The author presents the current limitations and developmental requirements of higher education against the context, that the higher education institutions in Poland are situated in, due to the systemic transformation taking place in the country. On the ground of the evaluation of the situation, the author presents the general directions of the higher education change, also he proposes actions, that should be undertaken at the individual institutions. Accepting the postulate concerning the necessity of the higher vocational education development, the author formulates the postulate regarding its universality. This signifies, that the vocational courses have to be introduced to the autonomous institutions of higher education as well. In such the context, the unique model of combining the vocational and M.A. degree courses within the same department, described as the flexible Y model, is presented. In the final paragraphs, the postulate to introduce to higher education institutions, so called, rationalization programs of II level, adjusted to the local specifics, was presented. The adjustment and development programs should form the basis of the pro-effectiveness changes continuation in the higher education. The author emphasizes however, that the range of desired transformations is determined by the proper policy of the Ministry of National Education, supported by the budgetary decisions of the Parliament. ; Autor przedstawia aktualne ograniczenia i uwarunkowania rozwojowe szkolnictwa wyższego na tle sytuacji, w jakiej znalazły się szkoły wyższe w Polsce w wyniku trwającego okresu transformacji systemowej w państwie. Wychodząc z oceny tej sytuacji, przedstawia warunki oraz generalne kierunki zmian w szkolnictwie wyższym, a także proponuje posunięcia, które powinny być podejmowane w uczelniach. Przyjmując założenie o konieczności rozwijania wyższego kształcenia zawodowego, autor formułuje postulat jego powszechności. Oznacza to uznanie potrzeby wprowadzenia studiów zawodowych także do szkół autonomicznych. W tym kontekście zaproponowana została oryginalna koncepcja modelu łączenia studiów magisterskich i zawodowych w ramach tego samego wydziału szkoły wyższej (tzw. model elastyczny Y). W końcowej części artykułu sformułowany został postulat wprowadzenia w uczelniach tzw. programów racjonalizacji II poziomu, dostosowanych do lokalnej specyfiki. Takie programy dostosowawcze i rozwojowe powinny stać się podstawą do kontynuowania przemian proefektywnościowych w szkołach wyższych. Autor podkreśla jednak, że skala pożądanych przeobrażeń uwarunkowana jest odpowiednią polityką Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej, wspartą decyzjami budżetowymi Sejmu.
This article is a case study of the role played by a non-governmental organisation in the development policy and development assistance on the example of the Coprodeli Foundation in Peru. In developed democratic countries, the organs of state power entrust part of their tasks to civil society organisations. However, these organisations can also become the leader in the development policy replacing or supporting the state. This determination is particularly important in the perspective of developing countries. However, the business model of these organisations must be inclusive and not substitute. The model developed by Coprodeli involves both beneficiaries, local and state power and business structures, and other aid organisations. Participation of many entities and the specifics of the work of the foundation, which places entire settlements in places neglected and affected by natural disasters, makes the model developed by Coprodeli important for the advancement of the theory of development assistance policy.
The article presents various manifestations of concentration of power characteristic of tendencies existing within the capitalist system. The interdependencies and contradictions of related processes are presented in the directly economic and political dimensions. In relation to the problem, the adequacy of understanding the developmental tendencies of capitalism in Marx's approach and some of the later thinkers rooted in various ideological traditions referring to Marxism is examined.
An article presents selected theoretical and empirical aspects of functioning information in social and economical dimensions of contemporary democratic political systems. Quantitative and qualitative levels of analysis were highlighted. New developmental forms of the information society were the object of consideration. Some skills related to the use of information and communication technologies were presented. The labour market's situation in the digital economy was include in the analysis. Profession of the information broker was used as an empirical example of that situation. Lastly, a sequential model of information broker's activity was proposed.
The author analyses the selected mechanisms in the spatial (planning) policy as well as its outcomes. He points out at the sources of complexity within this area, patterns of order and chaos. His hypothesis claims that unsatisfactory results come from the low level of the state's governability in the area of policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. It also derives from inadequate institutional and analytical potential. As a consequence, public institutions are not able to use the regulatory instruments in an adequate way as well as to pay a proper attention to the policy analysis, including the consequences and long-term effects of spatial chaos. According to the author, cultural background seems to be important while trying to understand the state's problems in the area of spatial policy. It leads to the fact that spatial issues are rather lower on the public agenda among other public concerns (like economic or developmental goals).
This book proposes a theoretical-methodological approach to resocialization diagnosis from a positive perspective. The author presents theoretical assumptions of positive diagnosis in resocialization and creates its methodological model. Her starting point is the belief that a well-conducted diagnostic process, inherently linked with the process of resocialization, belongs to the most important factors which determine the effectiveness of the latter. Her standpoint is that both processes should be carried out within the same theoretical-methodological paradigm; she points out that diagnosis serves as the basis for planning resocialization activities, which are directly tied to its results. Moreover, diagnosis is further developed in the course of resocialization, while methods used are subject to modification during the whole process. In the conceptualisation of the area, scope and object of resocialization diagnosis, the author took into consideration assumptions which follow from: a) the concept of personality as a system of interdependencies, where individual development is treated as an unstable process, influenced by many contradictory internal and external forces; b) the idea of a dynamic "system of attitudes towards the world," which implies a psychological perspective on the subject of its interest, that is a human being in the process of self-development; c) the concept of resilience, which refers to the processes and mechanisms conducive to a proper (positive) functioning of an individual — despite life's adversities, risk factors, developmental hazards, and traumatic past experiences; and d) the concept of salutogenesis, which harks back to the transactional theory of stress. This view calls for an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis in resocialization, which would encompass data from the field of psychology and social pedagogy, developmental psychology and health, special needs education and biosciences. From this perspective the object of resocialization diagnosis are multifarious conditions which determine the process of "shaping" the human being or, more specifically, problems in his or her development throughout the life cycle, including environmental, cultural and personal factors. In the positive approach to resocialization diagnosis proposed by the author, various categories of diagnostic description of an individual are important, such as multidimensionality (various areas of activity), continuity (development throughout the life cycle), orientation of individual development (prosocial, prodevelopmental vs. antisocial, destructive) and, most importantly, necessity to discover individual resources (potential). The proposed approach situates the diagnostic process in the paradigm of positive psychology and positive resocialization, basic to human cognition, which focus on autocreation and creative resocialization, at the same time pointing out the necessity to identify the unique potential of an individual (positive diagnosis). The book comprises two chapters. The first one presents the theoretical assumptions of resocialization diagnosis; the second chapter explains its methodological premises. The models presented by the author (so called complementary approach) assume the priority of positive diagnosis (focused on resources and potential) and a supplementary role of negative diagnosis (focused on deficits and disorders). Chapter One ("Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — general theoretical assumptions") comprises: a) a description of the main approaches in resocialization diagnosis — pathogenic and salutogenic — with their specific ways of explaining adaptive disorders; and b) a description of the major factors and problems in diagnosis for resocialization. On the whole, the author adopts the approach typical of salutogenesis to explain adaptive disorders. She also provides evidence that it is possible to implement the concepts of positive psychology in resocialization diagnosis. She presents resocialization models which refer to resilience and salutogenesis, using them as the theoretical foundation of positive diagnosis in resocialization: the risk model, the well being model and models which support development. As a result, she creates a complementary model of supporting development. In Chapter Two ("Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — narrowing down on the theoretical and methodological assumptions), the reader is introduced to the theoretical problems of social maladaptation and to the specific objects of positive and negative diagnosis. The author describes adaptive disorders in the context of basic markers, dimensions and mechanisms of human development on the one hand and developmental disorders on the other, focusing mainly on the cognitive mechanisms of development and psychopathology of developmental disorders (cognitive distortions). She analyses the environmental and sociocultural context of development and demonstrates a risk factor model and a protective factor model. It is against this background that she creates a complementary methodological model of resocialization diagnosis, in which positive diagnosis (salutogenic approach) is treated as primary, and negative diagnosis (pathogenic approach) as supplementary. A discussion of the model of resocialization diagnosis closes with remarks on the markers and characteristic features of a resocialization pedagogue's ethics of conduct — the teacher acting both as a diagnostician and a tutor who fosters the process of inner transformation of a socially maladapted individual.
The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself. ; The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself.
One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as 'Asian democracies'. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia. ; One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as 'Asian democracies'. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia.
The article is an attempt to show the processes of metropolisation of the Upper-Silesian Conurbation. Its aim is to highlight the determinants of forming of "metropolis", through showing the institutional base of metropolitan level in the Upper-Silesian conurbation, aspirating to "Silesia" metropolis. The article is composed of two parts. In the first one, theoretical and metodical assumptions were presented, basic concepts were explained, as well as the area of research, juxtaposed to other metropolitan areas in Poland, was characterised. In the second part, the first attempts of empowerment of metropolitan institutions of the municipal union character in the Upper-Silesian Conurbation, and the institutional base of metropolitan level, were analysed. In the Upper-Silesian Conurbation, the institutional base is still poorly developed, in relation to the developmental possibilities. The metropolitan processes in this area are only developing. The institutions of metropolitan level are dispersed in many towns, which results from the policentricity of the colonisation system of conurbation genesis, as well as from the early phase of metropolisation in this area. The metropolitan institutional base is developed best in Katowice. In the remaining towns, it is weakly marked.
The paper focused on the role of the leader (individual and collective) in the processes of local development, especially in the programming of local development and community perceived as a learning organization. The analysis concerned the small rural municipalities. The studies allow to make the following conclusions: • Economic success and associated with it the diversification of the rural areas depends on many factors, especially from local activity related to the programming and acquiring of external funds. • A few models of public participation are possible in the programming and the developmental processes. It seems that the stronger social relations and local trust are in the communities, the greater chance is for active using of social development factors, • Currently the most often existing local leader is a group, which guarantees continuity of the development on the local scale regardless of the circumstances, • Local collective leader is also a guarantee for the existence of networks, communication channels between diXerent social groups, that is building the civil society and strengthening of social capital, • women play an increasingly important role among the local leaders.
Considerations on political systems on a regional and local level are tightly connected with decentralization processes of political systems. Contemporary state structures have become dysfunctional in many cases in relation to developmental challenges of societies. After the period of excessive centralization, finished with a deep crisis, strong and deep decentralization processes, the result of which was giving a harmonious power division back happened several dozen years ago. A well‑known division of political systems according to system (constitutional) criteria that was formed years ago and took into account above all the relationship between a legislative power, the government and the head of state, that is, between the legislative and the executive level can be extended by a classification of political systems on a regional and local level nowadays. The main criterion of typology can be the relations (competence scope) between central (general) and regional as well as local authorities. The proposed division of system forms of democratic countries would be the following: 1. Unitary countries with a self‑government system, 2. Unitary countries with a territory autonomy and self‑government, 3. Federal countries with a self‑government system, and 4. Federal countries with a territory autonomy and self‑government.
One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as 'Asian democracies'. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia.
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; pracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
One of the imperative priorities of the European Union countries is the pursuit of the strategy of the social-economic development in the respect of the natural environment. The implementation of the strategy which is defined like that can be named the policy of sustainable development. It results directly from the concept of sustainable development. The aim of the considerations is notonly to identify the chances and challenges, but the justification that both intheory and especially inthe practice of life of societies, it is unjustified at present to analyse separately processes of economic, social and environmental development. These three developmental elements should be investigated altogether, because they are closely conditioned and linked toeach other. The comprehensive conceptualization of the development should also include spatial and regional factors. ; Jednym znadrzędnych priorytetów krajów Unii Europejskiej jest realizacja strategii rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego wwarunkach poszanowania środowiska naturalnego. Realizację tak określonej strategii możemy nazwać polityką zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wynika tobezpośrednio ztreści pojęcia zrównoważony rozwój. Celem rozważań prowadzonych przez autorkę jest nie tylko zidentyfikowanie szans izagrożeń, ale także uzasadnienie, że zarówno wteorii, jak izwłaszcza wpraktyce życia społeczeństw bezpodstawne jest obecnie odrębne analizowanie przebiegu rozwoju gospodarczego, społecznego iśrodowiskowego. Te trzy elementy rozwojowe powinno się rozpatrywać łącznie, ponieważ sąone ściśle wzajemnie uwarunkowane. Kompleksowe ujęcie rozwoju powinno zawierać także czynniki przestrzenne iregionalne.
