Suchergebnisse

Innovation component is the basis of modern business development, regardless of which field this business belongs in, who owns it and which structure its capital has. The challenges of modern society force to step up efforts of the developing countries in the direction of development of innovation infrastructure, which would allow taking a quantum leap in the development of industry and economy. These challenges predetermined the relevance of the chosen research. Formation and development of innovation policy in the economies of the developing countries is the actual task of recent studies of many authors. Identification of general trends in the development of leading countries will make it possible to work out a common strategy for the developing countries, in their further development of innovation policy. The purpose of writing this article was to perform the analysis of formation of innovation policy in the leading countries of the world, such as the United States of America and Japan to identify the peculiarities of these countries, common features and differences. During the research we applied methods of comparison, generalization, abstraction, analysis, elements of system analysis, algorithms and simulation. As a result of the survey we revealed peculiarities of formation and development of innovation policy of the United States and Japan with the following conclusions made: 1. The development of innovation policy of a state grows when coordination and key financing is provided by the state and by local governments, too. 2. The largest effect in the development of innovation activity for the countries with transition economies can be observed by choosing "selective" directions of development. 3. Creation of regional technological parks takes place with regard to historically established regional opportunities and directions. 4. Approval of the legislative base in the country, which must fully support (at all levels) innovation entrepreneurship. 5. Formation of a system of private (venture capital) funds, regulated by state programs in priority areas. At the present stage of development of the world economy, only innovation policy creates a vector of the development of a state. This is confirmed by the experience of such leading countries as the United States of America and Japan. As the result of generalization of the experience of formation of the innovation policy of these countries, we identified the main trends of development that can be applied in other developing countries, taking into account their national characteristics. All of the identified factors positively affect the increase of progressive indicators of the economy, well–being of society and the activity of integration at the international level. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time we analyzed formation of innovation policy in the USA and Japan to identify common peculiarities and differences in the development of innovation policy, as well as we attempted to obtain the scheme of creation of the basic structure that allows developing and implementing innovation. The obtained results can be applied to further systematization of information on the development of innovation policy for the formulation of a universal model.

It is studied information asymmetry in terms of the internationalization of the world economy prevents optimal decision making, creates additional transaction costs for producers, resulting in an unequal position in the market economic actors affect the behavior of firms and leads to a fall in the market. It is defined that asymmetric information is mainly seen on the markets of developing countries: users have no information or full information, or uneven advantage of it, resulting in the displacement of manufacturers of quality products and market failure

Over the past 10 years IT outsourcing has attracted attention of professionals as a new successful business model that enables developing countries to take a rightful place in the world market. However, the potential of outsourcing of information services in Ukraine is not fully implemented as yet. Research of the Ukrainian IT-outsourcing industry will contribute to understanding the features, opportunities and risks of further development of this industry. The purpose of writing this paper is to identify the trends of development of IT-outsourcing in Ukraine, to determine its place in the global market of information technology outsourcing, to develop recommendations for the expansion of IT-outsourcing in Ukraine. The study was carried out by using empirical methods: measurement, comparison, observation. It was determined that the undisputed leader of the world market by the scope of IT-outsourcing is India. Its success encourages other developing countries to engage efforts to create a national industry of IT-outsourcing. Ukraine can also be called an active player in the global market of information technology outsourcing, which is one of the few sectors of the Ukrainian economy that under conditions of difficult economic and political situation in the country develops effectively. We listed positive trends that take place in the IT-outsourcing despite the critical state of the country. Negative tendencies in this area were identified, in particular low level of trust in Ukraine from the Western companies and we made a conclusion about possible negative impact of this factor on the volume of the market of IT-outsourcing. Solutions to the problems in this industry are proposed and attention is focused on providing strategic priority to the IT-outsourcing. The scientific novelty of the work consists in identifying trends and priorities for the development of IT-outsourcing in Ukraine during political and economic crisis. The practical value of the work lies in defining a guideline for the development of state policy in the area of IT. In addition, the obtained results can be used in further studies in the field of IT-outsourcing in Ukraine and in determining its competitive advantages compared to other countries, which have powerful sectors of the IT-outsourcing. Such research can serve as the basis for decision-making by the Western companies when choosing a country to transfer their IT technologies to. Further scientific results are advisable to focus on determining the prospects of the development of free-lance in Ukraine and on the search for mechanisms of cooperation of Ukrainian and foreign partners in this field.

The revolutionary transition of power to democratic forces after the "dignity revolution" in 2014 in Ukraine did not indicate the absence of contradictions within the new ruling class, because patriotic and devotion to democratic transformation are not the only condition for the consolidation of the ruling class. The democratic theory of the elite, which corresponds to the essence of the designated form of government, recognizes the existence of a select minority (elite) in each of the social spheres, which owns intellectual and voluntary law, not leadership. The relations between the elites are not stable, but on the contrary may become exacerbated in the fractured periods of history In the countries of "young democracy", the relationship between the political and military elite is controversial lace of relations, because the military elite represents a closed "group of interests" in politics, so it can move from supporting the ruling class to a strong opponent of relations. Even the neutral position of the military elite includes a variant of interference in political processes of power scale. Revolutionary changes on Ukraine's path to European integration may have been deeply embedded in the formation of a new military elite that has tempered itself in the armed struggle with the Russian-separatist forces, was engaged in joint exercises, and most importantly, in business cooperation with representatives of the military elites of the West, which have a long tradition Serious interaction with the ruling class. Taking into account that social and political processes in Ukraine can be compared with developing countries, the whole set of contradictory relations between the political and military elite in our country should be directed to the general line of constitutional-legal civil-military relations.

Innovations are considered as a factor of consolidation of society, taking into account the definition of innovations as a complex phenomenon containing scientific, technical, technological, economic, environmental, social, legal, safety aspects. However, during the longtime scientific, technical, technological aspects of innovations were considered as driving force for the economy economic growth. Innovations directly or indirectly affect all spheres of social life, going far beyond the boundaries of purely market relations. Limitation of purely economic and scientific-technological definition and evaluation of innovations became obvious in 1960s on the wave of economic growth after the World War II and popularization of post-material values, on the one hand, and because of increasing social tensions, environmental crisis, deepening the gap between economically developed and developing countries, as well as between differed groups of the population within society, on the other hand. Social, ethical and environmental aspects of innovation were put on the agenda. Consequently, innovations should be measured not only in figured of benefit, but also in terms of health, education, safety, environmental impacts, saving energy and materials, etc. The study of the economic aspects of innovation were complemented by the following areas: 1) prevention of inequality due to innovative development; 2) combination of innovation with social entrepreneurship; 3) innovation as a factor in achieving sustainability; 4) innovations for environmental protection. This logically follows from the concept of sustainable development grounded on the coherence of social, economic and environmental parameters. Shortly, the complex of updated innovation criteria as a driving force of socio-economic development is formulated by the framework of «3Ps – profit, people, and planet», which accounts economic/financial, social and environmental aspects. The «3P» framework is a basis for development of new business ethics.

The role of higher education institutions in the world is growing in ensuring socio-economic development that is the result of the transition to the paradigm of knowledge economy in the most developed countries. Started in 2014, the reform of higher education system in Ukraine must, among other things, include ensuring the implementation of national intellectual capital through technologies transfer. The relevance of the article is predetermined by the need for a comprehensive approach to the preparation of plans for reforms in the period of global competition for knowledge as the main resource for development. The purpose of writing the article is substantiation of the recommendations on the most urgent aspects of the development of technology transfer in Ukraine on the basis of generalization of foreign experience and the analysis of domestic realities. To achieve the objective we identified the following tasks: to generalize theoretical principles of TT; to identify the world leaders of the TT and their peculiarities; to explore the characteristics of the development of TT in developing countries; to study the current status of TT in Ukraine. The article substantiates that the establishment of the developed innovative economy in which the activity of the TT is an important factor, as a rule, takes a long time. Results of the study showed that the lack of efficient activity of TT is often due to the fact that this activity is viewed separately from the more complex issue of knowledge management in all forms, in particular as a mandatory stage of R & D. The lack of implementation of the competence–based model in domestic Universities, research centers, businesses and state and local governments leads to the fact that the activities of TT do not have any mentioning of entrepreneurial, marketing competences. Their lack, in turn, causes low efficiency of TT activities. In the developed countries, the growth of the commercial activity of the Universities and research centers came as a result of evolutionary demands of society regarding the efficiency of investments in science and education. In the developing countries, such as Ukraine, the desire of commercial aspect in the development of the commercial aspect of TT is considered in terms of the impossibility of providing sufficient and stable funding, lack of financial mechanisms of accumulation of the results of successful TT. Under such circumstances, the really concerned are exclusively the employees of Universities and research centers themselves, the interests of whom are detached from other stakeholders' intentions, the unity of whom is substantiated in the triple helix concept. The effectiveness of efforts with regard to TT is limited by the lack of opportunities of accumulation of financial results from the commercialization of OÌV in domestic Universities. Received financial results often are allocated on current activities because of insufficient, falling financing from traditional sources. The means of the state budget must remain the main traditional source, but in this case engaging other sources must be supported. The negative dynamics of spending state funds on research and educational activities is predetermined by various factors, among which is insufficient disclosure of the recipients from the state funds of the reports about the results and the analysis of the efficiency of their spending. Lack of publicity, lack of transparency may testify to the privatization of the results of the activities by individual subjects or to a significant corruption component in their activities. At the same time, lack of publicity can indicate a low level of public accountability of the results and inability to take responsibility for certain risks. The lack of information about created effects, including multiplying, from the implementation of OÌV and technologies provides prerequisites for the relative "victories" in the competition for budget funds in other areas. Introduction of the competence–based model, in particular entrepreneurial and marketing competencies, into the activities of TT of national institutions should improve their efficiency in the medium term to the level of the developed countries. Taking into account the obtained findings during the development of the reform of the system of education and science will increase their level of international competitiveness and the level of efficiency of investments in this field, which will have comprehensive positive impact on national prosperity. Scientific novelty of the work is proven by: substantiating of the implementation of long–term strategies to increase competitiveness of universities and research centers as key institutions in the generation and transfer of knowledge; detecting the insufficiency of entrepreneurial, marketing and other competences in the development policy of the University offices of technology transfer; substantiation of the necessity of implementation of societal requirements concerning accountability of universities and research centers for disclosure of the efficiency of spending tax payers' money and their contribution to socio-economic development of the regions and the country. There remains a wide range of issues, the study of which my reflected in further work. In particular, we believe relevant: 1) justification of a scorecard measuring all aspects of TT; 2) study of the formation of professional networks in the field of TT; 3) substantiation of the system of motivation and efficiency of cooperation of all involved players; 4) methodological work with the patent policies of the universities and their convergence with scientific and research institutions; 5) building a culture of public accountability of institutions of scientific and educational spheres as recipients of the taxpayers' funds.

In the conditions of globalization, the intensification of relations between different States is taking place; the formation of a common market of capital, technologies and goods is formed. In this merged market there is a segment of the labor market, in which intellectual migration plays an extremely important role. At the present phase, migration processes attract more and more attention of scientists in all leading countries of the world. A special place takes intellectual migration. Human bieng, the human factor, especially their intellect, the educational potential has become a real capital. And migration itself forms the bulk of this capital. Migration is becoming more and more differentiated in terms of educational, qualification and professional characteristics, constantly involving new categories and groups of people in the staffing exchange. From ancient times, intellectual migration has been characterized by the constant movement of scientific staff between universities, which, obviously, determined the growth of prestige and the scientific, educational level of a university. Even in the history of Ukraine we can mention Yury Drohobych (Kotermak), professor and rector of the University of Bologna, professor of the Jagiellonian University, Mykhailo Drahomanov, professor at the Higher School in Sofia (now - Sofia University), etc. The present dictates similar needs in intelligence, which is addressed by promising scientists in the search for self-realization. Disproportionately smaller is the "flow" of scientific personnel to Ukraine. But such examples also take place. James Mace, a well-known historian, political scientist, researcher of the Holodomor, moved to Ukraine for scientific research and linked his scientific and livelihood with our country. In Ukraine, such migration processes are characterized by dynamism, diversity and a set of causes, not only of internal scientific, but also socio-economic nature. Over the past decades, part of the scientists who were unable to adapt to the new socio-economic conditions of post-Soviet Ukraine and could not "stay in science" by migrating to other areas of human activity, for example, in business or migrating to other countries. This, in turn, led to an imbalance in the scientific and educational spheres, and created new challenges and threats to the national educational and scientific sector, which affected the level of technical and technological development of Ukraine. The main goals of this paper is to determine the specifics of migration processes in the intellectual sphere, to identify their causes and social mechanisms, to analyze general and special factors of intellectual migration, to identify trends in intellectual migration and to create the appropriate conditions for the development of intellectual potential of Ukraine. Modern international intellectual migration is made up of two parts: highly qualified specialists who migrate from one developed country to another (mainly within Europe) and from specialists from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Developing countries (this group can be safely attributed to Ukraine), as a result of the "outflow of intelligence" are experiencing great complications due to the lack of high-skilled and secondary education. That is why the "outflow of intelligence" is seen as the migration of highly skilled and talented specialists from poor and / or isolated countries to industrial centers. This process is permanent, and is steadily gaining momentum, increasing the flows of highly skilled migrants to the European Union States, and especially the United States of America.

The last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century are characterized by an unprecedented intensification of the processes of mergers and acquisitions of the companies both in the developed and the developing countries. The companies working in information business underwent changes. The question arises of the expediency of the processes of mergers and acquisitions, of the efficiency of consolidation and concentration of capital in the field of information business. The aim of the research is the development of a methodological approach and the formation, based on it, of the mechanism of organizational and economic concentration and consolidation in the management of information business in modern global economy. The main research methods are dialectical method of scientific knowledge, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis and generalization of data. The conducted research into the volumes of mergers and acquisitions in the sector of information technologies, which directly affects the formation of the information business, has allowed revealing that the creation of new business models through the merger of capital caused bankruptcies. It is proven that 70% of profitable agreements were not implemented because of the not properly elaborated system of integration of the companies. We made a conclusion that due to the absence of an efficient mechanism for mergers and acquisitions of capital, after the processes of integration many companies in the information business did not have the opportunity to function efficiently. It was revealed that to ensure management of the concentration of capital it is necessary to identify and study related processes; to establish a set of conditions and parameters that characterize each process; to assign a manager who would manage and monitor a single simple process. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the substantiation of the necessity of the application of organizational–economic mechanism during consolidation and concentration of capital in the information business based on the analysis of the dynamics of mergers and acquisitions in the sector of information technologies. The practical significance of the obtained results is the possibility of application of organizational–economic mechanism during mergers and acquisitions of capital in the information business. The application of this mechanism will improve the process of consolidation and provide the ability to control the capital and make the necessary changes on the consistent and regular basis. The processes of managing the concentration and consolidation of the capital are new for the economies of the world, so the trends of their occurrence define the directions of further research.

Reproductive, surrogate, abortion and other types of medical tourism are evidence of the demand for certain practices and unresolved biopolitical issues at the level of legislation of different countries with different attitudes to socio-economic and biological inequality. Ukraine is remaining the center of world reproductive tourism. In the large cities of Ukraine, the reproductive business is developing and there are clinics that provide services using assisted reproductive technologies. This actualizes the problem of unresolved biopolitical issues and strengthens their impact on surrogacy practices in Ukraine. Needs of deep socio-philosophical analyses of problems of surrogacy is reasoned, especially when it comes to ethics of risk. It is noted that laws which rule surrogacy, lags behind reproductive and social practices and needs. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the legislation in biopolitics is relevant for a short time: to a new stage of development of technological potentiality. Legislation on surrogacy in Ukraine is more regulated and in part more progressive than in many countries around the world, and based on genetic relatedness. The challenges and threats to the Ukrainian society, which are hiding in prohibitive legislative initiatives in the field of reproduction, have been clarified. An analysis of recent abolitionist initiatives, including those from religious organizations, has been conducted. It has been shown that the protection against exploitation invoked by abolitionists is achieved in a clearly disproportionate and burdensome way for women themselves. Conclusion that in order to avoid negative biopolitical scenarios, Ukrainian society should avoid moral panic, form a special respect for technology and scientific knowledge, recognize the authority of socio-humanitarian research and appreciate data obtained by scientists have been done.

The article is devoted to studying the tendency to develop foreign economic business structures in Ukraine. The relevance of the research is because foreign economic activity is the essential component of a large number of domestic business structures. Moreover, developing foreign economic activity gives the company new opportunities, such as using the benefits of international cooperation of production and freedom of decision-making to carry out its production tasks. Therefore, scientists have paid attention to the foreign economic activity of business structures in Ukraine, ensuring and improving the efficiency of foreign economic activity at enterprises. Still, constant changes in the environment necessitate further research in this area. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems and find directions for developing foreign economic activity of business structures in Ukraine. First, the article analyzes the dynamics of export and import of goods and services. The commodity and geographical structure of exports and imports of goods and services are determined. Second, the main tendencies and characteristic features of foreign economic activity of business structures are studied. Despite a significant increase in the value of exports of goods and services to countries worldwide, Ukraine remains an import-dependent country. The main problems of foreign economic activity of some enterprises and Ukraine, in general, are considered. The directions of the development of the foreign economic activity of business structures in Ukraine are offered. The article identifies other ways to develop the foreign economic activity of business structures in Ukraine. The conducted research allowed us to find out that stable development of the economy is possible only on condition of preserving its openness and fast development of foreign trade. The fundamental problems of ensuring the balance of Ukraine's foreign economic activity are primarily related to the diversification of geopolitical and regional priorities, the optimization of the commodity structure of exports and imports, strengthening Ukraine's position on the world market of services through such segments as international tourism, insurance, leasing and engineering operations, exchange in the field of information.

The article analised the use of the potential of the scientific diaspora is one of the modern approaches to the modernization and integration into the world scientific space of the scientific systems of many countries, including posttotalitarian, in which the transformation of the social system is accompanied by a decrease in the financing of science, theof science, thereduction of the scientific and technical branch and exit promising young scientists into research centers of richer countries. Such negative tendencies for many years are inherent in Ukrainian science, as evidenced by a number of studies. The authors considered the role of cooperation with the scientific diaspora as a factor in the consolidation of high-ranking Ukrainians. The activity of the Ukrainian Academic International Network is analyzed and examples of best practices of scientific cooperation are presented. The importance of attracting the intellectual potential of the scientific diaspora to the processes of reforming and developing education and science in Ukraine is emphasized. It is concluded that the list of best practices of scientific cooperation initiated by our scientific diaspora testifies to its desires and possibilities to contribute to the development of science and education in Ukraine and to promote their inclusion in the European and world research field. Given the current difficult financial situation in the country, this contribution can be a powerful determinative stimulus to ensure further reform and development of the country's economic and intellectual environments. Functioning of academic networks created by academics unites scientists in Ukraine and beyond, and is an example of the consolidation of high-class Ukrainians in general. The role of cooperation with scientific diaspora as consolidation factor of highly professional Ukrainians is discussed in the article. Activity of the Ukrainian Academic International Network is analysed and the examples of best practices of research cooperation are presented. The emphasis is put on the importance of attraction of scientific diaspora intellectual potential to reforming and development of education and science in Ukraine.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the reality of Ukrainian women. Strong movement restriction, social isolation, the disinclination of the health care system have caused stress and intense emotional fear reaction for their lives and future, future and health of their relatives and children. A survey conducted in the UK has shown that men are more likely to get worse symptoms and die from COVID-19. Other researches, which took place in different countries around the world, have shown that women are more worried, anxious and scared about the consequences of the spread of the coronavirus. The article highlights the actual women's fears during the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyses the relationship of women's emotional state to different fears and state/trait anxiety. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of special terms during the COVID-19 pandemic on the intensity of women fears depending on age and having children. Participants (n=140) were asked to complete the Questionnaire of Actual Specific Fears (Ju. Shherbatyh), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the visual/verbal analogue fear 'here and now' scale. The comparative analysis of two age-band groups has shown that there is no significant difference in the intensity of specific fears and anxiety for 25-44 and 45-60 age groups. It was found that women who have children are rather more worried about not getting ill with some disease, have much higher values of fear 'here and now' and fear of heights as opposed to women who do not have children. The present study shows with what fears were women affected by during quarantine restrictions and the spread of the coronavirus. The article emphasizes the importance of the women psychological state, especially women who have children. It is obvious that additional researches are needed; they should explore specific fears connected with children and COVID-19. Further searches are seen in developing a system of psychological support for people who feel fear during the spread of different diseases and new probable pandemics.

Modern transformation of the economic system of this country led to structural changes in the social environment. Movement of population and human resources inside and outside the country increased. The growth of the scale of international migration processes, their mixed impact on the development of the countries, qualitative transformation of the specified processes determine the importance of the study of demographic and employment dimension of the international migration processes in Ukraine, which is among the main donors of population. The aim of the work is to determine demographic and human dimension of international migration processes in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, we applied dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as general scientific and special methods of research. The current state of migration processes in the global economy was examined. It was determined that in the global migration system Ukraine happens to be the country of origin, of transit and arrival of migrants. We analyzed the regional structure of migration flows in the state. It was proved that in recent years the country continues to lose population as a result of emigration, and these losses are not offset by immigration from abroad. This leads to a rapid decrease of the population of Ukraine. In addition, we tackled the problem of emigration of highly skilled labour force out of the country while the main channels of immigration into the country were identified. One of these channels is educational migration because Ukraine is included into the top ten leaders in the international market of educational services. It was substantiated that the target guideline of the state migration policy of Ukraine should be keeping the country's intellectual potential, for which it is necessary to ensure the execution of the following tasks: provision of financial and material resources to the development of science and higher education; funding in full the salaries of teachers in higher education, research workers; development of programs to preserve intellectual potential of the country; development of a mechanism for stimulating research activities and training of qualified professionals. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is in the developing and clarifying theoretical and practical foundations of the research into the issues of demographic and employment dimension of international migration processes in Ukraine. The practical value of the research results is in the definition of the target guideline of the state migration policy of Ukraine, which should be the preservation of the intellectual potential of the country. The participation of Ukraine in the international migration of skilled people should include an evolutionary process of rapprochement with the scientific and technological environment, and this process requires coordinated actions of all branches of government and business, predetermining the need for further research in this direction.

The article deals with the legal regulation for removal from the right to inheritance and law enforcement of the norm of Art. 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The study aims at developing the theoretical foundations of the application of this legal norm on the basis of analysis of legislation and case law. Such methods and approaches as systematic analysis and competent legal interpretation have been applied. The Civil Code of Ukraine regulates cases and removal of grounds for the right to inheritance. Article 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is applied to heirs at law; it distinguishes cases and grounds for exclusion from the right to inheritance by various criteria. However, what is typical for the countries of the continental group, the law needs to be clarified, first of all at the level of law enforcement practice. The highest jurisdiction of Ukraine – the Supreme Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court, made appropriate clarifications and interpretations of relevant legal norms at the general theoretical level (decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine) and at the level of unification of general practice through expressing a legal position in specific cases. Such interpretation should be considered clearly and sufficiently for further processing. However, judicial interpretation is not competent to correct legislative inaccuracies. And the case law itself is characterized by a tautology and inconsistency, when the departure from the previously adopted legal position is disguised under the difference of legal and factual grounds of the claim. The results of such miscalculations include variability of methods of judicial protection for the heirs of the first turn (paragraph 2, part 3 of Article 1224 and part 5 of Article 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) and procedural difficulties in proving claims – proving the testator's helplessness, address need assistance from the defendant, etc. In addition to legal uncertainty, which results in the poor functioning of institutions of exclusion from the right to inherit, this state of affairs creates grounds for abuse of rights. The authors propose measures to solve the problem, which can be divided into several groups. The first concerns amendments to Paragraph 2, Part 3 of Art. 1224 and Part 5 of Art. 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine: in terms of the subject composition, in particular, the permission of the heirs of other than the first turn, the order of inheritance, to sue on the basis of Paragraph 2 of part 3 of Article 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The second is aimed at intensifying the institution provided by Paragraph 2 of Part 3 of Article 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, inter alia, due to the uniformity and consistency of judicial practice. The introduction of the principle of participation in inheritance by bona fide heirs as a reward for their care of the testator, and the relatively easy removal of the right to inherit those who did not show such care, will also contribute to the revival of law enforcement. Finally, the third group of measures is related to the promotion of inheritance through wills, which will limit the number of disputes in inheritance cases (mainly cases of invalidation of the will) and put an end to the issue of exclusion from the right to inherit.