Zaro, Mark L. Rosenberg, James A. Mercy -- Collective Violence: Health Impact and Prevention--Victor W. Sidel, Barry S. Levy -- Violence, Health, and Development--Richard Matzopoulos, Brett Bowman, Alexander Butchart -- Appendix D: Biographies of Planning Committee Members and Workshop Speakers.