Suchergebnisse

New practice of the representation of the state based on the former tradition of diplomatic activity was formed in the first interregnums. State officers of the GDL assumed the functions of the sovereign, on the highest level collectively representing the country in the course of the diplomatic relations with the state of Muscovy. Muscovy maintained both official and semi-official diplomatic contacts with the representatives of the GDL political elite, thus unconsciously acknowledging their prerogative to represent the state. Pre-union practice of parallel diplomatic connections, utilized by members of the GDL Council of Lords and Muscovy barons, served as the formal basis for the abovementioned not regulated diplomatic contacts with the Muscovite Court. However, the diplomatic relations maintained on the highest level not only transcended the tradition of parallel contacts, but also contradicted an important attitude of diplomatic representation, stating that the principle of hierarchy should be followed in intercommunion, strictly observing existing levels of authority in respect of each other. Until the Union of Lublin it functioned as the organizational system of Lithuanian-Muscovian cross-border relationships: the monarch of Muscovy would only contact the sovereign of Lithuania, members of the Boyar Duma exclusively communicated with members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords, Metropolitan of Muscovy cultivated relations with the Bishop of Vilnius, etc. The Court of the Muscovian Monarch decided to allow compromises in the then applicable principles of cross-border relationships when pursuing the implementation of Ivan IV's plans to become the Monarch of the Republic. Seeking acceptance in the environment of the GDL political elite, the ruler of Muscovites found himself under the necessity to make allowances willi regard to the principles of the hierarchical diplomatic relations and maintain direct communication with the Lithuanian political elite.[.

The aim of masters paper "Reflection of Social Role Change in Diplomatic Protocol" is to examine how change of gender roles works in diplomatic protocol. In order to achieve this aim the following tasks are raised: 1. to analyze gender roles change from the XIV to the XX century; 2. to analyze ceremonial in terms of gender roles; 3. to conduct case studies and a qualitative interview with the protocol specialist which would revealed the practice of diplomatic protocol adaption to the changed gender roles; 4. to present findings. To achieve master's paper aim the fallowing methods are used: descriptive, analytical, statistical data and research, qualitative content analysis methods, case studies and qualitative interview with the protocol specialist. Master work consists of three sections. The object of master work is diplomatic and state protocol. In international relations, diplomacy and politics – the spheres long dominated by men – women had to conform and adopt rules of behavior which regulated conduct of men. However, the increasing number of precedents, when women are acting the main role in ceremonies, will be set up clear, specific rules for conduct of women. The change will be reinforced by actively acting women becoming a social norm. When rules of conduct for women will be in power, there will be no need to resolve problems of changed gender roles every time individually. Master work "Reflection of Social Role Change in Diplomatic Protocol" may be useful for further diplomatic protocol change factors research.

The aim of masters paper "Reflection of Social Role Change in Diplomatic Protocol" is to examine how change of gender roles works in diplomatic protocol. In order to achieve this aim the following tasks are raised: 1. to analyze gender roles change from the XIV to the XX century; 2. to analyze ceremonial in terms of gender roles; 3. to conduct case studies and a qualitative interview with the protocol specialist which would revealed the practice of diplomatic protocol adaption to the changed gender roles; 4. to present findings. To achieve master's paper aim the fallowing methods are used: descriptive, analytical, statistical data and research, qualitative content analysis methods, case studies and qualitative interview with the protocol specialist. Master work consists of three sections. The object of master work is diplomatic and state protocol. In international relations, diplomacy and politics – the spheres long dominated by men – women had to conform and adopt rules of behavior which regulated conduct of men. However, the increasing number of precedents, when women are acting the main role in ceremonies, will be set up clear, specific rules for conduct of women. The change will be reinforced by actively acting women becoming a social norm. When rules of conduct for women will be in power, there will be no need to resolve problems of changed gender roles every time individually. Master work "Reflection of Social Role Change in Diplomatic Protocol" may be useful for further diplomatic protocol change factors research.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

The concept of the capacities of the Holy Father and their divine origin. The overview of the institutions of the Curia of Rome: competences, hierarchy subordination and cooperation. The tasks and duties of the State Secretariat as the highest Church management institution. How do the Holy Popes manage Church via these institutions in the world? The relation of Vatican and the Holy See. The concept of General Meetings. Diplomatic relations between the Holy See and national governments of states, representation of the Holy Pope by local churches. The duties of the Nuncio.