The aim of this study was to analyze the conflicting situation faced by the public broadcasting service (PBS) companies in Germany. However, the paper points to a possible conflicting situation which fails to illustrate the situation that is unique to Germany. Rather, the situation in the online strategies of the public broadcaster is very similar in all European Union member states. The article stresses that the public management of public service broadcasters will have to prove that the online strategies contribute to creating the public value and that they are in compliance with the competition policy and state aid control of the European Union.Key words: digital and Internet economics, media economics, public service broadcasting, European state aid control, public management.Visuomeninio transliavimo paslaugų internetinės strategijos esant įtampai tarp ilgalaikių viešųjų paslaugų ir valstybės pagalbos kontrolėsHardy Gundlach, Ulrich Hofmann SantraukaStraipsnio autoriai teigia, kad viešas visuomeninio transliavimo paslaugų valdymas atsidūrė prieštaringoje padėtyje. Toks scenarijus tinka viešųjų paslaugų įmonėms ne tik Vokietijoje, bet ir visose Europos Sąjungos šalyse narėse. Kai kurios visuomeninio transliavimo paslaugos iš tiesų skatina internetinės žiniasklaidos naujoves. Tačiau autoriai taip pat pabrėžia, kad visuomeninių transliuotojų vadovybė negali valdyti įmonės taip, lyg ji būtų privati, nes viešųjų paslaugų transliuotojai yra viešosios įstaigos, įsipareigojusios vykdyti konkrečią viešųjų paslaugų funkciją, finansuojamą valstybės lėšomis. Taigi, vadovybė turės pagrįsti, kad internetinės strategijos prisideda prie viešosios vertės kūrimo ir neprieštarauja Europos Sąjungos konkurencijos politikai ir valstybės pagalbos kontrolei. Šiuo metu aktualus TV vaizdo peržiūros internete klausimas. Privatūs transliuotojai skundžiasi, kad visuomeninių transliuotojų transliuotų TV programų peržiūros paslaugos sutrukdys jiems plėtoti mokamų užsakomųjų vaizdo perdavimo paslaugų verslo modelį. Todėl Vokietijos žiniasklaidos politikoje įvestas nustatytas prieinamumo laikotarpis, atsižvelgiant į pasiūlymą ir jo turinį. Ši konkreti nuostata tapo politikos sutvirtinimo elementu.Vis dėlto vadovybė privalo apsvarstyti, kaip visuomeninio transliavimo paslaugos galėtų išlikti tinkamos ateityje. Tai reiškia, kad paslaugos turėtųišlikti patrauklios jaunajai auditorijai. Taigi, svarbiausia yra patrauklios internetinės paslaugos ir ypač užsakomosios vaizdo perdavimo paslaugos.Europos valstybės pagalbos kontrolė yra trečiasis veiksnys, į kurį reikėtų atsižvelgti kuriant sėkmingą strategiją. Todėl naujai internetinei paslaugai įvesti reikia atlikti rinkos poveikio vertinimą. Bet pirmiausia išankstinio vertinimo procedūra turi išaiškinti, kokią viešąją vertę kuria naujoji visuomeninio transliavimo paslauga. Klausimas apie viešąją vertę gali būti atsakytas tik atlikus rinkos poveikio vertinimą. Rinkos tyrimas turėtų atsakyti į klausimą, kokį neigiamą poveikį rinkai turės (jei apskritai turės) naujoji visuomeninio transliavimo internete paslauga. Taikant specialų empirinį hipotetinio monopolisto testą kartu su jungtine (angl. conjoint) analize, galima apskaičiuoti vartotojų emigracijos ar imigracijos mastą dėl produkto požymio (pvz., kainos, kokybės ar kliento paslaugos) lygio pakitimo. Kalbant apie viešųjų paslaugų informacijos portalo atvejį, apskaičiuojamas vartotojų, kurie nesinaudoja internetine paslauga dėl pablogėjusios turinio kokybės, skaičiaus pokytis. Vis dėlto svarbiausia yra viešosios internetinės paslaugos ir jos kokybinio indėlio į redagavimo paslaugų konkurenciją ir visuomenės nuomonės formavimą viešoji vertė. Taigi, privaloma rasti kompromisinį sprendimą.
In: Arnbjerg-Nielsen , K & Madsen , H 2011 , ' Use Of Risk Analysis Fremeworks In Urban Flood Assessments ' , 5th International Conference on Flood Management , Tsukuba, Japan , 01/01/2011 .
In the period 1960 – 1990 rapid urban development took place all over Europe, and notably in Denmark urban sprawl occurred around many cities. Favorable economic conditions ensured that the urbanization continued, although at a lower rate, until recently. However, from 1990 to present a increase in extreme precipitation has been observed, corresponding to an increase of design levels of at least 30 %. Analysis of climate change model output has given clear evidence, that further increases in extreme precipitation must be expected in the future due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses. The design guidelines for urban sewer drainage capacity allow surcharge approximately 1 in 2 years. Studies in the 1980ies indicated that that is close to the optimum in socio-economic calculations. Recent developments in simulation software using detailed digital elevation models have confirmed these results. However, they have also highlighted a shortcoming of the design practice that jeopardized the entire design process: the floods occur the same places every time, meaning that the losses are not equally distributed. Other key players in society are now starting to react upon this knowledge, primarily insurance companies and mortgage providers, but also politicians and media are highly interested. Presently two very different approaches are being followed in both research and practice. One is the introduction of risk analysis and risk management tools to provide professionals and politicians with better decision support tools. Some of the developments are risk frameworks that encompass economic and/or ethic evaluation of climate change adaptation options and improved risk management. This line of development is based on a societal-based evaluation of maximizing the outcome for society and accepting losses that are outweighed by benefits to society as a whole. Another, very different approach is to apply more stakeholder driven approaches, much in the line of Integrated Water Resources Management. The key difference is that it is recognized that the costs and benefits of both existing and planned urban drainage solutions are shared between very different stakeholders and that current practices are leading to personal bankruptcy by those bearing the highest costs. Therefore solutions must be developed that are understandable and can be communicated between different stakeholders and be acceptable also to the ones who bears the costs. Denmark has supported research in both approaches by supporting a wide strategic partnership with many stakeholders covering all aspects of urban design, planning and ulilization as well as two research projects on developing tools for risk assessments and decision support with time-varying loads and preferences. Time will show which of these approaches will be most predominantly used in the future. The presentation will outline the two research projects and the pros and cons of each approach as well as the preliminary findings of each of them. Both are being carried out in real-life applications combining researchers, practitioners, and NGOs.
Рассматривается роль телевидения в конструировании регионов и иных воображаемых сообществ, предлагаются новые типологические подходы к определению телеканалов. Анализируются существующие и возможные классификации медиа по охвату территории. Материал может быть интересен журналистам; исследователям федерального, регионального и местного телевещания. ; The territory defines the policy framework and social relationships. The territory is the basis of identity by providing symbols and myths to imagined communities. But the Humanities ignore area as a factor in cultural differences. So far, nobody has given a definition of regional television and drawn a demarcation line between regional and local broadcasting. This article is devoted to the conceptual development of the categories of regional television in scientific research. Relevance of this topic is also connected with the government plans to include one of the regional channels into the second multiplex (digital TV package compulsory for distribution). The article deals with historical changes in views on TV in its spatial dimension. In the Soviet era, only the republics − the most autonomous territorial units − recognized regional specificity. With the deployment of the satellite system of the Central Television local television stations were abolished or reduced to information branches of the Central Television at the causes of the financial constraints of the local broadcasters, constant technological upgrading of the regional TV stations and unnecessary competition between the local TV stations and the All-Union programs. In the television space regionalization of 1990 was reflected in the creation of many private broadcasters, who began their broadcasting activities as an alternative to the Central Television and an opposition to the official forms of culture. The «regional» status that lacked in the Soviet taxonomy appeared in the lexicon of politics, and in the context of mass media. Telecasting is a modern structure of the type of representation of the region and the nation as the highest categories of community. It is due to television that modern people find reasons to believe that other people fancy the same things. A television station of cities and regional studios realize itself if it does not copy or try to imitate the Central TV, but pursues its content strategy and its own programming policy. Its own broadcasters and its authentic television programs are features of the region as a territorial community. Its own infrastructure, including local broadcasters, cable networks and extensive development of Internet resources is a basic life quality indicator in this region. Regional television is a set of broadcasters, covering its entire territory, and partly neighbouring territories and districts. Regional television helps forming a community of people living in the area, through the creation of general information agenda and discusses their common problems. The studies of regional TV in the context of political, economic and social relations are an urgent task of journalism theory and practice.
Key words: e government, innovation, innovation diffusion and adoption theory, E. Government diffusion, e. Government adoption, studies, comparative aspect. The object of this work – e. Government diffusion and adoption. The aim of this work - to analyze and evaluate e. Government diffusion and adoption. To support this aim four tasks were set: 1) to provide e. Government conception, implementation and rewiew of e. Government tools and show the importance of e. Government; 2) to present the innovation diffusion and adoption theory; 3) to deliver the diffusion and adoption of e. Government theoretical review, 4) identify the factors influencing e. Government diffusion and adoption; 5) an overview e. Government dissemination of the extent of cross-border dimension and analyze e. Government diffusion and adoption in Lithuania making aspect. The analysis of e. Government diffusion of Lithuania as compared with other countries on this subject dealt with aspects related to the theoretical and empirical context. It follows that E. Government diffusion and adoption studies are a relatively new topic and little studied phenomenon. As evidenced by the existence of e Governance development assessments carried out in Lithuania and abroad, the analysis, the majority of currently proposed e. Government decisions are analyzed only from the quantitative side, dispensed with the need for comprehensive quality of the population of e. services research. E. Government - is an excellent tool to improve communication between government and citizens, public and private sector, and make these relations simpler, more interactive and meet citizens' needs. The main findings of the work is that e. Government diffusion and adoption problems are global, that is to say, all the states face similar social, financial, personal, communication, cultural and other barriers. E. Government servises in diffusion process in Lithuania and other countries is influenced by the convenience, savings in time, money and the ability to communicate and work directly (on – line) mode. Such an exercise is a clearer way, does not require bureaucratic procedures and transparent. E. Government suppressors - e. Government rough public services system, lack of opportunities, lack of demand, a large distance between the public and the government. The study showed that the e. Government diffusion of government services are not the conditions are right and still suffer from the problem of digital divide, especially in rural areas and between mature and low-income people in Lithuania. It appears that in e. Government acceptance, very importance of preparation, so it is important to draw attention to the barriers that may interfere with this process, which requires a special e. Government incentive policies. Therefore, it is necessary to take the lead in promoting the e. Government services, the involvement of neighborhoods, local governments, the media and most citizens, preparing them training with the full awareness and promoting understanding of the various campaigns and events. It is important to convince the public that the e. Government can simplify the work is easy and rewarding cause.
Key words: e government, innovation, innovation diffusion and adoption theory, E. Government diffusion, e. Government adoption, studies, comparative aspect. The object of this work – e. Government diffusion and adoption. The aim of this work - to analyze and evaluate e. Government diffusion and adoption. To support this aim four tasks were set: 1) to provide e. Government conception, implementation and rewiew of e. Government tools and show the importance of e. Government; 2) to present the innovation diffusion and adoption theory; 3) to deliver the diffusion and adoption of e. Government theoretical review, 4) identify the factors influencing e. Government diffusion and adoption; 5) an overview e. Government dissemination of the extent of cross-border dimension and analyze e. Government diffusion and adoption in Lithuania making aspect. The analysis of e. Government diffusion of Lithuania as compared with other countries on this subject dealt with aspects related to the theoretical and empirical context. It follows that E. Government diffusion and adoption studies are a relatively new topic and little studied phenomenon. As evidenced by the existence of e Governance development assessments carried out in Lithuania and abroad, the analysis, the majority of currently proposed e. Government decisions are analyzed only from the quantitative side, dispensed with the need for comprehensive quality of the population of e. services research. E. Government - is an excellent tool to improve communication between government and citizens, public and private sector, and make these relations simpler, more interactive and meet citizens' needs. The main findings of the work is that e. Government diffusion and adoption problems are global, that is to say, all the states face similar social, financial, personal, communication, cultural and other barriers. E. Government servises in diffusion process in Lithuania and other countries is influenced by the convenience, savings in time, money and the ability to communicate and work directly (on – line) mode. Such an exercise is a clearer way, does not require bureaucratic procedures and transparent. E. Government suppressors - e. Government rough public services system, lack of opportunities, lack of demand, a large distance between the public and the government. The study showed that the e. Government diffusion of government services are not the conditions are right and still suffer from the problem of digital divide, especially in rural areas and between mature and low-income people in Lithuania. It appears that in e. Government acceptance, very importance of preparation, so it is important to draw attention to the barriers that may interfere with this process, which requires a special e. Government incentive policies. Therefore, it is necessary to take the lead in promoting the e. Government services, the involvement of neighborhoods, local governments, the media and most citizens, preparing them training with the full awareness and promoting understanding of the various campaigns and events. It is important to convince the public that the e. Government can simplify the work is easy and rewarding cause.
Building on a pioneer project in digitizing and Internet publishing of a clipping file donated by Juan Linz on the Spanish political transition, carried out by the Library of the Centre for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences of the Juan March Institute, a reflection on the role of innovation and interdisciplinary team building is done. It could be said that the traditional principles of conservation, cataloguing and readers' services within a stable environment may no longer be essential but we are seeing that these principles are applicable to new media as well. Therefore the information professional's ability to select, evaluate, organize and create easy access is just as essential before the avalanche of electronic information and his participation in the development of new projects that facilitate the use of and broaden the diffusion of electronic information are even more critical for successful projects and broader diffusion. Information professionals need to retool their attitudes and functions, to improve their formation and advance, beyond the traditional confines and redefine their function to be that of innovators. The information professional has in an excellent position to develop new products due to his deep understanding of their users varied needs for information and an awareness of potential advances generated by advancing technology. To further this knowledge and expertise it will be necessary in the future to create new ways of defining information, new tools and new methodologies to insure that the users' needs are met. ; A partir de la experiencia de digitalización y publicación en Internet del archivo hemerográfico de la transición política española de Juan J. Linz, realizada por la Biblioteca del Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales (CEACS) del Instituto Juan March, se reflexiona sobre la importancia de la innovación y la colaboración interdisciplinar para el futuro de la profesión bibliotecaria. Puede que los viejos principios por los que se regía (conservación, catalogación, etcétera, en un entorno estable) pierdan vigencia, pero poco a poco se va clarificando su situación, adaptada al nuevo medio, donde pueden aplicar sus habilidades de selección, evaluación y organización de los recursos ante la avalancha de información electrónica y gestionar el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos —o por lo menos participar en él—, por ejemplo digitales, que mejoren los servicios ofrecidos a los usuarios. Los profesionales de la información deben replantearse su actitud y sus funciones, intentar mejorar su formación y avanzar, desde su papel tradicional, hasta convertirse en innovadores. Se encuentran además en una posición excelente para elaborar nuevos productos, ya que suelen conocer en profundidad las necesidades de información de sus usuarios. Para aumentar este conocimiento será necesario que en el futuro se impliquen aún más en las líneas, herramientas y metodología utilizadas por los investigadores, en los métodos pedagógicos seguidos por los profesores, etcétera.
Inhaltsangabe:Kapitel 1., Einleitung: 'I think this is really starting a new era. I think every publisher in the world should sit down once a day and pray to thank Steve Jobs that he is saving the publishing industry with that. The iPad is really delivering what we were all waiting for'. Mathias Döpfner, Vorstandsvorsitzender der Axel Springer AG, in der 'Charlie Rose'-Show in den USA, April 2010. 1.1, Hintergrund: Der Markteinführung des iPad der Firma Apple im April 2010, das eine neue Gerätegattung der Tablet-Computer darstellt, hat große Hoffnungen in der Medienbranche ausgelöst. Bis heute haben mehrere Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlage ihre iPad-Applikationen eingeführt und hoffen dadurch einen neuen Vertriebskanal zu finden. Damit erhoffen sich die Verlage die Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden, wie etwa die schwächelnde Leserbindung und den Rückgang von Werbeeinnahmen. Denn die fortschreitende Digitalisierung und die Entwicklung des Internets haben dafür gesorgt, dass die Leser immer öfter den kostenlosen Content im Netz bevorzugen und nicht mehr bereit sind, für die Zeitungsinhalte im Internet zu bezahlen. Diese Gratis-Mentalität soll jetzt mit dem iPad und anderen Tablet-Rechnern verändert werden, so ist die Hoffnung. 1.2, Untersuchungsgegenstand und Forschungsfragen: Das Anliegen und die zentrale Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist, die iPad-Strategien der deutschen Zeitungsverlage zu beschreiben und zu analysieren. Den Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen folglich die Strategien der ausgewählten Zeitungen in Hinsicht auf das iPad bzw. andere Tablet-Rechner dar, die im Bezug auf die inhaltlichen und gestalterischen Ansätze sowie auf die möglichen Modelle der Erlösgenerierung betrachtet werden. Es sollen ferner die Herausforderungen und Perspektiven im iPad-Geschäft erläutert werden. Anzumerken dabei ist, dass – obwohl der Hauptaugenmerk der Arbeit auf dem iPad und entsprechenden Zeitungsstrategien liegt – auch andere Tablet-Rechner in Betracht bezogen werden, die mit der Zeit gewiss eine größere Rolle für die Verlage spielen könnten und dessen Nutzungsmodelle sich von denen des iPad kaum unterscheiden. Es muss im Rahmen der Arbeit geklärt werden, welche Bedeutung die Verlage dem iPad sowie anderen Tablet-Rechners beimessen und wie sie diese neue Gerätegattung in ihre Diversifikationsstrategien einbinden. Die Forschungsfragen lauten im Einzelnen: 1. Welche Veränderungen in der Zeitungsbranche hat das iPad hervorgerufen? 2. Welche Strategien in Hinsicht auf Inhaltübertragung und Gestaltungsansätze verfolgen die in die Stichprobe einbezogenen Zeitungsverlage? 3. Was sind die Herausforderungen, mit denen die Verlage konfrontiert sind? 4. Welche Perspektiven sehen die Zeitungsverleger für die Entwicklung der Zeitungsapplikationen auf dem iPad und auf anderen Tablets? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurde zu der Recherche eine große Zahl der der aktuellen Zeitungs-, Zeitschriften sowie Online-Publikationen herangezogen, da die iPad-Entwicklung im Zeitungsbereich in der medienwissenschaftlicher Literatur noch kaum beschrieben wird. Die Forschung in diesem Feld ist überschaubar und befindet sich noch im Anfangsstadium. Es sind darüber hinaus einige Marktanalysen erschienen, die die bisherige Entwicklung der Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenapplikationen dokumentiert und mögliche Ansätze und Empfehlungen erarbeitet haben. Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein deskriptiv-vergleichendes Vorgehen eingesetzt, das die Leitfadengespräche mit Experten sowie die Untersuchung relevanter Literatur und Marktanalysen beinhaltet. Diese Arbeit stellt auf keinen Fall eine umfassende Marktstudie dar, da die Experteninterviews nicht für die gesamte Branche repräsentativ sind. Es soll aber ein Überblick über den Ist-Zustand in der deutschen Verlagsbranche anhand untersuchter Zeitungen verfasst werden. Dabei werden die strukturellen Veränderungen in der Zeitungsbranche, die die Markteinführung des iPad hervorgebracht haben, erfasst und beschrieben. Der Stand der Dinge entwickelt sich rasant, von daher werden anknüpfend an die vorliegende Studie weitere Forschungen notwendig sein. 1.3, Aufbau der Arbeit: Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus acht Kapiteln, die die theoretischen Grundlagen sowie die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung darstellen. Im ersten Kapitel wird das Thema vorgestellt und die Forschungsfragen werden präzisiert. Es wird auch die Vorgehensweise kurz erläutert. Im zweiten Kapitel werden Medienunternehmen und Medienprodukte definiert und charakterisiert. Darüber hinaus wird im dritten Kapitel ein Einblick in den Zeitungsmarkt in Deutschland gewonnen und es werden die bestehenden Geschäfts- bzw. Erlösmodelle im klassischen Zeitungsbereich sowie im Internet-Bereich beschrieben. Anknüpfend werden die aktuellen Herausforderungen in Betracht bezogen, was eine Erklärung dafür bietet, warum die iPad-Markteinführung mit so einem großen Interesse von Verlagen begrüßt wurde. Ferner werden im vierten Kapitel die Strategien im deutschen Zeitungsmarkt näher betrachtet. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf den Diversifikationsstrategien bzw. Cross-Media-Strategien der Zeitungsverlage. Im fünften Kapitel wird die methodologische Vorgehensweise bei der Untersuchung erläutert und der Forschungsprozess wird detailliert beschrieben, darunter wird auf die Auswahl der Befragten, auf die Leitfadenkonstruktion sowie auf die Durchführung der Befragung eingegangen. Das sechste Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Entwicklungen auf dem Tablet-Markt, es werden Tablet-Rechner als eine selbständige Geräteklasse definiert sowie die Einsatzmöglichkeiten des iPad bei der Produktvermarktung im Zeitungsbereich beschrieben. Im siebten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung dargestellt. Aufgrund der geführten Gespräche werden hier die Strategien und Gestaltungsansätze der ausgewählten Zeitungsverlage geschildert, darunter auch die Inhalts- und Preisstrategien. Außerdem werden kurz die Veränderungen in der Organisationsstruktur einiger Zeitungen erläutert sowie die möglichen Erlösquellen bezüglich des iPad- bzw. der anderen Tablet-PCs dargelegt. Im achten Kapitel wird aufgrund der Untersuchungsergebnisse ein Fazit gezogen und es werden mögliche Desiderata für die weitere Forschung erarbeitet. Danach folgen die Anhänge mit dem im Rahmen der Untersuchung erarbeiteten Leitfaden, mit einer Überblickstabelle, die die untersuchten Verlage anschaulich darstellt, sowie mit den Transkripten der durchgeführten Interviews.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: AbstractI DanksagungII Abbildungs- und TabellenverzeichnisVI AbkürzungsverzeichnisVII 1. Einleitung1 1.1. Hintergrund1 1.2. Untersuchungsgegenstand und Forschungsfragen2 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit3 2. Medienunternehmen und Medienprodukte5 2.1. Medienunternehmen: Definition und allgemeine Charakteristik5 2.2. Medienprodukte: Definition und Eigenschaften7 2.2.1. Merkmale und Eigenschaften von Zeitungen11 3. Deutscher Zeitungsmarkt – ein Überblick14 3.1. Struktur und Charakteristik des Zeitungsmarktes14 3.2. Geschäftsmodelle im Zeitungsbereich18 3.2.1. Definition des Begriffes 'Geschäftsmodell'18 3.2.2. Kosten- und Erlösstruktur von Zeitungen19 3.2.3. Geschäfts- und Erlösmodelle der Medienunternehmen im Internet23 3.3. Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Zeitungsbranche24 3.3.1. Rückgang von Werbeeinnahmen25 3.3.2. Veränderung des Mediennutzungsverhaltens27 3.3.2.1. Digitalisierung und Konvergenz: Definition und Ausprägungen28 3.3.3. Digitale Entwicklung als ein Zukunftsgeschäft der Verlagsbranche30 4. Strategien im deutschen Zeitungsmarkt33 4.1. Klassische Strategien in Medienmärkten und Strategiedimensionen33 4.2. Diversifikationsstrategien in der Zeitungsbranche36 4.2.1. Mehrfachnutzung von Medieninhalten41 4.2.2. Cross-Media-Strategien der deutschen Zeitungsverlage44 4.2.3. Das Internet-Engagement der Zeitungsverlage47 4.2.3.1. Digitale Versionen der Printausgaben als Teil der Zeitungsexpansion ins Internet51 5. Methode55 5.1. Methode und Vorgehensweise55 5.2. Einschränkungen im Forschungsprozess57 5.3. Forschungsplanung und Forschungsdesign57 5.3.1. Auswahl der Befragten58 5.3.2. Leitfadenkonstruktion59 5.3.3. Durchführung der Befragung60 5.3.4. Auswertung64 6. Digitale Ausgaben der Zeitungen auf dem iPad als Teil der Diversifikationsstrategie65 6.1. Tablet-Rechner als neuer Distributionskanal für die Verlage66 6.1.1. Tablet-Rechner: Definition und Besonderheiten am Beispiel des iPad67 6.1.2. Konkurrierende Tablets und Betriebssysteme71 6.1.3. Elektronische Kioske auf dem deutschen Markt74 6.2. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des iPad bei der Produktvermarktung76 6.2.1. Möglichkeiten der Erlöserzielung auf dem Werbemarkt77 6.2.2. Möglichkeit der Erlöserzielung auf dem Rezipientenmarkt80 6.3. Mögliche Ansätze für die Gestaltung von Medieninhalten für die iPad-Ausgabe84 7. Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung91 7.1. Veränderung der Zeitungsstrategien in Deutschland in Hinsicht auf das iPad91 7.1.1. Ansätze und Inhaltsstrategien93 7.1.2. Erlösmodelle98 7.1.3. Preisstrategien101 7.1.4. Organisatorische Veränderungen104 7.1.5. Herausforderungen und Perspektiven106 8. Fazit112 9. Anhänge117 Anhang 1: Liste der befragten Experten117 Anhang 2: Gesprächsleitfaden118 Anhang 3: Interview mit Stephan Klemm, Leiter des iPad-Teams, 'Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger'121 Anhang 4: Interview mit Tobias Kaufmann, Chef vom Dienst, 'Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger'126 Anhang 5: Interview mit Enrique Tarragona, Leiter Produktmanagement, 'Zeit Online'135 Anhang 6: Interview mit Holger Fischbuch, Leiter Electronic Media, Verlag G + J Wirtschaftsmedien140 Anhang 7: Interview mit Mathias Bröckers, Leiter Online Redaktionsentwicklung, 'die taz'148 Anhang 8: Interview mit Michael Bayer, Ressortleiter Multimedia, 'Frankfurter Rundschau'151 Anhang 9: Interview mit Carsten Fiedler, Leitendem Redakteur und Leiter des iPad-Teams. 'Rheinische Post'154 Anhang 10: Interview mit Werner D'Inka, Herausgeber, 'Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'159 Anhang 11: Übersichtstabelle über die untersuchten Zeitungen und Zeitungsapplikationen166 10. Literaturverzeichnis169Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 7., Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung: 7.1., Veränderung der Zeitungsstrategien in Deutschland in Hinsicht auf das iPad: 7.1.1., Ansätze und Inhaltsstrategien: Wie im Kapitel 6 bereits verdeutlicht wurde, halten es viele Medienexperten für wichtig, die Möglichkeiten des iPad maximal auszuschöpfen, um den Lesern ein befriedigendes multimediales Erlebnis zu bieten. Jedoch sind nicht alle befragten Zeitungsverantwortlichen damit einverstanden, was zum großen Teil von der Positionierung der Zeitung auf dem Markt abhängt sowie von den verfügbaren Ressourcen. So meint Mathias Bröckers, Leiter Online Redaktionsentwicklung bei der 'Tageszeitung' (die taz), die multimediale Umgestaltung wäre für den Verlag zu aufwändig. Außerdem, teile die taz 'den Hype, dass sich jetzt mit den Tablet-Computern die gesamte Medienlandschaft schlagartig ändert', nicht. Es sollte auch zwischen den Soll- und Ist-Zustand unterschieden werden, denn obgleich die meisten Befragten die multimediale Umgestaltung der Inhalte für das iPad befürworten, soll auch nicht vergessen werden, dass das iPad für die Zeitungen eher ein Experimentierfeld bleibt. Und die Ergebnisse dieses iPad-Experiments können erst in mittel- bis langfristiger Perspektive eingeschätzt werden. Die zurzeit verbreiteten Ansätze der untersuchten Zeitungen in Hinsicht auf die Inhaltsübertragung bzw. Inhaltsgestaltung lassen sich in vier Gruppen einordnen: 1. Eine E-Paper-Version mit der Möglichkeit, einzelne Artikel im Lesermodus abzurufen. Der Lesemodus wird durch die Anwendung der HTML5-Programmiersprache ermöglicht. Dabei werden alle Inhalte aus der Zeitung übernommen, ergänzende multimediale Elemente finden nicht statt. Diese Strategie verfolgen beispielsweise die FAZ, die 'Zeit', FDT und die taz. Obwohl das E-Paper nicht multimedial erweitert wird, gibt es eine Reihe nützlicher Optionen, wie etwa der Überblicksmodus, der eine Navigation durch die Zeitungsinhalte ermöglicht, oder eine Suchoption, mithilfe deren die Ausgabe durchsucht werden kann. So lassen sich beispielsweise Artikel der FAZ auf einem Merkzettel ablegen. Darüber hinaus kann man einige Abbildungsoptionen anpassen, wie etwa die Schriftgröße oder den Schriftkontrast. Anzumerken ist, dass eine PDF-Version der Zeitung als ein logischer Start ins App-Geschäft gesehen wird. Fischbuch stellt beispielsweise fest, mit einem E-Paper sollte man in erster Linie die User ansprechen, die bereits eine große Nähe zur Marke aufweisen. Dabei sind die User nicht unbedingt bereit, mehr Geld für eine Multimedia-Ausgabe zu bezahlen. Jedoch sind die meisten Zeitungsvertreter sich sicher, dass man sich nur darauf nicht beschränken soll. Ein E-Paper spricht besondere Zielgruppen an, wie etwa die Geschäftsreisenden oder die im Ausland Lebenden, doch als die einzige Möglichkeit des iPad-Engagements kann sie kaum betrachtet werden. Um den Möglichkeiten des iPad gerecht zu werden, sollten neue innovative Präsentationsformen entwickelt werden. 2. Eine iPad-optimierte Web-App wird als ein notwendiger Bestandteil der Diversifizierungsstrategie in Hinsicht auf das iPad gesehen und stellt eine technisch angepasste Zeitungswebseite dar. Die Inhalte, die in der Online-Version der Zeitung präsent sind, werden nicht geändert und nicht neu geschaffen. Diese Option schätzt Enrique Tarragona, Leiter Produktmanagement von 'Zeit Online', insofern als aussichtsreich ein, dass sie eine für die Werbetreibenden relevante Reichweite gewährleisten kann. Dieser Ansatz wird unter anderem von der 'Zeit' verfolgt. 3. Native App: Eine Multimedia-Ausgabe mit der Übernahme aller Inhalte aus der Zeitung. Diese Strategie verfolgt man bei der 'Zeit' mit einer neuen Applikation, die zur Jahresmitte erscheinen soll. Dabei werden die bestehenden Zeitungsinhalte mit multimedialen Elementen, wie etwa Fotostrecken oder Audio-Aufnahmen angereichert. Die neue Print-App soll alle in der 'Zeit' erscheinenden Texte auf das iPad übertragen. Auch bei der neuen FAS-App, die sich zurzeit in Entwicklung befindet, sollen alle Inhalte aus der Zeitung übertragen werden und dabei mit multimedialen Elementen ergänzt. 'Man kann aus praktischen Gründen überlegen, ob man mit einer etwas kleineren Version anfängt. Aber das Ziel ist, alle Inhalte hineinzupacken, wobei dann das Problem der großen Datenmenge entsteht', so D'Inka. Dabei vertritt der Experte die Meinung, eine Sonntagszeitung sei für eine multimediale Aufbereitung geeigneter als eine Tageszeitung, denn sie 'schon auch als gedruckte Zeitung deutlich mehr mit Bildern und Illustrationen arbeitet'. 4. Native App: Der 'Best of'-Ansatz. Die Auswahl der für das iPad geeigneten Inhalte aus der Zeitung findet aufgrund bestimmter Kriterien statt, dabei werden die Inhalte um Multimedia-Elemente ergänzt. Dieser Ansatz wird beispielsweise bei 'Hamburger Abendblatt', 'Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger' und 'Frankfurter Rundschau' verfolgt. So präsentiert das 'Hamburger Abendblatt' eine Auswahl von 24 multimedial aufbereiteten Geschichten aus Hamburg, aus dem Norden Deutschlands sowie aus ganz Deutschland und der Welt. Eine der wichtigen Charakteristiken einer nativen iPad-App ist, dass sie ein geschlossenes Produkt darstellt, das der Zeitung viel näher als dem Internet steht. Dabei bezeichnet Kaufmann eine native Zeitungsapp als 'Print 2.0.' Es gäbe in einer iPad-Zeitung keine direkte Kommunikation mit den Usern und keine Kommentar-Möglichkeiten, weil das Kommunikationsverhalten der Nutzer sich von dessen im Internet unterscheidet. Ein anderer Unterschied der Zeitungsapplikationen vom Internet-Auftritt bestehe darin, dass die Form mindestens genauso wichtig wie die Inhalte sei, meint Bayer. Bei dem 'Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger' werden auch nicht alle Inhalte aus der Zeitung übernommen, sondern es findet eine Auswahl der passenden Inhalte statt, dazu werden iPad-eigene Inhalte produziert, wie etwa die 'App des Tages' und 'Bilder des Tages'. Auch längere Geschichten aus dem Heft können wesentlich gekürzt und in Form einer Meldung dargestellt werden. Im Allgemeinen erscheinen ungefähr 50-80 Prozent der großen Geschichten aus der Zeitung auf dem iPad, je nach Ressort und Tag. Wie es Kaufmann auf den Punkt gebracht hat, ist es vor allem wichtig, die technischen Möglichkeiten des iPad zu nutzen, denn bei einer Zeitungsapplikation bezahlen die Leser schließlich für die Verpackung und die Auswahl der Texte, 'weil sie das Gefühl haben, die Redaktion hat sich noch mal Mühe gemacht'. Der Schwerpunkt liege dabei bei der Gestaltung, die eine gleichwertige Bedeutung mit den Inhalten hat. 5. Native App: Eine selbständige Multimedia-Ausgabe / eine multimediale Wochenzeitung. Dieser Ansatz wird unter den untersuchten Zeitungen nur von der 'Rheinischen Post' gefolgt, die die Applikation 'RP Plus' produziert, die auch als 'die siebte Ausgabe' bezeichnet wird. Die Inhalte werden dabei extra für das iPad recherchiert und produziert, eine Zweitverwendung der Zeitungsinhalte findet im Gegensatz zu anderen Zeitungen nicht statt. Interessant scheint, dass eine umgekehrte Situation möglich ist, wenn die Artikel, die zuerst in 'RP Plus' erschienen sind, danach in der Zeitung Verwendung finden können. Jede Ausgabe enthält im Durchschnitt 30 multimediale Geschichten aus der vergangenen Woche. Das Produkt wird als Ergänzung zur Zeitung und zum Internetportal 'RP Online' vermarktet. Anzumerken bei allen geschilderten Ansätzen ist, dass die Zeitungen bei ihrer Differenzierungsstrategie die Inhalte in verschiedenen Ausprägungen auf verschiedenen Kanälen bieten und beschränken sich in der Regel nicht auf einen der oben dargestellten Ansätze. So stellt die 'Zeit Online Plus'-App ein Zusammenspiel einer für das iPad angepassten Webseite und eines E-Papers dar, deren Erscheinungsweise dieser der Printausgabe entspricht. Die Webseite wird dagegen ständig aktualisiert. Das Neue an dieser Herangehensweise ist eine unmittelbare Kombination zweier Angebote in der gleichen Applikation. Zur Jahresmitte soll jedenfalls eine neue 'Zeit'-App erscheinen, die, wie bereits beschrieben, eine Multimedia-Ausgabe mit der Übernahme aller Inhalte aus der Zeitung darstellen wird. Auch bei der 'Rheinischen Post' ist zurzeit eine E-Paper-Ausgabe für das iPad in Vorbereitung, was eine zusätzliche Lösung gesehen wird.
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The power and prospect of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) initially alarmed technology experts, for fear that machine advancements would destroy jobs. Then came a correction of sorts, with a wave of reassurances minimizing their negative impacts. Now, the discourse appears to be arriving at a more complicated, mixed understanding that suggests that automation will bring neither apocalypse nor utopia, but instead both benefits and stresses alike. Such is the ambiguous and sometimes disembodied nature of the "future of work" discussion. Which is where the present analysis aims to help. Intended to clear up misconceptions on the subject of automation, the following report employs government and private data, including from the McKinsey Global Institute, to develop both backward- and forward-looking analyses of the impacts of automation over the years 1980 to 2016 and 2016 to 2030 across some 800 occupations. In doing so, the report assesses past and coming trends as they affect both people and communities, and suggests a comprehensive response framework for national and state-local policymakers.
The objective of this white paper is to discuss the essential role of ICT and IP for India to become an Innovation Economy. The paper also looks at India's position vis-à-vis other developed and developing countries in some key innovation indices, identifies the gaps, discusses how ICT and IP can help to enhance India's global positioning as a hub for innovation and technology development, bring in investment, and create high quality jobs. In the end, the paper makes policy recommendations on how India can leapfrog into an Innovation Economy and identifies how the EU and its Member States can contribute through collaborations and mutually beneficial partnerships in India's journey towards becoming an Innovation Economy.
The paper presents a general theoretical overview of the new norms and procedures of e-petitioning in Ukraine. Epetitioning is viewed as a new form of direct and effective political communication and e-participation that marks country's democratic advances. The article presents a short overview of terms "e-participation", "e-democracy" and "epetition" followed by a brief history of petitioning and its e-modification after the worldwide growth of informational and communication technologies. Democracy and communication rights are seen as interdependent, they promote transparency, effectiveness and accountability of governmental organs. We define e-petition as the most standardized, lawful and popular form of e-participation present in Ukraine. The suggested analysis of the e-petitioning in Ukraine provides the information on the norms and restrictions of this model of government–citizen communication. E-petitioning can also be viewed as a new type of media discourse. We believe that new linguistic and IT skills must be developed to fulfil the demands of e-participation growth. References 1. 2016. Elektronni Petytsii: Ofitsiine Internet-Predstavnytstvo Prezydenta Ukrainy. https://petition.president.gov.ua/ 2. Zakirova, S. 2016. "Elecronic Petitions in Ukraine: System Formation and Operation Mechanism". Social Communications Research Center. http://nbuviap.gov.ua/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id= 1576:elektronni-petitsiji-v-ukrajini-stanovlennya-sistemi-ta-mekhanizm-diji&catid=8&Itemid=350. 3. Reshota, V. V. 2015. "Elektronna Petytsiia yak Novyi Instrument Zvernennia Hromadian do Orhaniv Publichnoi Administratsii". Naukovyi Visnyk Humanistychnoho Universytetu. Seriia "Yurysprudentsiia", 15 (1): 91–94. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nvmgu_jur_2015_15(1)__26. 4. Biskub, Iryna. 2016. "Electronic Petition as a New Type of Media Discourse". In Scientific Journal of the Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, 77–85. Lutsk. 5. Brundidge, Jennifer. 2006. "The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks: Does the medium matter?" Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association. Dresden, Germany: Dresden International Congress Centre. 6. Gramberger, Marc. 2001. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/2536857.pdf 7. Freeman, J., and Quirke, S. 2013. "Understanding E-Democracy: Government-led Initiatives for Democratic Reform". еJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 5 (2): 141–154. 8. Holt, Richard. 2004. Dialogue on the Internet: Language, civic identity, and computer–mediated communication. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 9. Hoorens, S., and Cremonini, L., and Bearne, S., et al. 2001. eGovernment, eGovernance and eDemocracy. JANUS. Final Glossary of terms and definitions, 39–44. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9973/ 4071d971d9e38c81330b2ef1d835aa5dddc1.pdf 10. Kitchener, Kelin, and Kushin, Matthew J. 2009. "Getting Political on Social Network Sites: Exploring Political Discourse on Facebook". First Monday, 14 (11). http://firstmonday.org/ article/view/2645/2350. 11. Lindern, Ralf, and Riehm, Ulrich. 2009. "Electronic Petitions and Institutional Modernization. International Parliamentary E-Petition Systems in Comparative Perspective". Jedem, 1 (1). http://jedem.org/index.php/ jedem/article/view/3 12. Lironi, Eliza. 2016. "Potential And Challenges Of E-Participation In The European Union". Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ committees/en/supporting-analyses-search.html. 13. 2010. Public Petitions. House of Commons Information Office. London. https://www.parliament.uk/ documents/commons-information-office/P07.pdf 14. UN E-Government Knowledge DataBase. 2014. "United Nations E-Government Survey 2014: E-Government for the Future We Want". New York. https://publicadministration.un.org/ egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2014Survey/EGov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf. ; Представлено загальний теоретичний огляд нових норм і процедур електронних петицій в Україні. Електронні петиції розуміємо як нову форму прямої та ефективної політичної комунікації та електронного залучення, що свідчить про демократичний прогрес країни. Запропоновано короткий аналіз термінів «електронне залучення», «електронна демократія», «електронна петиція», а також огляд історії петицій та їх модифікацій після всесвітнього поширення інформаційних і комунікаційних технологій. Демократія та право на комунікацію – взаємозалежні та сприяють прозорості, ефективності й надійності державних органів. Вважаємо електронну петицію найбільш стандартизованою, ефективною й законодавчо закріпленою формою електронного залучення в Україні на сьогодні. Запропонований аналіз електронних петицій в Україні містить інформацію про норми й обмеження моделі комунікації – громадянин – уряд. Електронні петиції також можна розглядати як новий тип медійного дискурсу. Ми переконані, що зростання нових форм електронного залучення вимагатиме розвитку нових лінгвістичних і ІТ знань.
The connections between art and politics are multiple and are deeply rooted in modern history. These connections have led to the development of a lively debate in many academic as well as non-academic fields. Within this context, my thesis focuses on the specificities, the continuities and the ruptures produced by artists in the context of contemporary political mobilization. My overall framework is influenced by a cultural approach to social movements, organization studies, economic and urban sociology. Based on ethnography, my thesis applies three main research techniques (participant observation, semi-structured interviews, digital methods) to a specific case study: Macao, the New Centre for Arts, Culture and Research, in Milan, Italy. Established in May 2012, Macao is officially a part of the Italian network of "Occupied Theatres" and, more informally, constitutes an important node in the international "art activism" scene. Taking into account the global context of the early 2010s – marked by the aftermath of economic crisis, the Arab revolutions and the Occupy/Indignados movement, and the re-emerging discourse on the role of electronic media in social movements – my thesis, although focused on Macao in a micro-sociological perspective, attempts to draw connections and identify differences between "artistic activism" and the prevalent trends in the recent wave of mobilization. In an attempt to contribute to the growing, but still limited, literature on art and social movements, my thesis considers Macao as an excellent prism through which to investigate the everyday political work carried out by artists in a context of mobilization. In doing so, my aim is to overcome the instrumental view that is often applied to art and aesthetics in the context of protest: seeing them as colorful tools to gain visibility and secure recruitment. In my work, I highlight how art might take unexpected forms in political activity, forms that are rarely embodied in the artifacts we are normally used to. In this sense, art is capable of running deep below the perceivable surface to connect and innervate the flows that circulate in a number of different media. The thesis is divided into two main parts: the first sets the frame in which I situate my work, introduces the debates around artists' political involvement (Ch. 1) and presents the methodological framework (Ch. 2). The second part is made up of three chapters that explore what I have come to identify as the main areas of Macao's activity: action, relation and production. The first of these three chapters (Ch. 3) deals with the logic of action, in which I stress how an artistic sensitivity was deeply embedded in the first spectacular events that granted Macao a wide and favorable national and international exposure: what I have defined as an eventful logic. The second (Ch. 4) explores the theme of organization, a key area of political intervention of Macao activists, in which a reflexive desire for instability is coupled with a surprising efficiency and the inversion of the traditional equation for which organizational forms become transient configurations determined by the eventfulness of their routine activity. The third and final chapter (Ch. 5) investigates Macao's models of artistic and cultural production. The case is explored with the aim of understanding to what extent Macao, and more in general the global wave of art activism, constitutes an alternative to the neo-libel articulation of the creative city in Milan. On the one hand, I ask whether Macao is a political actor able to influence the local cultural policy and to what extent it is included in the urban governance of Milan. I argue that Macao not only is an actor included in the urban governance, but also it provides the city a different cultural offer, open to bottom-up processes. The three core chapters, although partially autonomous, present a fil rouge, which coincides with the hypothesis that a broader change in terms of social and economic critique is taking place at a global level. As processes like the "eventification" and the "brandization" of culture represent some of the most efficient capitalist devices they now come to be appropriated in critical terms by probably the most skilled and apt subjects for a change: artists, and, more generally, cultural workers. Often trained at prestigious education institutions within the creative industry, their critique deploys the knowledge they have paid to obtain, and attempts not just to antagonize but to create a real and viable alternative. In the conclusion, the different uses of art in mobilization, scattered around the whole thesis, are systematized.
AbstractApparatuses, Globalities, Assemblages:Third Cinema, NowbyDalida Maria BenfieldDoctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studiesand the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and SexualityUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Trinh T. Minh-ha, ChairColonial wounds endure but are refigured in 21st century cinematic landscapes. These are spaces of memory and mourning, as well as sites of creativity and transformation. New assemblages of power emerge along with equally complex amalgams of resistance, producing multiple and competing cinematic regimes. Third Cinema, the cinematic movement that emerged alongside "Third World" struggles for decolonization in the late 1960s, laid claim to a global space of cinematic production outside existing geo-political relations of power, hierarchies of communication flows, and towards the liberation of the "Third World" and its cinemas. But while Third Cinema has ample genealogies and global sites of production, its critical tools have not been sufficiently engaged in an analysis of contemporary cinematic production, including digital video, interactive video installations, Internet art, and film, in the contemporary context of globalization, the transnationalization of capital with information technology at its core. Third Cinema offers the opportunity for understanding and developing generative intersections between the cinematic decolonization movements of the "Third World" and the present context of cinematic praxis of the "Global South." This dissertation engages the cinematic texts of Cao Fei, the Raqs Media Collective, Michelle Dizon, Cecilia Cornejo, and Fanta Régina Nacro in a conversation with Third Cinema. The texts selected for study include video, video installation, Internet art, and film. This selection highlights the diversity of contemporary cinematic practices and expands the definition of the cinematic. The process and conditions of production are analyzed, and key examples of each artists' cinematic texts are given a close reading. This conversation is anchored by three critical terms: apparatus, globality, and assemblage. Each of these draws upon genealogies that both productively resonate with historical notions of Third Cinema while also transposing it across theoretical scales. The notion of the cinematic apparatus has been key to previous theorizations of relations of power and knowledge production in cinema. It is used here as a technic for mapping the re-arrangements of power and the attendant epistemic interventions evidenced in the cinematic praxis of these artists. The inquiry is centered on the question of how each artist produces a novel assemblage of the cinematic apparatus, understood as a relationship of author, cinematic text, and spectator, and how, in turn, this produces forms of globality, epistemes that are contentious responses to particular geo-political spaces of knowledge production. The inquiry proceeds through a series of close engagements with the artists' cinematic texts, discussing the transformation of the artist/author from individual to multiple, the redefinition of the "cinema" as a series of assemblages of screen and non-screen based practices, the constitution of the spectator as a site of spectral ephemerality, and the relationship of these transformations to the epistemic and geo-political sites of cinematic praxis. The study combines this textual analysis of the artists' work with a socio-historical analysis of information communication technologies on global and local scales. An interdisciplinary set of theoretical frameworks are mobilized, including post- and decolonial theory, philosophy, media studies, transnational feminism, and Third Cinema.In the cinematic praxis of these artists, I find productive resonances and dissonances with the critical tools of Third Cinema. Along the variegated routes of "information society," these artists create new forms of cinematic praxis and knowledge production. They significantly destabilize global constructions of race and gender, which they encounter in the contexts of factory workers in China, discourses of information technology and development in India, and global warfare as experienced in the U.S., France, Chile, and Burkina Faso. When thought together as a field, these artists constitute related sites of aesthetic, political, and economic arrangements of cinematic forms. These cinemas reconstruct relations of power and refigure global discourses that produce temporary workers, the "Global South," and permanent war. The tracing of the remnants, refusals and re-compositions of the cinematic apparatus, and, in tandem, Third Cinema, reveals the consequences of colonial conditions for global cinemascapes, and creates a platform for present and future emancipatory cinematic praxis.
Motion Capture Drawing & the Moving Image A GLUCKSMAN exhibition, touring to Regional Cultural Centre, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, 22 January – 9 March 2013 Supported by a Touring and Dissemination award from the Arts Council of Ireland/An Chomhairle Ealaíon. Motion Capture is an exhibition that explores the relationship of movement in two artistic media: drawing and the moving image. Featuring artworks from the mid-twentieth century through to the present day, the exhibition emphasises the way in which artists have employed the capacities of these mediums to communicate and embody movement. Drawing and moving image might not seem like obvious partners. First of all, there are clear technological differences between the two media: one tending to involve cameras, projectors, DVD players and editing equipment, the other seeming to require little more than a pencil. There are further differences if we consider their status as material objects. We might expect drawings to be static and singular objects, while moving images are implicitly ephemeral and capable of being transferred between formats. All of these apparent differences seem to set drawing and moving images apart, while also suggesting their different potentials of representing and capturing movement. On closer inspection, the distinctions between drawing and moving image aren't so clearly cut. Like most drawings, moving images are composed of a sequence of discrete traces that work together to constitute the image. And while a drawing on paper might be a static object, our vision is durational and involves the action of our eyes and body; we do not see a drawn line all at once, but rather we look across it, up and down. The question of how we understand drawing in our increasingly technological world is fundamental to Motion Capture. The traditional characteristics of drawing as a tactile and intimate medium might seem at odds with the digital networks and simulations of our age. Yet, Motion Capture emphasises the way that drawing re-emerges in new forms, and often in response to technologies that have altered our sense of movement, time and space. Such a technology is cinema, which is an important reference for many of the featured artists. The exhibition features drawings by Henri Matisse that he referred to as the 'cinema of my sensibility', through to contemporary works by Pierre Bismuth that use drawing to trace the hands of Greta Garbo and Sophia Lauren in famous cinematic episodes. The relationships with cinema as a technological form of moving image relate to drawing's own abilities of recording movement, considered as a sequence of marks or an unfolding of lines. Cinema recurs again in works by Brian Fay, focusing on the dust and scratches that have accumulated in an old Buster Keaton film. As with video works by Ailbhe Ni Bhriain, movement in these works is understood in terms of material deterioration and the slow erasure of the image. Drawings can capture movement in ways that are both deliberate and involuntary. The psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan used the phrase 'the rain of the brush' to describe bodily gestures that escape our systems of conscious intention and linguistic structure. These ideas are developed in works by Susan Morris that use data from a motion capture studio, rendering her own body movements as a series of lines and traces that play between the registration of facts and their contingent, abstract effect. In Tom Hackney's work also, specific references to chess manoeuvres played by Marcel Duchamp give way to abstraction; real occurences becoming graphic and seeming to loose all 'trace' of reference. These works, like Henri Michaux's experimental illustrations that operate between writing and drawing, communication and symbolism, encourage different ways of understanding how artwork can operate between meaning and nonsense. There is no key that solves all the puzzles that works of art pose; part of art's significance is precisely not to be explained away in these terms. The sense of the human body as emerging and unfixed is pronounced in works by William Kentridge and Alice Maher, whose animated film and video work introduces a fluid interaction of human form; Kentridge's film continuing his interests in the body politics of post-aparteid South Africa, while Maher's work creating a borderlessness between human and animal, the familiar and uncanny. The sense of connection between drawing and the human body is perhaps most demonstrably expressed in Dennis Oppenheim's Two Stage Transfer Drawing, which presents video documentation of the artist and his son copying drawings on each other's bodies. Movement in this work is not only in the tracing of the drawn line, but in the generational movement of father to son and vice versa. A different sense of proximity occurs in 16mm film work by Tacita Dean. In Still Life, Dean's camera focuses on the markings on working surfaces in Giorgio Morandi's studio. This work not only represent the work of a younger artiss that are approaching the legacy and working practice of an elder artist, but also refers to elements of hand drawing within their work as a counterpoint to the mechanical movement of the projected film. The relationships between drawing and moving images are multifold and complex. They criss-cross ideas of technology, legibility, and the human body, both in the act of drawing but also in the act of looking. In this way, Motion Capture seeks not only to re-think the relationships of artistic media, but also re-invigorate the relationships between artwork and viewer. ; https://arrow.tudublin.ie/fagallery/1011/thumbnail.jpg
In the last decades digital modelling applied to geological research is getting increasing attention (Alaei, 2012; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; De Franco et al., 2019; Mascolo and Lecomte, 2021). Indeed, relevant implications both in scientific and economic terms could be inferred by using this technique. In particular, the application of digital models in complex geologic scenarios is critical for the understanding of potentially exploitable systems from multiple perspectives. Starting from the most classical model application for the exploitation of oil and gas fields passing through the implementation of extraction strategies - by reducing uncertainties (Macgregor & Moody, 1998; Racey 2001) - digital models find new place in latest applications such as natural gas storage. Recently, models are also applied for the study of geological bodies, potential reservoirs for the CO2 or hydrogen injection (Dockrill and Shipton, 2010; Trippetta et al., 2013; Aminu et al., 2017; Heinemann et al., 2018). Modelling contribute and facilitate to capture and store gases in the subsurface, balancing their release into the atmosphere. Digital modelling represents one of the major innovative strategies in the control of greenhouse gases concentration in atmosphere, a currently trending topic from media, public opinion, and political points of view. Another possible application of digital models for subsurface gas storage involves the monitoring of reservoirs in order to ascertain and quantify gas leakage through fault or fracture systems (Wang et al., 2018). Moreover, radioactive waste storage could be integrated as current and powerful employment of digital models (Malvić et al., 2020). In particular, the technological tools used for these purposes are called forward models since their outcomes gives predictive results on the processes happened in the past and protracted towards the future. They appear extremely suitable for the study of geological subsurface formations that can be also applied to an emerging field such as the development of geothermal energy power plants (De Franco et al., 2019). All these are topics of great actuality since world governments' plans are1 directed towards the total replacement of classic energy sources from hydrocarbons with green energies. However, digital modelling needs input data such as geometries and rock properties that should be well constrained. Seismic exploration is probably the most powerful tool for investigating subsurface rock formations (Avseth et al., 2010). Important progress has been made in recent years, but significant problems remain in the geologic interpretation of seismic data. The reflections that can be read in seismic data depend on the Acoustic Impedance (AI) contrast in the transit of the P-wave between layers in the subsurface. AI depends on the density (ϼ) and the P-wave velocity (Vp) of the medium through which wave propagates (AI= ϼ Vp). These petrophysical characteristics, in turn, are controlled by structure, texture, porosity, and boundary conditions of the rocks (Dvorkin et al., 2014; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; Brandano et al., 2020). These two links, one between rock structure and its elasticity and the other between elasticity and signal propagation, form the physical basis of seismic interpretation (Anselmetti and Eberli, 1993; Eberli et al. 2003; Weger et al. 2009; Hairabian et al. 2014; Dvorkin et al., 2014). Dealing with these relationships, we are facing the so- called inverse problem. We see from seismic sections the resulting seismic images of rock formations where the same signal can be the result of a combination of different features. It should be, thus, very useful to well understand what are the features that lead to a certain seismic image. Synthetic seismic modelling (or forward modelling) is a fundamental prospecting method for understanding the features leading to the corresponding seismic images of subsurface structures and reservoir architectures (Alaei, 2012). Forward modelling methodology, as approach to the interpretation of seismic data, involves the detailed characterization of lithology, density, porosity, seismic velocity and fluid in the rock, as well as the reservoir geometry. As a result, the corresponding seismic properties are calculated, and then synthetic seismic traces are generated. These issues became essential for lithologies characterized by a complex seismic interpretation (Al-Salmi et al., 2019). In addition, synthetic seismic forward models allow accurate analysis of fault zones. The study of seismic response in fault zones is crucial since the2 fracturing or compaction that faults create strongly modifies the petrophysical characteristics of rocks by affecting their properties (Botter et al., 2017; Kolyukhin et al., 2017). Synthetic seismic forward models are, therefore, mandatory for the comprehension of faults behaviour through seismic imaging. Faults play a key role in reservoirs by increasing or limiting fluid flow. Even if interpretation of seismic data is a pivotal method for studying the subsurface, the internal structure and properties of fault zones are often below the limit imposed by seismic resolution (Botter et al., 2017). Despite the impact of faults on reservoir permeability, modelling tools and workflows still lack for realistic representation of fault zones in models (Tveranger et al., 2005; Braathen et al., 2009; Manzocchi et al., 2010). With facies analysis and petrophysical data it is possible to build field-based digital models fundamental in understanding architectures of carbonate sedimentary bodies which often constitute reservoir surface analogues of buried world-wide petroleum systems, CO2, hydrogen, radioactive waste storage sites and geothermal fields. Surface analogues are rocks with depositional, textural, and petrophysical characteristics similar to those constituting the petroleum system, but they outcrop on the surface. Starting from petrophysical characteristics of facies, forward models can be built. In this thesis, as a case study for the development of a forward model, rocks belonging to the carbonate realm, more specifically carbonate ramps, were analyzed. Carbonate ramps constitute important hydrocarbon deposits in North Africa (Macgregor & Moody, 1998), Venezuela, and many other regions of the World (Racey, 2001) due to their excellent porosity and permeability characteristics. However, the depositional model that is the basis for a proper interpretation produces many uncertainties arising from the difficulty in attributing different facies to a depositional environment and process due to the poor occurrence of sedimentary structures (Buxton and Pedley, 1989; Pomar and Kendall, 2008; Burchette, 2012; Bassi et al., 2013; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Tomassetti et al., 2022). In addition, strong lateral heterogeneity in terms of petrophysical characteristics, components, structure, and texture leads to complex distinction of facies belts (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; Brandano et al., 2020). To overcome these issues, quantification of3 petrophysical characteristics can be crucial in understanding facies heterogeneity from a physical perspective to be incorporated in synthetic seismic forward models building. Carbonate rocks are often difficult to interpret seismically because the slight acoustic impedance contrast at the interface between carbonate facies in subsurface does not allow a clear resolution of major reflectors and reservoir formations. Strong constraints are often imposed by geophysical survey techniques characterized by low resolution especially in carbonates and interpretation capabilities that depend on the interpreter skill (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta and Geremia, 2019; Faleide et al., 2021). These constraints can be overtaken through the modelling of surface analogues allowing a detailed analysis on the facies association but also their petrophysical characteristics and seismic properties such as acoustic impedance (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Lipparini et al., 2018; Trippetta and Geremia, 2019; Brandano et al., 2020). In order to analyse the petrophysical characteristics and seismic response of the carbonate realm through modelling two carbonate ramps both belonging to the Adria plate were considered as case studies. The first is the Chattian carbonate ramp of the Porto Badisco calcarenite outcropping in the southern Salento peninsula, the southernmost portion of the Apulian carbonate platform. The Porto Badisco carbonate ramp is an excellent surface analogue of exploited oil and gas field in the offshore Venezuela, Philippine and South China Sea (Zampetti et al., 2005; Sattler et al.,2004; Fournier and Borgomano, 2007; Lallier et al., 2012; Marini and Spadafora, 2014; Pomar et al., 2015; Valencia and Laya, 2020) as well as fields in offshore Adriatic Sea such as Ombrina Mare field (Campagnoni et al., 2013). In this carbonate system firstly the analysis of outcropping facies was carried out observing over 100 thin sections produced. Consequently facies association modelling was performed through Petrel software (mark of Schlumberger) using TGSim stochastic approach algorithm adopting the depositional model based on field data. This model is useful for qualitatively understand the broad facies spacial distribution which reflects the abrupt heterogeneity from a sedimentary point of view. To physically quantify the lateral facies heterogeneity the petrophysical characteristics such as porosity, density and seismic velocity were measured and analyzed through a multi-analytical approach. Density4 measurements were carried out with the helium pycnometer. Porosity was firstly calculated from the density data and then was additionally measured through image analysis and point counting to cross-correlate the values. Seismic velocity was measured by using an ultrasonic generator connected to piezoelectic transducers and to an oscilloscope. The analysis performed on the carbonate ramp outcropping in Porto Badisco offers the opportunity to analyze facies heterogeneity, modeling its distribution and physically quantifying it through petrophysical characterization. From the petrophysical data, it was possible to construct 2D models of the distribution of porosity and P-wave seismic velocity along the depositional model. This study, which can be applied globally to carbonate platforms, emphasizes with the modelling exercise how facies heterogeneity is an intrinsic feature of these systems. The petrophysical characterization which provides quantitative values to the heterogeneity allow to build more complex models such as seismic forward models discussed in the second chapter. The other case study is represented by the Cenozoic carbonate ramp outcropping on the Majella Massif in Abruzzi, the northernmost portion of the Apulian carbonate platform which gives the opportunity to study a carbonate ramp surface analogue of a buried reservoir. Also in Majella the Oligo- Miocene stratigraphic interval represented by the Bolognano Formation which is the reservoir of the system is considered an excellent surface analogue of the productive fields in the Adriatic Sea, offshore Venezuela, Philippines and many others worldwide (Tomassetti et al., 2021). Specifically, this system offers the opportunity to integrate the facies heterogeneity in the synthetic seismic forward modelling and understand its seismic response without the introduction of artificial noise to obtain additional information. On the Majella Massif a model of the facies heterogeneity to understand their seismic response was performed. After analyzing the facies and measuring their petrophysical characteristics, the data obtained were used as input for build a 3D property modelling in Petrel software representing the entire carbonate ramp from the topographic surface to the Upper Cretaceous from the platform top going towards the basin located northward from the Majella Massif. From the 3D model was cut a section whose data were used as input in Matlab (mark of Mathworks) in order to perform the synthetic seismic forward model5 with the geophysical codes provided by the CREWES consortium. The resulting forward model represent the seismic response of the facies heterogeneity of carbonate rocks. In addition, from the obtained seismic images it is possible to evaluate the presence of hydrocarbons and to identify how the presence of important bituminous impregnations – that can be appreciated in the field in Majella – modify the seismic response. The workflow developed to quantify the signature of the facies heterogeneity of carbonate rocks and the presence of infilling hydrocarbons is applicable to other systems worldwide, which is a large issue that is still open and can help in the problems relative to seismic interpretation associated with these systems. Given the presence of a buried normal fault system in the study area, a forward modelling in the fault zones was performed as well. By measuring the petrophysical characteristics of the fault rocks characterized by both fracturing or compaction, fault zones were modeled. Two end member scenarios with two opposite behaviors of the rocks belonging to the damage zone were modeled in Matlab. A scenario in which the damage zone is characterized by fracturing and therefore rocks affected by greater porosity than the host rock. In the other scenario was modeled a damage zone with lower porosity than the host rock caused by the presence of compaction bands. Consequently, the seismic response of these end members was compared to understand how faults affect the seismic response of carbonate ramp systems. Notoriously, fault systems globally characterize carbonate ramps, and understanding their seismic response facilitates interpretation of the deformation behavior that a fault can assume under different boundary conditions. This can lead to an understanding of whether faults behave as barriers or conduits for fluids with the important implications for the study of fluid leakage from reservoirs.
Welcome to the second issue of IASSIST Quarterly for the year 2023 - IQ vol. 47(2).
I am very happy with the 'International' in IASSIST. It is important to learn from outside your own center. In this issue we have a focus on the United States and some African countries with a special focus on South Africa. The first article investigates LibGuides across the many states of the United States. The second article is centered on one of the data resources often found in the LibGuides pages, but the data itself is about all of the United States. In the third article we shift to the African continent and the described project has a base in South Africa with a connection to the United Kingdom - still part of Europe although not of the EU - and with research being conducted in several African countries. We can't promise to cover the whole world in each IQ issue – but this issue is quite international.
The first article is 'Taking count: A computational analysis of data resources on academic LibGuides in the U.S.'. Cody Hennesy, Alicia Kubas and Jenny McBurney have undertaken the task of collecting links to data and statistical resources from over 10,000 LibGuide pages at 123 R1 research institutions in the United States. The LibGuides platform has become the universal resource discovery platform in academic libraries in the U.S. LibGuides not only support researchers, they also help librarians in orientation among the many resources. The authors reach the conclusion that freely available resources from U.S. government agencies are the most widely used. Resources requiring paid licenses or memberships (like ICPSR) are also frequent. The analysis suggest traditional licensed statistical resources are more likely to be shared than complex microdata resources. Data cleaning of the nearly 200,000 links from the 10,000 guide pages was an essential part of the analysis. The authors cite the data scientist joke that 90% of the work is data cleaning, and they find that the actual number for the cleaning and normalization in this analysis was even larger, performed through Python and OpenRefine. The data process included accessing the LibGuide pages based on the keywords of 'data' and 'statistic' and then extracting the content links. The links were then cleaned, filtered and further normalized. The data cleaning showed a high degree of inconsistency and dead links, leading the authors to suggest a more centralized management of data resources. The most frequently found links to resources are through ICPSR and data.gov, and a table with the 20 most common resources shows that even the most uncommon resource among these 20 are included in more than 73% of the institutions. This demonstrates a high consistency across the institutions. However, the authors remark that they believe that the very few institutions that didn't include a link to the popular data.gov would benefit from having information about this resource available for their researchers. Cody Hennesy and Jenny McBurney are the Journalism & Digital Media Librarian and a Social Sciences Librarian at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, and Alicia Kubas is a librarian at the U.S. Government Publishing Office.
The second article concerns metadata from IPUMS projects at the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation (ISRDI) at the University of Minnesota (note, these are among the central sources of data LibGuides, mentioned several times in the first article). The authors are Diana L. Magnuson, curator and historian at the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, and Wendy L. Thomas, now retired curator from the same institution. The title is 'Expanding our perspective: building a sustainable metadata culture'. The article describes the learning obtained by ISRDI through the submission of an application for certification to the Core Trust Seal (CTS). When applying for certification the institution must document that it follows the standards and guidelines for the certification. In the case of the CTS - as in many other cases of certification - the building of a portfolio of documentation of procedures makes the applicant more self-aware of its history, as well as of the routines delivering the final products. The conclusion is also that the certification process has led to a better internal understanding at the ISRDI that can support future development as well as preserve the work done. IPUMS has over the last thirty years created the world's largest accessible database of census microdata starting with the 1880 Historical Census Project that has been extended in both time directions and now covering more than a hundred years. Naturally, processing of data has changed over the years and keeping track of the documentation proved difficult. The decision to use digital object identifiers (DOIs) led to a persistency and uniqueness that supported the users. This also had internal benefits as references and publications were more easily trackable and the preservation work more accurate and complete for each product version. Among the figures of the article, you will find the workflow using the open archival information system (OAIS) model as well as the IPUMS business process model.
The third article concerns the dilemma of personal data protection versus the benefit of using data for life improvement. The title of the submission is 'Data management instruments to protect the personal information of children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa' and concerns health research in this group. On the one hand the researchers naturally must follow the data regulations as they appear in the Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act in South Africa and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, and with special attention to high-risk and vulnerable groups such as children and adolescents. On the other hand, these vulnerable groups are also at risk from a health viewpoint, especially from infectious diseases like infantile paralysis, measles and pneumococci. Research and data collected from children has contributed to the development of vaccines, which has led to a dramatic reduction in child mortality and improvements in the quality of life. The project described is a large-scale one that involves many countries and many researchers, making governance and data management crucial to achieving data availability and data security. The article discusses the strategies and instruments used, and addresses the many considerations from both ethical sides and when building a data management plan and decisions on sharing data. The authors behind the article are Lucas Hertzog, Jenny Chen-Charles, Camille Wittesaele, Kristen de Graaf, Raylene Titus, Jane Kelly, Nontokozo Langwenya, Lauren Baerecke, Boladé Hamed Banougnin, Wylene Saal, John Southall, Lucie Cluver, and Elona Toska. Many of these are affiliated to the Centre for Social Science Research at the University of Cape Town in South Africa and some are connected to the University of Oxford. It is important to mention that in addition to the central participation from South Africa and the UK, the project is based on partnerships with researchers in Zambia, Malawi, Nigeria, Lesotho, Tanzania, and Kenya.
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author profile at https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors to have 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session or workshop with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) you can also contact the IQ. Take a look at the instructions, layout, and contact at:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
On a personal note, I have since 1997 been the editor of the IASSIST Quarterly. All good things must end. New people will take over and improve the journal. I find there have been many improvements in the IQ during my tenure. Special thanks to my good friends Walter and Jane for their work on the journal. For many years, Walter Piovesan helped with layout and production, and he established contact with the Open Journal System staff before retiring from the IQ editorial team. Jane Roberts turned my Danglish into English in my IQ editorials. I am very happy to quit now, especially because you IASSISTers will have very competent replacements in Michele Hayslett and Ofira Schwartz. They have already for long worked behind the scenes at IQ, and have also edited the recent special issue on Systemic Racism. The IQ is in good hands.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - June 2023
