Suchergebnisse

On the basis of special archival-analytical materials, the article makes an attempt to reveal the historical aspects of development and provision of education in Austria. The main milestones of its content changes, determined by social, political and ideological transformations occurred at different periods, are described.Prominent political and public figures, reformers in the field of pedagogy, whose ideas served as the basis for the history of education in Austria, are accentuated particularly. The work of the Habsburgs aimed at educational development and transforming Vienna to the centre of the Austrian empire is unveiled; the reign of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II was the age of proliferation of the Enlightenment ideas, a perfect example of their studies and propaganda in Europe. A separate page in development of education in Austria is the period of the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapse, education management by the Social-Democrats and their reformist innovations. Not only teachers were the most demanded at that period but also psychologists, psychoanalysts. Their reforming ideas led to the historic school reform, to establishment of nursing homes and orphanages for socially unprotected children and adolescents, children with deviant and asocial behaviour. The educational system received special development in the 20th century, where emphasis was laid on qualitative improving of education; cooperation of humanitarian grammar schools with social institutions; study of language courses by choice; improvement of humanitarian grammar school teachers' skills and their working conditions. Today, Austria's educational policy includes the following areas: quality education throughout life; implementation of the competency approach; cooperation with local and religious communities; introduction of bilingual education due to the migration processes; advancement of gender equality among immigrant children; creation of a favourable environment for multicultural development and education for children and young people of various ethnic minorities with different confessional ideological beliefs. ; На основі спеціальних архівно-аналітичних матеріалів зроблено спробу розкрити історичні аспекти розвитку і становлення освіти в Австрії. Визначено основні віхи реформування змістового наповнення, зумовлених суспільними, політичними та ідеологічними трансформаціями, які мали місце в той чи інший період становлення та розвитку освіти. Особливий акцент зроблено на розкритті відомих політичних і громадських діячів, учених-реформаторів у галузі педагогіки, чиї ідеї слугували підґрунтям історії освіти Австрії. Розкрито діяльність Габсбургів у розвитку освіти – зробити Відень центром австрійської імперії; правління Марії Терезії та її сина Йозеф ІІ – що стало початком ідей Просвітництва, досконалим зразком для його вивчення і пропагування в Європі. Окремою сторінкою у розвитку освіти Австрії є період розпаду Австро-Угорської імперії, управління освітою соціал-демократами, та їх реформаторськими нововведеннями. Найбільш затребуваними серед них були не тільки педагоги, а й психологи, психоаналітики. Їх реформаторські ідеї знайшли впровадження у створенні шкільної реформи, яка стала історичною; дитячих будинків та приютів для дітей та підлітків, які були соціально незахищеними; діти з девіантною та асоціальною поведінкою. Особливий розвиток освітня галузь отримала в 20 ст., де зроблено акцент на підвищення якості навчання; налагодження співробітництва гуманітарних гімназій із соціальними інституціями; вивчення мовних дисциплін за вибором; підвищення кваліфікації педагогічних працівників у гуманітарних гімназіях та покращення умов їх праці. Освітніми напрямами політики Австрії нині є: якісна освіта впродовж життя; реалізації компетентнісного підходу; співпраця з місцевими громадами і релігійними спільнотами; упровадження білінгвального навчання, зумовленого міграційними процесами; виховання гендерної рівності серед дітей іммігрантів; створення сприятливого середовища для полікультурного розвитку та навчання дітям та молоді різних етнічних меншин із неоднаковими конфесійними світоглядними переконаннями.

У статті досліджено й визначено етапи розвитку системи ранньої допомоги в Україні на основі узагальнення законодавчого підґрунтя за роки незалежності України щодо розвитку системи освіти дітей із особливими потребами й міжнародної та вітчизняної практики ранньої допомоги дітям з народження. Проаналізовано основні положення, задекларовані в міжнародних і національних законодавчих нормативно-правових документах організації системи ранньої допомоги дітям із особливими освітніми потребами в різні часові періоди, описано існуючу практику організації ранньої допомоги на кожному етапі її становлення в Україні. ; The article examines the development of the early assistance system for young children, as an integral part of the implementation of the Ukrainian state policy in the field of education that ensures children's rights defined by the international and national legislation, and the stages of its formation. Early assistance is viewed as an interdisciplinary familycentred system of comprehensive care for young children with developmental disabilities and children form biological and social risk groups, aimed at children's better development and better quality of life in their families. We have reviewed, synthesized and generalized regulatory documents, methodological manuals and other reference thematic materials given in the bibliography, analyzed the main provisions declared in international and national legislative documents for organization of the early assistance system for children with special educational needs in different time periods, described the existing practices of early assistance at each stage of its development. The author has found out that formation of the Ukrainian system of early assistance for children with special educational needs took place in three stages: the first (1990-2000) stage began with the acquired state independence and ratification of international documents; the second (2001-2010) stage included development of new methodological foundations basing on the international experience of early intervention and introduction of early assistance into local practices applied in health care, education and social security; the third (from 2011 – to the present) stage began with introduction of the Concept for the Development of Inclusive Education (2010) into the national legislative field and the definition of inclusive education as an integrated process, including the early assistance system for children with special educational needs.

The demise of Leninist regimes was accompanied by the hegemonic rise of the free market ideology with neoliberalism being its most ideal-typical embodiment. Yet, the decades of the neoliberal hegemony on both global and regional sales have not removed the state and its role in promoting development from research and policy agendas. Moreover, neoliberalism has produced a string backlash in forms of nativist and populist reaction. Thus, the article sets out to trace the genealogy of the state within the framework of the late Leninist regimes and post-Leninist period, asking a question about the relevance of the East-Asian developmental state experience to post-Soviet conditions. The article discusses the experience of Japan and South Korea, while exploring theoretical underpinnings of the sociological discourse of the state and its role in the development. Thus, the article comes up with a condensed narrative of the history of the developmental state both as an institutional arrangement and sociological discourse. It discusses and evaluates the contribution to the sociology of the developmental state of such scholars as Alice Amsden, Peter Evans, Bruce Cumings. The article conceptualizes the relations between the developmental state and neoliberalism. It also identifies the causes of the developmental state crisis and evaluates the Easter-European experience with constructing such a state. The article defines the stumbling blocks on the way of building the developmental state in Ukraine. It is argued that given Ukraine's proximity to the EU as well as pluralistic nature of the Ukrainian society the authoritarian option is not viable for Ukraine. At the same time, Ukraine is unlikely to succeed in building the developmental state, being caught in a struggle with a kleptocratic polity which has been unable so far to produce a long-term developmental polices. ; Стаття простежує генеалогію держави у рамках режимів пізнього ленінізму та постленінського періоду, задаючись питанням про релевантність досвіду східноазійської держави, що сприяє розвитку, умовам пострадянських соціумів. Стаття пропонує конденсовану історію держави, що сприяє розвитку, як інституційного феномена, так і історію соціологічного теоретизування про неї. У статті концептуалізується взаємовідношення поміж державою, що сприяє розвитку, та неолібералізмом. Ідентифікуються чинники кризи держави, що сприяє розвитку, у Східній Азії та оцінюється європейський досвід конструювання держави такого типу. Визначаються перешкоди на шляху розбудови держави, що сприяє розвитку, в Україні.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the evolution of the educational strategy of EU in the process of its development aimed at the economic stability and security in the region. The author distinguishes key stages of the EU strategy development in the educational area and its present-day concept underlying the importance of correspondence to the requirements of economy and society. ; Цель статьи – анализ эволюции образовательной стратеги ЕС в процессе становления этого межгосударственного объединения, идея возникновения которого связана с экономической стабильностью и безопасностью в регионе. Автор выделяет ключевые этапы развития стратегии ЕС в сфере образования и ее сущность на современном этапе, подчеркивая важность соответствия потребностям экономики и общества. ; Метою даної статті є аналіз еволюції освітньої стратегії ЄС в процесі становлення цього міждержавного об'єднання, ідея виникнення якого пов'язана з економічною стабільністю та безпекою в регіоні. Автор виокремлює ключові етапи розвитку стратегії ЄС у галузі освіти та її сутність на сучасному етапі, підкреслюючи важливість відповідності потребам економіки та суспільства. ; Метою даної статті є аналіз еволюції освітньої стратегії ЄС в процесі становлення цього міждержавного об'єднання, ідея виникнення якого пов'язана з економічною стабільністю та безпекою в регіоні. Автор виокремлює ключові етапи розвитку стратегії ЄС у галузі освіти та її сутність на сучасному етапі, підкреслюючи важливість відповідності потребам економіки та суспільства.

It is determined that trade plays important role in providing the welfare and social security of the population, compliance with the balance between production and consumption, and forms significant share of the gross added value of the country. Trade is one of the key sectors of the national economy in the context of Ukraine's aspirations for European integration, despite the social and economic and political difficulties. Positive changes in the domestic trade development are substantiated; these positive changes are expressed in the growth of commodity turnover volume, reduction of the unprofitableness level, gradual increasing of the level of trade and technological process organization, improvement of the consumption culture. It is noted that the processes of formation of modern market trends of commodity turnover development are influenced by combination of destabilizing external and internal factors. Political and economic instability, volatility of legislation, insufficient provision of the population by objects of civilized trade, sometimes low level of technical support of the industry's enterprises, personnel skills, and corporate culture are the most important factors which suppress of trade enterprises development. It is proved that the development of the industry is also impeded by social and economic disproportions in the development of the network of retail trade enterprises, goods and resource supply of the national consumer market, and the capital structure. It is substantiated that the ability of trade enterprises to sustainable development is determined by the quality of management of the trade services sphere. Restructuring is proposed as an instrument for the destructive proportions of the industry's development overcoming. Implementation of restructuring measures will provide comprehensive structural changes which will create conditions for sustainable development of trade enterprises.

Farms are an important link in agriculture in Ukraine, which contributes to the growth of rural employment, the efficient use of the country's natural and labor potential, and the expansion of export potential. The organizational and legal form of farms has significant prospects for development, which are intensifying in the context of the integration of Ukrainian and European markets for agricultural products. The history of the development of farms in Ukraine is researched. The peculiarities of state regulation of the development of the agricultural sector are described. The provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Farmers" are analyzed, in particular, the rights and responsibilities of the farm and its members are described. The conceptual and strategic positions concerning development of agriculture and farms in particular are investigated. The main problems of the development of farms in Ukraine are revealed. According to the results of the study, the advantages and problems of the development of the farm economy in Ukraine were substantiated. The farming sector is of particular importance and potential for development in the context of European integration processes. At the same time, it is advisable for scientists and practitioners to consolidate their efforts to elaborate and elaborate the concept and strategy of agricultural development in Ukraine on the basis of improving the mechanisms for regulating and stimulating the development of farms. The main directions of development of farms in Ukraine should be considered: improvement of the investment climate, development of infrastructure and market conditions, strengthening of social responsibility of farms, development of mechanisms of interaction of farms and interested parties (state, local governments, local population). A promising direction for further research is the development of conceptual foundations of sustainable development of farms.

In many foreign countries the practice of early intervention has been implemented for many decades, and specialists have accumulated considerable experience in this field. In Ukraine, the system of early intervention is just beginning to form and there is a need to study the mechanisms for implementing and developing this service. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical process analysis of creating an early intervention system in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the goal set. A complex of general scientific and theoretical methods of cognition is used to achieve objectivity and completeness of the results. The article analyses the features of early intervention implementation and highlights the main problems and unresolved tasks today. At the state level, work on the creation of an early intervention system began in 2016 with a pilot project in four regions (subsequently in 10 regions). In a short period of time, the state has solved a number of important organizational and technical tasks. However, the formation of the legislative framework, organization of interdepartmental interaction, development of common methodological foundations, criteria for the procedure for providing and evaluating the quality of services, their financing, and so on continue to be an urgent task. There is also a need to organize training of specialists to work in the early intervention system. We believe that staff training can be carried out not only through professional development, but also in the process of professional training in a higher education institution, including, for example, appropriate courses in blocks of selective disciplines with the help of which the training of future specialists in early intervention will be implemented. Despite the identified difficulties in forming a unified system of early intervention, the network of institutions providing the service is expanding. This program works in Ukraine and helps families, and this will help to solve the tasks set quickly and approve this program at the national level. ; Практика раннього втручання в багатьох зарубіжних країнах налічує багато десятиліть, а фахівцями напрацьовано значний досвід у цій галузі. В Україні лише починає формуватися інститут раннього втручання і є потреба у вивченні механізмів запровадження та розвитку цієї послуги. Мета статті полягає в теоретич- ному аналізі процесу створення системи раннього втручання в Україні. Методологія дослідження побудована з урахуванням поставленої мети. Для досягнення об'єктивності та повноти результатів роботи використано комплекс загальнонаукових теоретичних методів пізнання. У статті проаналізовано особливості запровадження раннього втручання та виділено основні проблеми та невирішені завдання. На державному рівні робота над створенням системи раннього втручання розпоча- лась у 2016 р. з пілотного проєкту в чотирьох областях (згодом у 10 областях). За короткий період державою розв'язано низку важливих організаційних і технічних завдань. Проте актуальним завданням залишається фор- мування законодавчої бази, організація міжвідомчої взаємодії, вироблення єдиних методичних засад, критеріїв щодо порядку надання та оцінювання якості послуги, її фінансування тощо. Також є необхідність в організації підготовки спеціалістів до роботи в системі раннього втручання. Уважаємо, що навчання персоналу можна здійснювати не лише шляхом підвищення кваліфікації, а й у процесі фахової підготовки в закладі вищої освіти, включаючи, наприклад, відповідні курси в блоки вибіркових дисциплін, за допомогою яких буде здійснена траєкто- рія підготовки майбутніх фахівців раннього втручання. Незважаючи на окреслені труднощі у формуванні єдиної системи раннього втручання, мережа закладів, що надають послугу, розширюється. Ця програма в Україні працює і допомагає сім'ям, що сприятиме швидшому вирішенню поставлених завдань і її затвердженню на загальнонаціональному рівні.

UK: Здійснено узагальнення об'єктної оцінки розвитку зеленого туризму в системі його комплексного аналізу. Об'єктна оцінка охоплює економічний, соціальний і культурний зрізи аналізу та передбачає врахування впливу глобальних і національних тенденцій розвитку туризму. Проведено аналіз глобальних трендів розвитку туризму, що формують загальні тенденції на ринку туристичних послуг. Проаналізовано стан туристичної галузі в Україні з погляду можливостей розвитку зеленого туризму з акцентом на внутрішні туристичні потоки. Виявлено регіональні особливості розвитку туризму в Україні з перспективою регіоналізації регулювання галузі та цільової підтримки зеленого туризму. EN: The article dwells on generalization of object estimation of green tourism development in the system of its complex analysis. Objective assessment covers the economic, social and cultural aspects of the analysis and involves taking into account the impact of global and national trends in tourism development. The specifics and advantages of green tourism development as a sphere of employment, realization of business potential, use of resource and ethno-cultural features of territories are determined. The analysis of global trends of tourism development, which forms the general tendencies in the market of tourist services, is carried out. There is a significant increase in the number of international tourists in the world: if in 1950 their share in the total world population was 1.0%, then in 2017 it reached 17.5%. The state of the tourism industry in Ukraine from the point of view of possibilities of green tourism development is analyzed. The dynamics of tourism development at the national level shows that the growth of the number of arrivals of foreign tourists for the period of 2000-2017 was 2.2 times, with the peak values of the indicator observed in the "pre-crisis" 2008 and 2013, and for the number of tourists leaving Ukraine – 2.0 times with even stronger dynamics and slight contraction in the periods 2007-2008 and 2013-2014. The dynamics of inbound tourism clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of the industry in the international market before the crisis. In this regard, the potential development of specific types of tourism, as green, with a reference point for a foreign consumer, is possible under conditions of stable financial, economic and political situation. The paper shows that the declining dynamics of domestic tourists in the context of the prospects for the development of green tourism can be considered from two points: as a flaw - reducing the number of domestic tourists reduces the demand for tourism services and complicates the development of green tourism with the offer of a specific tourist product; as a challenge - with a decrease in the number of domestic tourists the market is at the stage of cyclical development, which allows, under the condition of stimulating green tourism, to occupy a significant niche in the formation of a national (regional) tourism product specialized in the relevant services. The regional peculiarities of tourism development in Ukraine with the prospect of regionalization of the industry regulation and targeted support of green tourism are revealed. According to official statistics, the leading regions for the main indicators of tourism development are Kyiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv regions. The differentiation of the market for tourist services determines the need for regionalization of tourism development in Ukraine. Stimulating the development of green tourism should be based on regional and local specifics.

This article deals with problems of the organizational structure of student unions after the autocracy overthrow in 1917. It focuses on the factors which influenced the emergence and formation of student organizations. The article also gives a detailed analysis of the reasons of their variety, large scale and developmental multi-orientation according to both political goals and organizational principles. It describes specific conditions of activity of the young students' generation during the transitional period of 1917. This period was characterized by conservatism in the organization of the studying process on the one hand and by the introduction of the advanced theories of scientific and social development on the other hand.

In the article the mechanism of evaluation in terms of specific military military service and in the interest of professional competence. It was found that the evaluation process is developmental and educational in nature, covering all areas of professional activity. The author reveals the professional skills evaluation algorithm based on current research. ; В статье раскрыт механизм оценивания военнослужащих с точки зрения специфики военной службы и в интересах профессиональной пригодности. Установлено, что процесс оценки носит развивающий и воспитательный характер, охватывает все направления профессиональной деятельности. Автор статьи раскрывает алгоритм оценки профессиональных способностей на основе современных исследований. ; У статті розкрито механізм оцінювання військовослужбовців з погляду специфіки військової служби та в інтересах професійної придатності. З'ясовано, що процес оцінювання носить розвивальний і виховний характер, охоплює усі напрями професійної діяльності. Автор статті розкриває алгоритм оцінювання професійних здібностей на основі сучасних досліджень.

In the article the mechanism of evaluation in terms of specific military military service and in the interest of professional competence. It was found that the evaluation process is developmental and educational in nature, covering all areas of professional activity. The author reveals the professional skills evaluation algorithm based on current research. ; В статье раскрыт механизм оценивания военнослужащих с точки зрения специфики военной службы и в интересах профессиональной пригодности. Установлено, что процесс оценки носит развивающий и воспитательный характер, охватывает все направления профессиональной деятельности. Автор статьи раскрывает алгоритм оценки профессиональных способностей на основе современных исследований. ; У статті розкрито механізм оцінювання військовослужбовців з погляду специфіки військової служби та в інтересах професійної придатності. З'ясовано, що процес оцінювання носить розвивальний і виховний характер, охоплює усі напрями професійної діяльності. Автор статті розкриває алгоритм оцінювання професійних здібностей на основі сучасних досліджень.

In Ukraine the subject under analysis has been studied not enough. Some aspects of this issue have been researched by V. Gorbatenko, O. Kostenko, I. Kresina, O. Merezhko, N. Onishchenko, M. Teplyuk, Y. Shemshuchenko, O. Yushchyk. Polish scientists, such as T. Biernat, E. Kustra, R. Piotrovski, V. Staskevich, P. Vinchorek, S. Vronkovska, E. Vrublevsky have analyzed different models of law creation. It has been described two making law concepts: rational and developmental. The first concept determines law as a tool of the political authority for realization their aims. The authority always supposes, that it understands society needs better. This concept is grounded on belief that the social life can be regulated by consciousness and rational thought. According to the developmental concept the interaction between politics and law are multilevel and ambiguous. The making law process depends on activity of members of parliament and also legal possibilities of other people to influence on this process.Nowadays experts, lawyers, politicians are writing about poor quality of law. In Ukrainian and Polish scientific thought has appeared such notion as "inflation of law". It means the negative phenomenon in the legislative process: the process of law creation that does not correspond to the real society needs. The norms of law, which regulate one object of social relation, are contradictory; responsibility for non-fulfillment of some functions is not defined; there is an ambiguous formulation of notions in law. Besides, some politicians and lawyers consider that enacting normative legal acts can immediately solve all problems. This process is called "instrumentalization of law". The politicians and lawyers overlook customs, moral norms, traditions and agreements. Both processes – "inflation of law" and "instrumentalization of law" take place in Ukraine and Poland.Personal and professional competencies of individuals by whom the state policy and law are formed may be defined as the most important for Ukrainian and Polish societies. The factors which influence on their professional qualities are studied in this article. The way of getting power, the term in office and the ability to determine strategy of a state are analyzed in both countries. The law can be effective, if society is involved into discussion. ; In Ukraine the subject under analysis has been studied not enough. Some aspects of this issue have been researched by V. Gorbatenko, O. Kostenko, I. Kresina, O. Merezhko, N. Onishchenko, M. Teplyuk, Y. Shemshuchenko, O. Yushchyk. Polish scientists, such as T. Biernat, E. Kustra, R. Piotrovski, V. Staskevich, P. Vinchorek, S. Vronkovska, E. Vrublevsky have analyzed different models of law creation. It has been described two making law concepts: rational and developmental. The first concept determines law as a tool of the political authority for realization their aims. The authority always supposes, that it understands society needs better. This concept is grounded on belief that the social life can be regulated by consciousness and rational thought. According to the developmental concept the interaction between politics and law are multilevel and ambiguous. The making law process depends on activity of members of parliament and also legal possibilities of other people to influence on this process.Nowadays experts, lawyers, politicians are writing about poor quality of law. In Ukrainian and Polish scientific thought has appeared such notion as "inflation of law". It means the negative phenomenon in the legislative process: the process of law creation that does not correspond to the real society needs. The norms of law, which regulate one object of social relation, are contradictory; responsibility for non-fulfillment of some functions is not defined; there is an ambiguous formulation of notions in law. Besides, some politicians and lawyers consider that enacting normative legal acts can immediately solve all problems. This process is called "instrumentalization of law". The politicians and lawyers overlook customs, moral norms, traditions and agreements. Both processes – "inflation of law" and "instrumentalization of law" take place in Ukraine and Poland.Personal and professional competencies of individuals by whom the state policy and law are formed may be defined as the most important for Ukrainian and Polish societies. The factors which influence on their professional qualities are studied in this article. The way of getting power, the term in office and the ability to determine strategy of a state are analyzed in both countries. The law can be effective, if society is involved into discussion.

In Ukraine the subject under analysis has been studied not enough. Some aspects of this issue have been researched by V. Gorbatenko, O. Kostenko, I. Kresina, O. Merezhko, N. Onishchenko, M. Teplyuk, Y. Shemshuchenko, O. Yushchyk. Polish scientists, such as T. Biernat, E. Kustra, R. Piotrovski, V. Staskevich, P. Vinchorek, S. Vronkovska, E. Vrublevsky have analyzed different models of law creation. It has been described two making law concepts: rational and developmental. The first concept determines law as a tool of the political authority for realization their aims. The authority always supposes, that it understands society needs better. This concept is grounded on belief that the social life can be regulated by consciousness and rational thought. According to the developmental concept the interaction between politics and law are multilevel and ambiguous. The making law process depends on activity of members of parliament and also legal possibilities of other people to influence on this process.Nowadays experts, lawyers, politicians are writing about poor quality of law. In Ukrainian and Polish scientific thought has appeared such notion as "inflation of law". It means the negative phenomenon in the legislative process: the process of law creation that does not correspond to the real society needs. The norms of law, which regulate one object of social relation, are contradictory; responsibility for non-fulfillment of some functions is not defined; there is an ambiguous formulation of notions in law. Besides, some politicians and lawyers consider that enacting normative legal acts can immediately solve all problems. This process is called "instrumentalization of law". The politicians and lawyers overlook customs, moral norms, traditions and agreements. Both processes – "inflation of law" and "instrumentalization of law" take place in Ukraine and Poland.Personal and professional competencies of individuals by whom the state policy and law are formed may be defined as the most important for Ukrainian and Polish societies. The factors which influence on their professional qualities are studied in this article. The way of getting power, the term in office and the ability to determine strategy of a state are analyzed in both countries. The law can be effective, if society is involved into discussion. ; In Ukraine the subject under analysis has been studied not enough. Some aspects of this issue have been researched by V. Gorbatenko, O. Kostenko, I. Kresina, O. Merezhko, N. Onishchenko, M. Teplyuk, Y. Shemshuchenko, O. Yushchyk. Polish scientists, such as T. Biernat, E. Kustra, R. Piotrovski, V. Staskevich, P. Vinchorek, S. Vronkovska, E. Vrublevsky have analyzed different models of law creation. It has been described two making law concepts: rational and developmental. The first concept determines law as a tool of the political authority for realization their aims. The authority always supposes, that it understands society needs better. This concept is grounded on belief that the social life can be regulated by consciousness and rational thought. According to the developmental concept the interaction between politics and law are multilevel and ambiguous. The making law process depends on activity of members of parliament and also legal possibilities of other people to influence on this process.Nowadays experts, lawyers, politicians are writing about poor quality of law. In Ukrainian and Polish scientific thought has appeared such notion as "inflation of law". It means the negative phenomenon in the legislative process: the process of law creation that does not correspond to the real society needs. The norms of law, which regulate one object of social relation, are contradictory; responsibility for non-fulfillment of some functions is not defined; there is an ambiguous formulation of notions in law. Besides, some politicians and lawyers consider that enacting normative legal acts can immediately solve all problems. This process is called "instrumentalization of law". The politicians and lawyers overlook customs, moral norms, traditions and agreements. Both processes – "inflation of law" and "instrumentalization of law" take place in Ukraine and Poland.Personal and professional competencies of individuals by whom the state policy and law are formed may be defined as the most important for Ukrainian and Polish societies. The factors which influence on their professional qualities are studied in this article. The way of getting power, the term in office and the ability to determine strategy of a state are analyzed in both countries. The law can be effective, if society is involved into discussion.

The article entitled "Restructuring of the polish economy under as a member state of the European Union " addresses the indispensable action that the Polish society has to take to make up for the civilizational social and economic delays and shorten the developmental gap to highly developed countries. The presentation of the discussed issues alongside the definition of the essence and challenges of the restructuring of the Polish economy towards the idea of responsible development, innovation and competitiveness became the characteristic of it. The program directions for the restructuring of the Polish economy are presented and the impact of the European regionalization processes on which Poland is subject to necessary restructuring changes. An important part of the discussion is the characterization of responsible development, innovation and competitiveness of the economy as the main areas of restructuring of the Polish economy.

The article highlights current trends in the development of the system of foreign language teacher education in Ukraine based on the analysis of relevant legal documents including standards of foreign language teacher preparation, as well as the identifiable steps undertaken to reform the sphere of foreign language teaching. Foreign language education is unequivocally recognized as the priority of the country's external policy aimed at its integration into the international community. Spurred by the impact of the globalization trends, the search for adequate ways and mechanisms of integrating the Ukrainian education into the international higher education platform has begun.The major transformations permeating the Ukrainian higher education system identified in the paper are the standardization movement, the implementation of the competence-based approach, the emphasis of the student-centeredness as opposed to reproductive instructional models. The inherent features of the modern teacher education paradigm in Ukraine are its multidisciplinary approach, continuity, diversification, autonomy, academic freedom, academic mobility and some others.The group of special innovations includes modernization of didactic approaches in the field of foreign language teacher education, diversification of practical language courses, expansion of the curricula of language teacher education programmers, in particular, related to methods of foreign language teaching, and, finally, the abandonment of methodological dogmatism for the sake of principled eclecticism in language teaching, embracing such approaches as communicative, humanistic, competence-based, cultural, constructivist, computer-assisted language learning etc. ; Визначено тенденції розвитку системи підготовки вчителів іноземних мов в Україні, основними серед яких є стандартизація, запровадження компетентнісного підходу, студентоцентризм, осучаснення дидактичних підходів в іншомовній і філологічній освіті, диверсифікація практичних курсів іноземної мови, розширення змістового компонента програм підготовки вчителів-філологів, зокрема, лінгводидактичних дисциплін, відмова від методичного догматизму на підставі застосування сучасних підходів до навчання іноземних мов, а саме комунікативного, особистісно орієнтованого, компетентнісного, культурологічного, конструктивістського, навчання іноземної мови за допомогою комп'ютерних технологій. Ознаками іншомовної педагогічної освіти є багаторівневість, багатопрофільність, неперервність, диверсифікованість, автономія, академічна свобода, академічна мобільність.