Suchergebnisse

In den USA wirken sich religiöse Einstellungen der Bürger auf das politische Wahlverhalten aus wie in keiner anderen Demokratie des 'Westens'. Religiös-moralische Orientierungen gelten als ein entscheidender Faktor bei den bevorstehenden Kongress- und Präsidentschaftswahlen am 2. November 2004. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die Studie die Rolle christlich-rechter Interessengruppen bei der Beschaffung republikanischer Mehrheiten im Kongress und im Weißen Haus. Dabei gliedern sich die Ausführungen in die folgenden Aspekte zu der politisch-religiösen Rechten: (1) gesellschaftliche Verortung und Entwicklung der Bewegung, (2) Themen und Netzwerke in Bezug auf die Innen- und Außenpolitik der USA sowie (3) Wirkungen auf das transatlantische Verhältnis. Die Untersuchung macht deutlich, dass das christlich-rechte Wähler- und Wahlkampfpotenzial für den Machterhalt der Republikaner im Weißen Haus und im Kongress notwendig ist. Der Einfluss christlicher Rechter auf amerikanische Politikvorstellungen bleibt bestehen, unabhängig von dem Wahlausgang. Außenpolitische Akteure in Europa sollten sich nach Einschätzung des Autors bewusst sein, dass die religiöse Rechte in den USA ein bedeutendes und bleibendes politisches Gewicht hat. Vor allem im Hinblick auf eine gemeinsame Politik gegenüber Syrien und Iran sollten europäische Akteure auch das Gespräch mit christlich-rechten Interessenvertretern und Politikern suchen und sich bemühen, die unterschiedlichen Einschätzungen der Realität und die verschiedenen Vorgehensweisen einander anzunähern. Möglichkeiten transatlantischer Verständigung sind auch beim gemeinsamen Kampf gegen den Terrorismus in anderen Regionen gegeben. (ICG2)

The Sustainable Development and the Global South project was jointly conceived by the Innovation School at Glasgow School of Art in partnership with the Sustainable Futures in Africa Network (SFA), and the University of Glasgow. Graduating final year BDes Product Design students from the Innovation School were presented with a challenge-based project to produce a vision of the future based on current trends that relate to Sustainable Development work and the Global South. This project involved working closely with researchers, academics and professionals specialising in human geography, education, health, environment, engineering, cultural practice and community engagement who are part of the Sustainable Futures in Africa Network which includes a Scottish hub, led from the University of Glasgow. Included in the network was a representative from an NGO that builds schools in Malawi, an entrepreneur who runs an ethical clothing company that partners with producers in the Global South, a senior governance officer from the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID), a research network administrator, and international graduate students from Africa based at Scottish institutions. In addition to the SFA, external experts from design studio AndThen and GOODD design consultancy were engaged. The objective of this project was to investigate, in both analytical and speculative ways, future forms and functions of Sustainable Development work in relation to the Global South in ten years from now, to develop future scenarios and design the artefacts, services and the experiences associated with these future visions. On completion of the project and learning experience it was intended that the students would be able to recognise and articulate the impact and sustainability of their design propositions, consider the life-cycle of their proposals and the values these might create for the intended users, communities and contexts. The project was completed in January 2020, as the Covid-19 pandemic was just beginning its spread around the world. This unprecedented catastrophe reinforced the importance of supporting those most in need – the citizens of developing regions in the Global South. In April 2020, the heads of all the UN's major agencies issued an open letter warning of the risks the virus posed to the world's most vulnerable countries. It called on wealthier nations to increase funding and help to tackle issues such as the cessation of aid as a result of cancelled flights and disrupted supply routes. These and many other concerns highlighted during the crisis are among the topics explored in this project, which feels even more relevant and urgent than when it was initiated in the summer of 2019. One of the most significant societal shifts currently taking place within the field of sustainable development work is its transformation from being understood as a process of growth or, at its most benign, poverty alleviation, to one of community empowerment and civic participation. The public's role is developing beyond once-passive community members and recipients of aid, into stakeholders valued for their local knowledge, lived experiences, participation in development projects, and contribution towards policy-making and decision-making. This new dynamic is changing the traditional North-South relationship and holds the potential to challenge the geopolitical hegemony of International Development. The impetus for this shift is a decolonial, collaborative approach to development, research and practice; increased local empowerment, and sustainable solutions to problems that are co-created in context with those affected by and affecting the issue in question. This project asked students to consider what happens in this global landscape ten years from now where Sustainable Development has evolved to the extent that new forms of work and communities of practice transform how people engage, learn and interact with each other, with stakeholders and with the global community around them. The brief gave students the opportunity to explore the underlying complexities regarding sustainable futures, the post-colonial dynamic between 'norths' and 'souths', post-capitalism and human agency, to envision a future world context, develop it as an experiential exhibit, and produce the designed products, services and experiences for the people who might live and work within it. The project was divided into two sections: The first was a collaborative stage where groups of students were assigned a specific domain to collectively research one aspect of the project challenge, these domains included; Health, Energy, Mobility, Economies, Education, Societal Structures and Environment. Each of these domains were examined through the lenses of Social, Technological, Economic, Ethical, Educational, Values, Political, Legal and Ecological (STEEEVPLE) and were tailored in use, as appropriate per domain. The groups focused on researching and exploring their specific domain and gathering as much information and understanding while working with the external experts to further their knowledge. This group stage culminated in a series of Future World exhibits which tangibly manifest the cohort's collective knowledge and collaborative understanding of what the future could look like in 10 years from now, after exploring the possible consequences of current actions. The second stage saw students explore their individual response to the Future World that had been created in the first stage. Each student developed their own response to the research by iteratively creating a design outcome that was appropriate to the subject matter. This culminated in each student producing a designed product, service or system and a visual communication of the future experience which they had created. A visual summary of the journey and stages (Project Journey Map) is included within the repository and outlines the collaborative process of designing and the innovative nature of the project's pedagogical model. The project aims to reveal and address the emerging possibilities collaboratively created by Sustainable Development professionals and designers interacting and learning from each other, to present preferable futures which reveal socio-ecological innovations in development work with the Global South in the near future. The deposited materials are arranged as follows: Readme files - two readme files relate to stage one and stage two of the project as outlined above. Project Journey Map - gives a visual overview of the pedagogical structure and timeline of the project. Data folders - the data folders for stage one of the project are named by the domains through which each group explored possible futures. The data folders for stage two of the project are named for the individual students who conducted the work.

Розглянуто можливі порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та відповідальність за їх вчинення. Проаналізовано законодавство України, що регу­лює діяльність, пов'язану з розробкою озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійс­ненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, стосовно забезпечення охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зазначено важливість охорони інтелектуальної власності та необхідність удосконалення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань охорони інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. ; Рассмотрено возможные наруше­ния прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере и ответственность за их совершение. Проведен анализ законодательства Украины, регулирующего деятельность, связанную с разработкой вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществлением международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относи­тельно обеспечения охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Обращено внима­ние на важность охраны интеллектуальной собственности и необходимость усо­вершенствовать законодательство относительно урегулирования вопросов охраны интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. ; Possible violations of intellectual property rights in the de­fense sector and responsibility for their implementation are considered. The legisla­tion of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the protection of intellectual property, is analyzed. The im­portance of intellectual property protection and the necessity to improve the legisla­tion on the regulation of issues of intellectual property protection in the defense sphere are noted. Ukrainian legislation theoretically allows you to protect the rights of intellectual property owners. In the case of violation of intellectual property rights, its protection is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by adminis­trative, civil and criminal law.However, all these norms do not protect against possible violations of intellectual property rights, and all subjects involved in the development of armaments and mili­tary equipment — central executive authorities, acting as customers of the state defense order, enterprises and organizations that are developing (modernizing) of arma­ment and military equipment, and employees of these enterprises, which themselves create objects of intellectual property rights.Responsibility of the customer for a number of violations of intellectual property rights in the development of weapons and military equipment is not defined.For violation of the conditions of the state contract, the parties' liability is stipulated. But the turn if in these conditions are not defined or not clearly defined, requirements for carrying out measures concerning the protection of intellectual property is not pro­vided for liability. As a result, the customer may receive an example of armament and military equipment that is already morally obsolete and also with material claims.The foregoing results in the fact that when the customer executes the control over the execution of the state defense order, namely, measures to protect intellectual prop­erty, the availability of patent documentation for products and technology for its pro­duction are not verified, and moreover, the use of intellectual property created (used) in the course of execution the state contract, is carried out without a separate contract with the definition of the rights of the customer.The law also does not specify the responsibility of the executor for non-compliance with the requirements related to the protection of intellectual property rights in the ex­ecution of a state contract for state defense orders and the further use of intellectual property rights objects.This situation leads to the «leakage» of intellectual property rights from the legal market of goods, to the so-called "shadow" circulation of objects of intellectual property rights.The grounds for possible violations are laid down in the statutory documents of the developer, in particular the absence of a collective contract stacked in the organizations executing the state defense order, the provisions of the protection of intellectual proper­ty rights: (the exclusive property right for a service object of intellectual property rights belongs to the employer, and non-property rights belong to the authors who are paid the author's reward, the size, terms and procedure for payment of which are determined by an employment contract (contract) between the author and the employer). This contract in most cases doesn't set up, or there are no position of the size and procedure for pay­ment of the author's remuneration for a service object of intellectual property rights.Uncertainty in collective and labor contract provisions regarding the observance of in­tellectual property rights leads to the loss of property rights, as well as non-proprietary rights to intellectual property rights, by authors, and non-remuneration for their use.However, the authors themselves may also violate the requirements of the law. Par­ticularly, these violations are notable to the development of weapons and military equipment, as they can lead to the damage of the national interests of Ukraine. To date, the legislation does not define the responsibility of the authors of the service objects of intellectual property rights for the implementation of such violations.Thus, the issue of intellectual property protection, in particular regarding the defini­tion of responsibility for the commission of offenses concerning the use of intellectual property rights in the defense sector, has been paid insufficient attention by our legisla­tors, who have not been able (or not wanted) to solve existing problems in this area. And this is the most fundamental violation for which central (central and executive) central executive authorities responsible for developing state policy in the field of defense and ensuring its implementation, as well as specific officials of these central executive bodies, should be held accountable. After all, the lack of legislative regulation of the problems of intellectual property protection in the development of weapons and military equipment and in the process of military-technical cooperation leads to a number of violations. This is due to only one — the lack of attention and interest from the central executive author­ities in ensuring the rights of the state and other entities in relation to objects of intellec­tual property rights, as is the case in the advanced countries of the world.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all the subjects involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights that are created when performing the state defense order, including (especially) the implementation of military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vio­lation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.In order to warn and prevent violations of intellectual property rights, it is necessary to improve the legislative and normative-legal basis for the regulation of issues of intel­lectual property protection in the defense sphere.

Розглянуто можливі порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та відповідальність за їх вчинення. Проаналізовано законодавство України, що регу­лює діяльність, пов'язану з розробкою озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійс­ненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, стосовно забезпечення охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зазначено важливість охорони інтелектуальної власності та необхідність удосконалення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань охорони інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. ; Рассмотрено возможные наруше­ния прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере и ответственность за их совершение. Проведен анализ законодательства Украины, регулирующего деятельность, связанную с разработкой вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществлением международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относи­тельно обеспечения охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Обращено внима­ние на важность охраны интеллектуальной собственности и необходимость усо­вершенствовать законодательство относительно урегулирования вопросов охраны интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. ; Possible violations of intellectual property rights in the de­fense sector and responsibility for their implementation are considered. The legisla­tion of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the protection of intellectual property, is analyzed. The im­portance of intellectual property protection and the necessity to improve the legisla­tion on the regulation of issues of intellectual property protection in the defense sphere are noted. Ukrainian legislation theoretically allows you to protect the rights of intellectual property owners. In the case of violation of intellectual property rights, its protection is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by adminis­trative, civil and criminal law.However, all these norms do not protect against possible violations of intellectual property rights, and all subjects involved in the development of armaments and mili­tary equipment — central executive authorities, acting as customers of the state defense order, enterprises and organizations that are developing (modernizing) of arma­ment and military equipment, and employees of these enterprises, which themselves create objects of intellectual property rights.Responsibility of the customer for a number of violations of intellectual property rights in the development of weapons and military equipment is not defined.For violation of the conditions of the state contract, the parties' liability is stipulated. But the turn if in these conditions are not defined or not clearly defined, requirements for carrying out measures concerning the protection of intellectual property is not pro­vided for liability. As a result, the customer may receive an example of armament and military equipment that is already morally obsolete and also with material claims.The foregoing results in the fact that when the customer executes the control over the execution of the state defense order, namely, measures to protect intellectual prop­erty, the availability of patent documentation for products and technology for its pro­duction are not verified, and moreover, the use of intellectual property created (used) in the course of execution the state contract, is carried out without a separate contract with the definition of the rights of the customer.The law also does not specify the responsibility of the executor for non-compliance with the requirements related to the protection of intellectual property rights in the ex­ecution of a state contract for state defense orders and the further use of intellectual property rights objects.This situation leads to the «leakage» of intellectual property rights from the legal market of goods, to the so-called "shadow" circulation of objects of intellectual property rights.The grounds for possible violations are laid down in the statutory documents of the developer, in particular the absence of a collective contract stacked in the organizations executing the state defense order, the provisions of the protection of intellectual proper­ty rights: (the exclusive property right for a service object of intellectual property rights belongs to the employer, and non-property rights belong to the authors who are paid the author's reward, the size, terms and procedure for payment of which are determined by an employment contract (contract) between the author and the employer). This contract in most cases doesn't set up, or there are no position of the size and procedure for pay­ment of the author's remuneration for a service object of intellectual property rights.Uncertainty in collective and labor contract provisions regarding the observance of in­tellectual property rights leads to the loss of property rights, as well as non-proprietary rights to intellectual property rights, by authors, and non-remuneration for their use.However, the authors themselves may also violate the requirements of the law. Par­ticularly, these violations are notable to the development of weapons and military equipment, as they can lead to the damage of the national interests of Ukraine. To date, the legislation does not define the responsibility of the authors of the service objects of intellectual property rights for the implementation of such violations.Thus, the issue of intellectual property protection, in particular regarding the defini­tion of responsibility for the commission of offenses concerning the use of intellectual property rights in the defense sector, has been paid insufficient attention by our legisla­tors, who have not been able (or not wanted) to solve existing problems in this area. And this is the most fundamental violation for which central (central and executive) central executive authorities responsible for developing state policy in the field of defense and ensuring its implementation, as well as specific officials of these central executive bodies, should be held accountable. After all, the lack of legislative regulation of the problems of intellectual property protection in the development of weapons and military equipment and in the process of military-technical cooperation leads to a number of violations. This is due to only one — the lack of attention and interest from the central executive author­ities in ensuring the rights of the state and other entities in relation to objects of intellec­tual property rights, as is the case in the advanced countries of the world.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all the subjects involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights that are created when performing the state defense order, including (especially) the implementation of military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vio­lation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.In order to warn and prevent violations of intellectual property rights, it is necessary to improve the legislative and normative-legal basis for the regulation of issues of intel­lectual property protection in the defense sphere.

The article deals with the problem of overcoming a social and political division of the Ukrainian society by region, ethnicity and language. Having intensified during the years of its independence, the existing social and political division of the Ukrainian society suggests that the government's ethnic and national policy is ineffective, points to a segmental awareness of individuality and a conflict of interests of social and political groups, a stronger institutional representation etc. Today, the political elite fails to utilize the nation-consolidating potential and often ignores the objective of social, political and national consolidation of the society, enhances the imbalances in the system of values and standards, exacerbates interethnic relationships. In contemporary conditions, Ukrainian citizens from different regions have a different understanding of the past and the future development of their country, give preference to different political and geopolitical vectors. That Ukraine did not have statehood has made more complicated the evolution of sustainable national identification factors of the Ukrainian society, ultimately limited the natural development of interethnic and intergovernmental relationships and their impact on the formation of a nation, conditioned peculiar types of regional identity to a great degree. Remaining immature in most regions, the ethnic foundation of the national identity prevents the Ukrainian political nation from consolidation.It has been substantiated that the social and political division may, if escalated, provoke a nation's breakup which has two aspects – external (lack of the nation's unity is caused by certain geopolitical factors, interference of other countries or organizations in the constitution of the nation) and internal (by historical, cultural, religious, language-related, mental and other factors). Today, the breakup between the west and and east can be witnessed in Ukraine as it correlates with language-related and geopolitical reference points of Ukrainian citizens.The current social and political division of the Ukrainian society has been strengthened by internal political factors such as inferior public governance, ethnic and political management has failed to eliminate discontent of both the title ethnos and national minorities by developing their national cultures, and they have an increasing sense of neglect and humiliation. Unfortunately, most political solutions, official documents and declarations intended to promote national consolidation fail to achieve their functions and are of formal nature in that they fail to assist in overcoming regional disproportions and disintegration of the regions.Today, the ethnic and regional division is also based on the language because lingual conduct is the most prominent factor of regional differentiation. A further development of these tendencies poses a threat of having the existing ethnic and cultural differences between the regions transform themselves into an institutionalized territorial and political demarcation. When forming a language policy, the state should proceed from that the problem of protection of national minorities' languages should not threaten the national identity and national consolidation of Ukraine. This condition should be of top priority in the society that has set out for national consolidation instead of a breakup of the nation. It is improper and useless to treat national minorities' languages as an aspect of their 'survival'.It has been demonstrated that the social and political division of the Ukrainian society is also strengthened by external political factors such as the policy of Russia, which creates social and political organizations that raise territory claims against Ukraine; uses the dominant position of the Russian satellite and broadcast television in southern and eastern oblasts of Ukraine to reinforce pro-Russian sentiment among the population of these regions; promotes a negative attitude to the EU and NATO; creates centers of tensions over language-related and national issues, makes military intervention etc. Introduction of dual citizenship also has negative effects such as the exacerbation of interethnic relationships, a shift in the national identity or promotion of dual national identity.For national consolidation, it is crucial today to create a new system of values of the Ukrainian society, a nationwide idea which can consolidate the Ukrainian society. Of course, it is both unreasonable and ineffective to treat an individual factor as primary to national consolidation because national consolidation is a comprehensive and systemic process. National consolidation should be primarily founded on spiritual, social and moral values.The Ukrainian society can consolidate provided there is ethnic, social and national consensus – an agreement between policy actors on national matters based on fundamental values and standards that are common to all mainstream social and political groups of the society. National consolidation may evolve top down and vice versa, bottom up, as initiated by the people in the context of a developed civil society. During national consolidation of the contemporary Ukrainian society, it is important to create conditions for the establishment of institutions of political power and civil society which can maintain territorial integrity and unity of the country and guarantee its sustainable development.The consolidation of the Ukrainian society requires a number of transformations in the humanitarian area. These include developing integrative humanitarian policy intended to create a single political nation, the national identity; creating a single information space; resolving the language issue; reinforcing community ties between Russian- and Ukrainian-speaking regions. It is only when and if all internal and external political factors of the national consolidation of the Ukrainian society are taken into account comprehensively that an effective national strategy of consolidation can be developed and a sustainable development of nation building can be secured. ; В статье рассмотрена проблема преодоления социально-политического разделения украинского общества на региональной и этноязыковой основах. Обоснованно, что социополитическое разделение (при условии егоэскалации) может спровоцировать раскол нации, который имеет два аспекта – внешний (предопределенный геополитическими факторами) и внутренний (предопределенный историческими, культурными, религиозными, языковыми и др. факторами). Ведущую роль в объединении украинского общества может сыграть консолидация политической элиты, действенные политические институты и институты гражданского общества, укрепление общенациональной идентичности. ; У статті розглянуто проблему подолання соціально-політичного поділу українського суспільства на регіональній та етномовній основах. Обґрунтовано, що соціополітичний поділ (за умови його ескалації) може спровокувати розкол нації, який має два аспекти – зовнішній (зумовлений геополітичними чинниками) та внутрішній (зумовлений історичними, культурними, релігійними, мовними та ін. чинниками). Визначено, що необхідними для об'єднання українського суспільства є консолідація політичної еліти, дійові політичні інститути та інститути громадянського суспільства, зміцнення загальнонаціональної ідентичності.

'When dealing with the question of Algerian 'elites' - a term which, by the way, is never used locally - a basic contradiction will become apparent. 'National' they were indeed, those new social categories (doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, and so on) that the Colonial presence created, either directly or indirectly, among the French or the Arab population. But they became 'nationalistic', meaning that they sought to break completely with the Colonial power, only much later, when the guerilla warfare began in 1954. Focusing on the period between 1920 and 1954, and using archives and interviews, I will try to show today the essential role played by education, particularly by the 'Colonial system of education'. That system was a 'structuring machine' which irresistibly and lastingly contributed to reshaping society from top to bottom as well as the relationship between the two languages. And though the 1954 Revolution denied it, that structure is still alive and functioning today.' (author's abstract)|

In dem Beitrag sollen Erfahrungen aus der Durchführung teilstrukturierter Online-Interviews im Rahmen einer ethnografischen Studie vermittelt werden, die zwischen 2000 und 2001 in Saudi-Arabien durchgeführt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, sowohl die individuelle Beteiligung in Online-Gemeinschaften als auch die Auswirkungen dieser Gemeinschaften auf das Offline-Leben in Saudi-Arabien zu rekonstruieren. Die Wahrnehmungen der jeweiligen Online-Gemeinschaften durch die Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen wurde mittels teilstrukturierter Interviews erhoben. Insgesamt beteiligten sich an der Untersuchung 15 Personen (8 Frauen und 7 Männer). Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die saudiarabische Kultur wird die theoretische und methodologische Konzeption der Studie vorgestellt. Es folgt eine Diskussion des teilstrukturierten Interviews und der Gründe, die dafür ausschlaggebend waren, die Interviews online durchzuführen. Anschließend werden zunächst die Kriterien für die Auswahl der Interviewten und die mit dieser Auswahl verbundenen Probleme skizziert, dann werden Einzelheiten der Interviewdurchführung und Datenauswertung erläutert. Der Artikel endet mit einem Diskussionsangebot über die Erfahrungen, die im Verlauf dieses Forschungsvorgehens gewonnen wurden.

Soviet and post-Soviet historians have not paid enough attention to the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) – the U.S. principal archive that preserves historical documentary sources of national importance. In the United States the history of the National Archives is presented in the works of Wayne C. Grover, Donald R. McCoy, H.G. Jones, Herman J. Viola, Anna Bruner Eales and other authors. The 1940-1950's in NARA's history is one of the most important periods, the time of "maturing and gaining self-awareness", which the author intends to explore in this article. NARA, established in 1934, tried to represent itself as a very important state agency. During World War II, NARA received a significant number of historical documents of the federal executive departments for storage, executed thousands of requests from civilian and military government agencies, popularized historical documents in order to reinforce a sense of patriotism, created thousands of security copies, let their premises to important military defense offices, made important steps to save documents of the occupied countries. Due to the services, rendered by archivists to the U.S. Army and Navy, NARA got the title of "National Defense Agency." Immediately after the war, the Second Archivist of the USA Solon J. Buck suggested creating the International Council on Archives and the UNO Archives. Prominent American archivists Waldo Gifford Leland, one of the founders of (NARA) the National Archives, Chairman of the Committee on Conservation of Cultural Resources, Collas G. Harris, the head of an Archives committee on protection against the hazards of war, Vernon D. Tate, the head of NARA photo archives department, Philip M. Hamer, the Records Control Officer NARA contributed to the development of the records' saving methods during the war. Ernst Posner, a scholar and lecturer at the American University, headed of the project on compilation of guides of archives in Germany, Italy and many occupied countries. The guides were created in order to save the repositories and documentary treasures they contained. Under the leadership of Philip M. Hamer the staff of the National Archives prepared "Guides to Records of World War II" for print. Consequently, archivists believed they were able to prove the value of archives as a strategic state informational resource that preserves nation's historical documents and provides government institutions with important retrospective information. However, in the postwar years, the government made decisions unfavorable for further development of the National Archives. Before and during the war an extraordinary number of documents in need of appraisal and disposal were accumulated in federal departments. In 1943 Congress issued the «Records Disposal Act» which demanded institutions to submit schedules of records, allocated for destruction to the U.S. Archivist. However, the devising of schedules progressed slowly. In 1945 amendments to the Act were adopted, which authorized the Archivist of the United States to compile mandatory General schedules. In 1946 President Harry S. Truman signed EO 9784 "Providing for the More Efficient Use and for the Transfer and Other Disposition of Government Records". This order required the departments of the executive branch to implement records management programs, and made NARA responsible for control and coordination in the area of the records management. It seemed that the measures taken to resolve the problem of appraisal and records management were sufficient. In 1947 the Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government was established in the U.S. government, headed by the former U.S. President Herbert Hoover. Although Hoover declared that the reorganization was necessary for management simplification, clarity of the executive branch of power's policies, according to the Constitution of the United States, the real purpose of reorganization was the executive branch's attempt to take over all possible functions of governance, strengthening the status of major federal departments and cost savings. A special group was created as a part of the Commission. Its task was to survey the records management in federal agencies and provide recommendations for its improvement. Emmett J. Leahy led the group. He suggested the creation of a Federal Records Administration, incorporating it as a component of the National Archives and all the repositories, that stored non-current federal government documents, and passing a law to coordinate formation, storage, management and destruction of records procedures, appointing a person responsible for records management in each department, developing and implementing the relevant standards and regulations. However, the only Leahy's proposal the members of the Hoover Commission realized concerned NARA association with the General Services Administration (GSA), the office, responsible for ensuring the operation of public institutions and their buildings, transport and so on. The Third Archivist of the USA Wayne C. Grover (1948-1965) directed his own suggestions to the Hoover Commission, in which he appealed against the decision to establish a new Administration and insisted that NARA was able to successfully perform the functions of records management on its own. Opponents criticized Leahy for the narrowness of the aim he pursued: the problem of reducing the quantity of records and saving space for their storage. They made hints that he was more concerned with how to "sell" his idea to the Commission, than the communal benefit. They also pointed out the lack of alternatives and the uncertain status of the National Archives. Their fears were justified. On June 30, 1949 «Federal Property and Administrative Services Act» (PL 152) concerning federal property and administrative services was adopted, according to which all government records were declared federal property, centralized management was entrusted to GSA, which the National Archives and Records Service (NARS) was subjected to. With a few exceptions, the law passed in 1949 ensured that all the U.S. Archivist's responsibilities were passed to the head of GSA. Archives lost its authority as an independent government agency, and even changed its name from NARA to NARS. This resulted in the inability of the National Archives to conduct independent policy in the field of archival affairs and to control human resources and finances, which adversely affected the further development of the Archives. In 1953 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) intended to politicize the post of the Archivist, to remove W.C. Grover from the office and appoint a politician. In 1965 Grover resigned because of a conflict with GSA regarding Archives funding cuts. Before that he had written a letter to President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) with a request to reestablish the National Archives into an independent agency. For 25 years the conflict between the GSA and NARS had been developing into a state of "war" in which, fortunately for American Archivists, they achieved a victory, returning not only the name but also the independence and rights to the Archives in 1985. Changes in the archives legislation concerning U.S. Archives in the 1940s – 1950s improved the records management in federal agencies: General and specific schedules were introduced, the activities of institutions in the field of records management were regulated, the rules for records disposition were established, retention periods were determined, destruction procedures were standardized, federal records centers were founded. Institutions were freed from aggravating work with noncurrent records, receiving an opportunity to transfer them to temporary repositories, appraisal and subsequent disposal in records centers. Activities of federal agencies in the area of records were subjected to centralized management, coordination and control by NARS. In fact, NARS powers were increased with the right to the records management programs control of the life cycle of documents from the formation in an institution until the final disposition. This was a significant step forward in comparison with the situation in the first half of the XX century. It ensured systematic acquisition of records of historical value by NARS and prevented the loss of valuable documents. Assessment of the guidelines given to the government by Hoover Commission is not high. The National Archives as an independent agency of the executive branch could have implemented its tasks in the field of records management on its own without unnecessary complications. Instead, it was held "captive" for 25 years (in the words of American Archivists) by the GSA and worked under pressure of an unresolved conflict which was time and energy consuming for the archivists. The examined period in the history of the National Archives of the United States (1940-1950's) was important both in terms of archives' achievements in practicing their trade and in terms of understanding their role as archivists. American archivists managed to prove to their federal departments the importance of transferring documents to be stored in the Archives and showed department heads that the Archives are a federal agency, which guarantees and reliably ensures the safety of government records and information as well as institutions' services. Later on, the heads of federal agencies had no doubts about the wisdom of submitting records to the NARA. Archives' informational activities didn't focus solely on executing state civilian and military agencies' requests, but on actively popularizing historical documents among officials, military men and citizens too. Actions, intended to popularize historical documents, helped to form a positive image of archives in the community. For the United States it was of great importance as American citizens as taxpayers assess the necessity of an institution's existence in terms of its cost justification. Activities of American archivists had a positive impact on the safety of occupied countries' documents. Contribution to the salvage of documents of other countries positively influenced the perception of the United States as one of the founders of the International Council on Archives by the international archival community. Decisions taken by the U.S. government in the postwar years were positive as a whole. Firstly, a strict records management system was implemented in federal agencies. The problem of appraisal and temporary storage of records was solved. Second, the loss of National Archives status as an independent public entity, which negatively reflected on all of the Archives' activities until 1985, taught archivists a lesson. Archivists realized that their mission was not to be clerks, who perform routine paperwork, but as guardians of history. W.C. Grover commented on this in his farewell letter to the staff of the Archives: «These missions, as I have repeated many times, are important. They are at the center of man's effort to preserve and carry forward civilization itself. "The written word endures" - at least such portions of the word as we archivists decide are worth preserving! It is a worrisome and responsible task, but I can't think of a nobler one in this rather uncivilized era we find ourselves». It took years for archivists to overcome the resistance of politicians and government officials, return an independent status to the Archives, eliminate the threat of politicization and turn archival branch into a separate independent public system. This does not mean that the U.S. archival branch and National Archives today operate without problems, but they experienced a period of "maturing and gaining self-awareness", which allowed archivists to move on to a new level of perception and representation of themselves and their role in State and society. ; Освещена история Национального архива США в период Второй мировой войны и первые послевоенные годы, усилия архивистов, направленные на организацию экспертизы ценности и обеспечение сохранности документов департаментов федерального правительства, популяризацию исторических источников; деятельность первой и второй Гуверовских комиссий, изменения законодательства в отраслях архивного дела и управления документацией в США в 1940-1950-х гг. Особенное внимание уделено статусу Национального архива США как самостоятельного органа исполнительной ветви власти и стратегического информационного ресурса государства ; Висвітлено історію Національного архіву США у період Другої світової війни та перші повоєнні роки, зусилля архівістів з організації експертизи цінності та забезпечення збереженості документів департаментів федерального уряду, популяризації історичних джерел; діяльність першої та другої Гуверівських комісій, зміни законодавства у галузі архівної справи та у сфері управління документацією у США у 1940-1950-х рр. Особливу увагу приділено статусу Національного архіву США як самостійного органу виконавчої гілки влади та стратегічного інформаційного ресурсу держави

This seventh economic update goes to the heart of one of the main challenges faced by Tanzania: how can the country finance its development? This is a fundamental question when aid is coming down as a proportion of a growing GDP, and as access to financial markets remains limited. Oneoption would be to rely more on the private sector to deliver education, health, roads, ports and electricity. This is possible as demonstrated by many such experiences around the world, and therefore this approach needs to be one important part of the solution to finance development. The argument presented in this economic update is that higher tax revenues will come only if a comprehensive approach is adopted. The tax system has to be affordable, fair, simple, and transparent. The government also has to be accountable for the money it is receiving. It is onlywhen these basic conditions are met that tax compliance will increase. Because a strong social contract between the State and its citizens is not yet sufficiently in place in Tanzania, a number of suggestions are proposed in the update, with the objective of stimulating debate on possibleapproaches to increase tax revenue.

Regulatory reform and competition policy are two important and inter-related areas of regulatory policy and public administration. Both can play a key role in improving the quality of regulation, and creating healthy and competitive markets and an attractive investment climate. This in turn leads to greater economic growth, employment and incomes. Part one of this paper discusses definitions and key issues associated with regulation, regulatory quality, and competition policy. This discussion focuses on competition policy as it relates to restrictions on competition and also pro-competitive regulation, which involves protecting consumers through economic regulation. Part two of this paper considers institutions and processes for implementing regulatory quality and competition policy agendas, including regulatory agencies, regulatory reform bodies, competition authorities and broader regulation-making processes. Part three notes the importance of assessing competition policy issues on a case-by-case basis and identifies the main objectives and features of competition policy. This includes a discussion about when competition policy issues are likely to play an important role in regulatory assessment and reform. Part four considers mechanisms for coordinating- where appropriate-competition policy and regulatory quality assessments, including undertaking competition assessments and providing advice to decision makers.

Africa's growing demand for food has been met increasingly by imports from the global market. This, coupled with rising global food prices, brings ever-mounting food import bills. In addition, population growth and changing demand patterns will double demands over the next 10 years. Two key issues must be addressed: (a) establishing a consistent and stable policy environment for regional trade in fertilizers; and (b) investing in institutions that reduce the transaction costs of coordination failures. Many countries have enacted new fertilizer laws in recent years, but few have provided the resources to define and enforce regulations through standards and testing capacity. This report shows that reducing regulatory burdens on fertilizers and the consequent increase in use of fertilizers will have substantial impacts on returns to farmers, with consequent impacts on poverty. The report highlights the range of barriers to food trade in Africa along the entire value chain. The issues pertain to many ministries and agencies within government: trade, agricultural, health and safety, transport, and finance. This in turn requires a "whole of government' approach to freeing up food trade, which will require strong and effective leadership to articulate the rationale and sustain the momentum for reform. Leaders must also address the hard choices that will arise in dealing with the political economy constraints that have until now blocked the capacity of Africa to exploit its enormous potential to feed Africans.

In this bulletin, a snapshot of remittance inflows into Ukraine pre-COVID will be discussed, followed by its developments in 2020.

The following bulletin focuses on remittance inflows into Georgia in 2020 and its development in 2021. The social and economic stability of Georgia strongly relies on the money sent from emigrants to their families. Based on World Bank Data1, in 2019, in terms of dependence on remittance inflows, Georgia ranked 21st in the world, with remittance inflows to GDP ratio. Moreover, the study conducted by the State Commission on Migration Issues revealed that in 2016 money sent by every second emigrant to their families accumulated half or 3/4 of family budget, and for the 15% of families remittance was the only source of income in Georgia.

This paper will focus on the xinyimin in Indonesia, an undertaking that forms part of my larger project on Chinese migration in Southeast Asia. There have been copious descriptions of the diverse nature of Chinese migration into the region, but statistics have been less forthcoming both as a result of the sensitive nature of the subject and the uneven data collection of country-level surveys. However, from scattered information that is available, it is still possible for us to gain a rough picture of the xinyimin in Southeast Asia and to understand their activities (see Table 1). To a limited extent, their impact on the local socioeconomic and political scene can also be assessed.