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The Internet has become an essential tool for various life-related purposes, and it is an instrument necessary for the proper enjoyment of a series of rights—including the right to access knowledge and information and the right to communicate. This new paradigm also implies that all people should have access to the Internet at affordable conditions, and any restrictions should be strictly limited and proportionate. As a consequence, any regulatory and policy measures that affect the Internet and the content that flows over it should be consistent with basic rights and liberties of human beings. This paper intends to discuss the unique nature of the access to networked services as well as the corresponding connection with the concept of pluralism. In particular, the growing importance of digital media is challenging the traditional notion of pluralism. In this context, the question of access it is thus paramount in order to guarantee an effective protection of freedom of expression and information.On this ground, the paper examines how Internet content governance is posing provocative and fascinating regulatory issues directly related to the growing possibilities offered by computer-mediated communication. This debate is not simply "technical", but also political, legal and social since it involves sustainable and value-oriented solutions, but also - more importantly - the awareness of the human rights dimension of Internet regulation. The possible answers to these issues are at the center of the ongoing discussion concerning the regulation of digital content and communication technologies. Drawing upon comparative and case study material, this paper analyses the functional relationship between modern communication technologies, legislative reforms in the area of digital communications, and constitutional freedoms.

The paper differentiates three dimensions of access for eInclusion instruments: Firstly, digital media are understood as environments that offer multiple channels for interaction between persons with disabilities and their environments. This dimension is challenged by barriers that hinder people to use digital media. Peer support could be understood as a second dimension: Social media can empower people to act as social innovators and help people with disabilities. Barriers are identified in the effort that has to be done or in unsuitable ICT applications. On a third dimension, the advantages of "space" that offers ICT access, support for individual needs and competences, facilitated by specialized staff. The high costs, missing political backing and need for competences could be understood as main barriers here. The paper suggests to capitalize on social innovation approaches to design new support instruments for eInclusion.

An exploration of how issues of race and ethnicity play out in a digital media landscape that includes MySpace, post-9/11 politics, MMOGs, Internet music distribution, and the digital divide. It may have been true once that (as the famous cartoon of the 1990s put it) "Nobody knows you're a dog on the Internet," and that (as an MCI commercial of that era declared) on the Internet there is no race, gender, or infirmity, but today, with the development of web cams, digital photography, cell phone cameras, streaming video, and social networking sites, this notion seems quaintly idealistic. This volume takes up issues of race and ethnicity in the new digital media landscape. The contributors address this topic—still difficult to engage honestly, clearly, empathetically, and with informed understanding in twenty-first century America—with the goal of pushing consideration of a vexing but important subject from margin to center. Learning Race and Ethnicity explores the intersection of race and ethnicity with post 9/11 politics, online hate-speech practices, and digital youth and media cultures. It examines universal access and the racial and ethnic digital divide from the perspective of digital media learning and youth. The chapters treat such subjects as racial identity in the computer-mediated public sphere, minority technology innovators, new methods of music distribution, digital artist Judy Baca's work with youth, Native American digital media literacy, and minority youth technology access and the pervasiveness of online health information. Contributors Ambar Basu, Graham D. Bodie, Dara N. Byrne, Jessie Daniels, Mohan J. Dutta, Raiford Guins, Guisela Latorre, Antonio López, Chela Sandoval, Tyrone D. Taborn, Douglas Thomas

With the introduction of social media, the internet is filled with an excess of data and content. Users feeds are cluttered with fake, malicious, and unnecessary information, polluting their page and wasting their time. As observed in the 2016 US election, spam accounts posting fake news were successfully able to sway political opinion and misinform the general population. Additionally, with social media becoming one of the biggest advertising markets, there is a rise in the number of fake accounts with a large number of followers that mainly consist of bots. It should be a priority to protect the public from false information and businesses that want to make money on social media platforms. Through utilizing Natural Language Processing, image recognition, and recommendation systems, powered through AI and Machine Learning, the goal of our project is to provide the user with content that is verified and tailored to their liking. This report details our plan to mitigate the amount of unnecessary content displayed in front of the user, and the rationale for our designs. It provides a guide for all the completed work, future iterations, performance results, and the reliability of our model as an efficient solution.

This paper seeks to explore the role of digital media and other forms of networking in the development of Hindu activism in a diaspora environment. It asks how the opening up and development of new digital media environments has impacted on Hindu activism, its potential for growth and its resonance in broader social and political spaces. The paper focuses on a case study of one Hindu activist movement that has emerged in the UK in recent years, Sewa Day, and reflects on its significance for our understanding of Hindu activism as it develops in these expanded contemporary environments

Over the past decade, digital and mobile media have significantly changed the system of political communication in Brazil. An increasing number of Brazilian candidates have begun to use websites and social networking applications as an integral part of their overall campaign efforts. To explore how these "new" media tools are used at all levels of campaigns for national office, we built an original dataset of media use by political campaigns in the 2010 elections for the lower house of the Brazilian Congress. We investigate factors such as a candidate's use of web and social networking sites in conjunction with other traditional influences such as candidate gender, age, incumbency, party affiliation, coalition membership and campaign spending in order to get a robust understanding of the different roles that digital media tools are beginning to play in Brazilian elections. In this chapter we ask two questions. First, does digital media provide some competitive advantage to minor party candidates facing off against major party candidates with higher profile and more resources? Second, do challenger candidates get any electoral advantage against incumbents for using the internet, social media, or mobile media strategies in their campaigning?

M.A.ENGLISH ; Rhetoric, as a practice, is traditionally associated with oral delivery. Classical studies discuss techniques that are largely dependent on speech. From analysing how audiences are appealed to through the Aristotelian modes of ethos, logos, and pathos, to observing how one's choice of language is dependent on the context, it is clear that the oral component of rhetoric is to a large degree, quite literally, the mouthpiece of rhetoric. Using various scenarios of American politics as case studies, this dissertation analyses this oral component of rhetoric by exploring its function and utilisation on electronic and digital media platforms. The emergence of such platforms result in a state of electronic and digital orality, which is a key point of focus here. Treating orality as the context of media environments that influence the manner in which people think and communicate, this dissertation notes that electronic and digital oralities affect the overall role and qualities of oral communication in rhetoric. However, this dissertation further argues that across states of orality, rhetoric has, in fact, never been a purely oral discipline, and that the oral has always been one essential mode of delivery amongst other modes. In consideration of this, the question then becomes the extent to which the oral remains necessary, from a rhetorical perspective, on such multimodal platforms. This dissertation argues that the oral quality of rhetoric does remain essential as a means through which a speaker establishes a humanised and authoritative presence. This is true both with regard to audio-visual media as well as text-based media, on which a sense of oral-ness can be emulated for the sake of rhetorical effect. ; N/A

This chapter begins with an outline of the key theoretical perspectives offered by feminist materialist scholars and the contributions they can make to examine the micro- and macro-politics of body/food cultures in digital media. It examines digital media portrayals of different types of food, human bodies, and related concepts of fitness and health, vegetarianism and veganism, meat consumption, fat activism and pro-anorexia. Digital media representations of human bodies, or of food production and consumption practices, can be interpreted as political insofar as they privilege some meanings over others, and claim membership or speak to some social groups rather than others. The chapter identifies the agential capacities that are generated with and through artefacts such as hashtags, selfies, GIFs and memes, as well as their use of affective forces to convey and animate meaning as part of digital assemblages of bodies/food.

The rapid development of technology has a big impact on human life, especially in shaping the character of the young generation as the nation's successors. It takes a wise attitude in the use of appropriate technology to encourage children's creativity positively. Parents, especially mothers as the most important part of the family give a big role in the pattern of children's education. For this reason, harmonious family communication is needed in creating children's independence. To realize this, the DKI Jakarta regional government is responsible for creating a friendly social environment. One of the efforts carried out by building a Child-Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA). Through the RPTRA it is expected that the community will carry out various social interactions that can encourage community socio-economic independence.The location of community service is carried out in the Rasamala RPTRA located in the Menteng Dalam village. The activity was carried out by involving the PKK of Menteng Dalam Village as a partner, as well as the manager of the RPTRA. Education about using family-friendly digital media will give parents an understanding of the right education patterns for children. This is expected to encourage children to be creative in utilizing digital media to provide added value for children. Awareness of the importance of utilizing digital media must be supported by the efforts of allparties not given entirely to children. Harmonious family communication will provide comfortable support for children in living their lives. So that child is encouraged to do positive things that support their activities. For this reason, digital media education is inevitable in shaping the nation's character.

Digitization of the communication medium has transformed the mute, marginalized 'audience' into a heterogeneous and credible content 'producer.' Drawing on this dynamics and operation of the digital media, it has urged the need to re-theorize 'marginalization' and 'race.' Hence, this paper critiques the digital-media tool, blogs, using a rhetoric-textual analysis method and critical discourse analysis method for the fictional text, Americanah. These methods employ the psychoanalytical-Althusserian critique of Adichie's fictional narrative, Americanah. In the psychoanalytical sense, blog-writing can qualify as a mechanism of 'sublimation' in the post-modern world. In the Althusserian sense, blogs become persuasive mechanisms for a subject's interpellation into non-dominant ideology. Among the plethora of marginalized global communities, African-Americans are enormously embracing the virtual communication trends for socio-political motives. This paper theorizes the correlations between race-related blogging, psychoanalytic sublimation, and the socio-political repudiation of power structure by employing the literary text as material evidence. Accordingly, the literary study has concluded that digital-mediums (i.e., in this case, political blogs) can depose the power vested in the ideological-state-apparatuses and impose a high potential for expression of unrestrained, credible, and democratic voice of the marginalized. It also validates that blogs/blogging influences and moulds national/political/racial discourses by lending a liberated voice and context-independent perspective to the racially oppressed.

This essay examines affordances of algorithmic profiling interfaces and their potential for forming collectives. These interfaces form groups through a logic of inclusion and exclusion analogous to linguistic we-discourses, resulting in an "algorithmic we-interpellation." Aided by algorithmic profiling, social media interfaces are able to interpellate large groups to stand behind a cause and even to mobilize them to topple a government. However, and despite their promise to the contrary, such interfaces struggle to facilitate the kind of "shared foundation" that would be necessary for collectives in which belonging means, not inclusion into a collected set, but being part of a shared process. ; Peer reviewed

Digitization of the communication medium has transformed the mute, marginalized 'audience' into a heterogeneous and credible content 'producer.' Drawing on this dynamics and operation of the digital media, it has urged the need to re-theorize 'marginalization' and 'race.' Hence, this paper critiques the digital-media tool, blogs, using a rhetoric-textual analysis method and critical discourse analysis method for the fictional text, Americanah . These methods employ the psychoanalytical-Althusserian critique of Adichie's fictional narrative, Americanah . In the psychoanalytical sense, blog-writing can qualify as a mechanism of 'sublimation' in the post-modern world. In the Althusserian sense, blogs become persuasive mechanisms for a subject's interpellation into non-dominant ideology. Among the plethora of marginalized global communities, African-Americans are enormously embracing the virtual communication trends for socio-political motives. This paper theorizes the correlations between race-related blogging, psychoanalytic sublimation, and the socio-political repudiation of power structure by employing the literary text as material evidence. Accordingly, the literary study has concluded that digital-mediums (i.e., in this case, political blogs) can depose the power vested in the ideological-state-apparatuses and impose a high potential for expression of unrestrained, credible, and democratic voice of the marginalized. It also validates that blogs/blogging influences and moulds national/political/racial discourses by lending a liberated voice and context-independent perspective to the racially oppressed.

For decades, public service broadcasting has played an important role in the provision of news and information in many European countries. Today, however, public service media (PSM) are confronted with numerous challenges, including the need to legitimise their role in an increasingly digital media environment. Against this background, this study examines the audience perspective on the topic with an international comparative approach. It analyses the population's assessment of, and attitudes towards, the performance of PSM. The aim is to identify what relevance is attributed to PSM by the public in the digital age and how they see PSM's role in comparison to other more recent (digital) media offerings. An online survey was conducted in three specifically selected countries: Germany, France, and the UK. Overall, the findings show that respondents attribute a clear role to PSM and distinguish it from other media offerings in the increasingly digital media environment. They rate the information quality offered by PSM as higher than that of most other media offerings. Respondents are more likely to value social media platforms for entertainment purposes than PSM. The findings also reveal differences in the evaluation of PSM depending on PSM news use, interest in news, political interest, as well as on demographic variables. On the other hand, differences between the individual countries overall were surprisingly small, pointing to the fact that PSM across the countries sampled are—with deviations—perceived to be performing better than (most) other media, despite being confronted with changes and challenges in their environment.

The role of a free, open and critical press has always been central to democracy. In this chapter the changing structure of modern media industries are examined print, broadcast and digital to see how traditional functions of editing, story selection and reportorial investigation have been short-circuited in a new business environment devoted more to audience engagement than to citizen information. We also explore in detail how Trump in particular mastered the process of making himself newsworthy while simultaneously circumventing critical scrutiny of his actions. The chapter ends with an exploration of the ambiguous nature of new digital and independent social media outlets: susceptible both to conspiratorial alt-right community building and, at the same time, to a viable, critical community of independent investigative journalism. ; Accepted version ; Yes, full paper (Peer reviewed?)

Outlines the evolution of citizen journalism, its role in international news, relationship to professional journalism, potential for a more democratic practice, risks, and outlook. Calls for a clearer definition and ethical, legal, and business training.