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Cover; China's Digital Economy: Opportunities and Risks; I. INTRODUCTION; II. DEFINING AND MEASURING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY; III. CHINA'S DIGITAL ECONOMY IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT; IV. EVOLUTION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN CHINA; V. THE REAL IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION; VI. FINTECH AND IMPLICATION ON FINANCIAL STABILITY; VII. PROSPECTS; VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

"Tim Jordan deftly explores the workings of the trillion-dollar digital economy. He discusses the hype and significance surrounding its activities and practices in order to outline important concepts, theory, and policy questions. Rich with case studies, the book is an important reference for those getting to grips with this contemporary phenomenon"--

Lesotho is a landlocked country with a population of about 2.0 million people. Lesotho's private sector makes limited use of digital technologies. In the private sector, digital technology can change the way economies of scale are achieved, particularly through e-commerce and digital payments. The digital economy may provide the better matching of buyers and sellers in a competitive marketplace. The digital economy offers potential for enhanced service delivery in the public sector, but the Lesotho government's efforts in this field appear fragmented and slow moving. Improved digital infrastructure can only achieve the desired transformational impact if combined with a capable public sector, investments in digital skills and literacy, increased access to digital financial services, and ramped up support for digital start-ups and existing businesses. A holistic view to developing the digital economy is required. This report will provide a diagnostic and offer recommendations on the five foundations of the digital economy in Lesotho. The report will examine, in turn, challenges concerning the policy and legal environment, digital infrastructure, public digital platforms, private digital platforms, digital financial services, digital entrepreneurship, and digital skills. This report reviews how the digital divide affects the foundations of the digital economy and provides policy options for bridging the digital divide.

[Introduction] Digitisation is by no means a completely new phenomenon. By the time of the dotcom boom of the late 1990s at the latest, it was clear that the economy was facing a massive upheaval. A good decade and a half later, internet corporations are already established players in the corporate world. If the topic of digitisation is still omnipresent in 2015, making headlines in the business press under the catchphrase »Industry 4.0« day after day, there are good reasons for this. Previous experience with the digital revolution - as seen in the music industry and the media landscape, for instance - provides a foretaste of what many other industries might be about to undergo. Big data, connectivity and artificial intelligence are the buzzwords that stand for the next round of the digital revolution and underpin the concept of the digital economy. Today, it is not just the multitude of innovations that astounds but also the speed with which business and society are being turned inside out. The fast pace of change can largely be explained by the fact that markets are being created in the digital economy that operate in line with the »winner takes it all« principle. This means that speed is a key success factor for enterpreneuers and enterprises, as the prospect of global market domination is dangled. That such potential success is triggering something of a gold-rush mood comes as no great surprise. At the same time, though, both established companies and workers who fear for their jobs are becoming increasingly nervous. With this study, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this digital upheaval and provide an insight into the prospective changes that can be expected in business and society. In section 2, we describe the underlying concepts and special features of the digital economy. We then focus on four selected topics with a view to pinpointing the economic consequences of digitisation. First, we outline the German business model (section 3) and consider whether the current structure of the German economy forms a good foundation for mastering the challenges of the digital revolution. In section 4, we use the example of 3D printing to examine the potential of digital technologies to disrupt economies. We then go on in section 5 to use the automotive sector to explore the possible consequences for one of Germany's key industries. In section 6, we highlight the consequences of digitisation for the financial sector. Finally, in section 7 we draw up implications for economic policy and examine whether the market economy is in any position to channel the peculiarities of the digital economy in such a way that the newly created prosperity benefits all social groups and not just a digital elite. ; [Einleitung] Digitalisierung ist wahrlich kein neues Phänomen. Spätestens mit der Dotcom-Euphorie der späten 1990er-Jahre war offensichtlich, dass die Wirtschaft vor einem gewaltigen Umbruch steht. Gut eineinhalb Dekaden später sind Internetkonzerne bereits etablierte Akteure der Unternehmenswelt. Wenn im Jahr 2015 das Thema Digitalisierung immer noch allgegenwärtig ist und unter dem Stichwort "Industrie 4.0" Tag für Tag Schlagzeilen in der Wirtschaftspresse macht, gibt es dafür gute Gründe. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit dem digitalen Umbruch - etwa in der Musikindustrie und in der Medienlandschaft - geben einen Vorgeschmack darauf, was vielen anderen Branchen noch bevorstehen mag. Big Data, Vernetzung und künstliche Intelligenz sind die Schlagworte, die für die nächste Runde des digitalen Umbruchs stehen und die den Begriff Digitalökonomie begründen. Derzeit erstaunt nicht nur die Vielzahl der Innovationen, sondern insbesondere das Tempo, mit dem Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft umgekrempelt werden. Das hohe Tempo der Veränderung kann maßgeblich damit erklärt werden, dass in der Digitalökonomie Märkte geschaffen werden, die nach dem Prinzip "The winner takes it all" funktionieren. Schnelligkeit ist also ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für Unternehmer und Unternehmen, denn es besteht die Aussicht auf globale marktbeherrschende Stellungen. Dass derartige Erfolgschancen Goldgräberstimmung auslösen, ist kein Wunder. Gleichzeitig ist aber die Verunsicherung bei etablierten Unternehmen und bei Arbeitskräften, die um ihre Arbeitsplätze fürchten, zuweilen sehr groß. Mit dieser Studie möchten wir einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des digitalen Umbruchs leisten und einen Ausblick auf die zu erwartenden Veränderungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft geben. In Kapitel 2 zeigen wir die Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie auf. An schließend fokussieren wir vier ausgewählte Themen, um die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Digitalisierung abzuleiten: Zunächst skizzieren wir das »Geschäftsmodell Deutschland« (Kapitel 3) und widmen uns der Frage, ob der aktuelle Zuschnitt der deutschen Wirtschaft eine gute Grundlage bildet, die Herausforderungen des digitalen Umbruchs zu meistern. In Kapitel 4 zeigen wir am Beispiel des 3D-Drucks das wirtschaftliche Sprengpotenzial digitaler Technologien. Anschließend untersuchen wir in Kapitel 5 anhand des Automobilsektors, welche Folgen für eine der deutschen Schlüsselindustrien zu erwarten sind. In Kapitel 6 beleuchten wir Folgen der Digitalisierung für den Finanzsektor. Abschließend leiten wir in Kapitel 7 Implikationen für die Wirtschaftspolitik ab und untersuchen dabei die Frage, ob die Marktwirtschaft überhaupt in der Lage ist, die Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie so zu kanalisieren, dass der neu geschaffene Wohlstand allen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und nicht nur einer digitalen Elite zugutekommt.

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has highlighted the need for accelerating digital adoption in Burundi. Burundi's current sectoral strategies acknowledge the importance of investing in digital technology. However, these lack an overarching approach with an actionable roadmap and clear resources behind it. Burundi's mobile network coverage and mobile broadband uptake continues to be characterized by a stark urban-rural divide. Digital platforms are paramount in connecting people, businesses, and the government - enabling both transactions and the exchange of information, goods, and services in more efficient and convenient ways. At present Burundi's digital entrepreneurship sector remains embryonic, hampered by barriers such as limited ecosystem support and weak access to financing. Whether through the provision of public services closer to its citizens with digital platforms, or through increased financial inclusion enabled by digital financial services and dynamic digital ecosystems, Burundi stands to gain from a continued investment in the foundations of its digital economy. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two reviews cross-cutting factors that affect the strategic, institutional, and regulatory environment for the digital agenda in Burundi. The report proceeds to explore the five foundational pillars of the digital economy, in more depth. Chapter three looks at the access, quality, and usage of digital infrastructure, as well as the dynamics of the connectivity market, including what it will take to get more Burundians online. Chapter four discusses the current state of digital skills attainment and coverage. Chapter five analyzes the current application and scope for expanding the use of digital platforms - both in the public and private sector. Chapter six examines the state and uptake of digital financial services (DFS) among individuals, businesses and by government. Finally, chapter seven assesses the state of digital entrepreneurship and the culture of innovation in Burundi.

Interoperability has become a buzzword in European policy debates on the future of the digital economy. In its Digital Agenda, the EU Commission has identified a lack of interoperability as one of the significant obstacles for the thriving of the digital economy. The EU Commission and a number of other actors have advocated far-reaching policies for ensuring the interoperability of digital goods, services, platforms and communication networks. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for discussing interoperability problems from an economic and legal perspective and apply it to several interoperability issues, as, e.g., standardization, interoperability regulation in the field of electronic communication, duties of dominant firms (including platforms) to ensure horizontal and vertical interoperability and IP law exceptions in favour of interoperability. The complex trade-offs between benefits and costs of a higher degree of interoperability suggest the need for a careful and separate analysis of each specific interoperability issue, caution regarding a (top down) imposition of mandatory standards and interoperability obligations, and a greater focus on unilateral solutions of interoperability problems, like adapters or converters. EU competition law may be better advised to develop, within the framework of Art. 102 TFEU, a workable test to address hurdles for unilateral interoperability solutions created by dominant firms, than to continue focusing on the essential facilities doctrine to mandate interoperability.

Part I. Theory. Digital Economy Is a New Economy and a New Driving Force -- Chapter 1. Definition and Characteristics of the Digital Economy -- Chapter 2. The Digital Economy Is the New Driving Force for Development -- Part II. Infrastructure: Improve the Digital Infrastructure to Boost the Economy -- Chapter 3. Accelerating the Development of the Digital Infrastructure -- Chapter 4. Working Hard to Improve Digital Literacy -- Chapter 5. Promoting the Development of Digital Technologies -- Part III Industry. Release the Digital Dividend to Boost the Transformation and Upgrading -- Chapter 6. Accelerating the Digital Transformation of Manufacturing.-Chapter 7. Speeding up the Digital Transformation of the Real Economy -- Chapter 8. Facilitating the Digital Transformation of Public Services -- Chapter 9. Expediting Digital Transformation in the Financial Industry -- Part IV. Suggestions: Actively Respond to the Digital Economy Revolution -- Chapter 10. Problems and Solutions in the Development of Digital Economy -- Chapter 11. Digital Transformation in Companies -- Chapter 12. Digital Transformation in Government.

The rapid evolution of digital technologies and digital transformation is reshaping the dynamics of the global economy and supply chain. The digital economy creates new opportunities for innovation, access to information and services, social networking, job creation, and economic growth. The digital economy potentially offers opportunities for development in Sierra Leone, and there are associated risks of being further left behind if a comprehensive strategy is not put in place. The government of Sierra Leone (GoSL) recognizes digital technologies as a key enabler for transforming the country in general, and its economy in particular. Sierra Leone experienced fi rst-hand the importance of digital technologies during the Ebola crisis when mobile phones were instrumental in tracking, monitoring and managing outbreaks. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has further demonstrated the critical need for more robust digital infrastructure to provide essential services as well as trace, monitor and manage the spread of the disease. A country diagnostic of Sierra Leone's was launched as part of the World Bank Group's Digital Economy for Africa (DE4A) Initiative to examine the current state of digital economy across Africa by applying standardized DE4A methodology. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of Sierra Leone in the five key pillars of Digital Infrastructure, Digital Platforms, Digital Financial Service, Digital Entrepreneurship, and Digital Skills.

Rapid digital transformation has been re-shaping the global economy, changing fundamental patterns of socioeconomic activities and accelerating further in the wake of the global Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, relying on the Digital Economy for Africa (DE4A) methodology, the report conducts a timely diagnostic of the state of digital economy in Togo. Togo is bordered by Ghana, Benin, and Burkina Faso, and has a coastline that runs along the Gulf of Guinea. The government of Togo (GoT) is cognizant of the importance of the transformation towards a digital economy. As the government of Togo launches into the development of a new strategy for digital transformation "Togo Digital 2025" the current diagnostic would provide useful information to use as a basis for such strategic document. This report aims to highlight opportunities to further develop Togo's digital economy with a special focus on policies that can bridge the digital divide and help Togo achieve the DE4A targets. This report aims to provide practical and actionable recommendations that inform decision makers on priority areas for development.