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One of the most hackneyed themes in medieval political history is the formation of royal diplomacy and the relations between the diverse kingdoms of the Christian West. However, few researchers has been detained in the decisive importance of the written document to articulate that diplomacy and the adaptation of the notarial system to this new need, which is due to the intermonar-chical relations are subject to private law, in the absence of an international law. To analyze this phenomenon we have studied the specific case of Portuguese-Castilian relations in the Late Middle Ages, two kingdoms in the process of monarchical empowerment that maintained intense relations. Proof of which are the important legacy of more than two hundred documents preserved of this activity in the long century between the battle of Aljubarrota (1385) and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). The notary was present under the figure of the secretary of the embassy in all diplomatic missions. All negotiations carried out will need to be validated with the notary sign of the two states parties, and be ratified later by the two monarchs in documents validated by their respective notaries. Professionals who adapted the notarial forms to the particular needs of diplomacy. Finally we also observed a paral-lel written system made up by private documents (correspondence, instructions, reports…), which is also fundamental to maintain the functioning of the negotiations. Though we can not speak of a particular diplomatics of diplomatic relations for this period in the absence of a specific scriptorium, we can point a new field in notarial diplomatics. ; Uno de los temas más manidos en la historia política medieval es el de la formación de la diplomacia regia y las relaciones que mantenían los diversos reinos del occidente cristiano. Sin em-bargo, pocos investigadores se han detenido en la importancia que tiene el documento escrito para articular esa diplomacia y como las cancillerías regias adaptaron el sistema notarial para esta nueva necesidad, ya que la inexistencia de un derecho internacional provocaba que las relaciones entre monarcas fueran sujeto de derecho privado. Para analizar este fenómeno hemos estudiado el caso específico de las relaciones luso-castellanas a finales de la Edad Media, dos reinos en proceso de empoderamiento regio que mantuvieron unas intensas relaciones, prueba de ello es el importante legado de más de dos centenares de documentos conservados de esta actividad en el largo siglo que dista entre la batalla de Aljubarrota (1385) y el Tratado de Tordesillas (1494). El notariado estuvo presente en todas las misiones diplomáticas bajo la figura del secretario de la embajada. Todas las negociaciones llevadas a cabo tenían que ser validadas con el signo notarial de los dos notarios enviados por los dos reinos parte, y ratificadas después por los dos monarcas en documentos elaborados por sus correspondientes notarios. Unos notarios que adaptaron los formula-rios notariales a las necesidades particulares de la diplomacia. También observamos un sistema escri-turario paralelo conformado por documentación privada (correspondencia, instrucciones, informes.), también básica para mantener el funcionamiento de las negociaciones. Si bien no podemos hablar de una diplomática particular para las relaciones de las monarquías medie-vales al no existir un órgano específico de emisión documental, sí podemos señalar la existencia de un nuevo campo de actuación de la diplomática notarial.

In April 1454 (858 H), the Muslims of Lisbon sent a letter to the Mamluk sultan Īnāl (857/1453-865/1461) with the purpose of interceding on behalf of the Christians of Jerusalem. Allegedly, they had been forced to do so by Afonso V, king of Portugal, on pain of suffering violence to their religious freedom. They argued that the restrictive measures endured by the Christian minority in that sacred city would be returned, and even stepped up. This discourse, which naturally assumes a rhetorical and demagogic tone, takes the issue into the psychological ground, in the hope of influencing the response to their appeal. Aside from its immediate and explicit content, however, this letter expresses above all a political agenda in which minorities on both sides of the Mediterranean play a significant part. The two Muslims from Lisbon, Abū al-'Abbās b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Ru'aynī and Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Wandājī, charged with carrying the letter and presenting it to the sultan, exemplify those mediators who, throughout the Middle Ages, circulate between the Western and Eastern extremes of the Mediterranean.

The transformation of social, political and administrative models all along the Mediterranean medieval cultures–Italy, French Midi, Christian Iberia–, made notaries public a powerful social agent. As part of a new cultural and laic social group, notaries acted as a bureaucratic link between the common people and the elites, allowing the access not only to writing, but also to legally valid instruments that would resist memory. Its nomination was disputed between the different authorities of the Castilian Crown – monarchy, Church and nobility–as an element of jurisdictional power. The study is focused on the notarial institution and its documentary production from mid XIIIth to mid XIVth centuries. Most of these documents come from Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries established in Asturias–San Pelayo and San Vicente of Oviedo or Santa María of Belmonte are some of them–, but also from Oviedo's Cathedral and some relevant city councils back in medieval times. Nowadays, many of the documents that make up the corpus are still preserved in this northern region, while another important amount of them is stored at the Archivo Histórico Nacional, in Madrid. The dispersion of these documentary collections adds more difficulties to the task: in the best-case scenario, there is already a digitised version of the document–e.g. in Portal de Archivos Españoles (PARES)1, also accessible at Monasterium (MOM)2–; if the first option is not available, the researchers have to go where the documents are preserved to proceed with their work. The foundations of this research project were established in 1986 at the VII Congress of the Commission Internationale de Diplomatique (Sanz, 1989). From this moment on, studies about notarial documentary production and notarial institution have evolved. Research projects focusing on early stage notarial history share three common purposes: to trace the different phases in the implantation of a renewed institution, and to measure the gradual reception of the restored Roman Law and specific ...

Utilizando como fuente un manuscrito del siglo xix conservado en el Servicio Histórico Militar, cuyo contenido versa sobre Diplomática, se ha pretendido, además de su descripción y análisis formal, abordar el tema de su autoría, aportando algunos datos acerca de la enseñanza de esta disciplina. La transcripción completa de la obra podría convertirse en el primer manual español de Diplomática conocido hasta el presente.Using a 19th century manuscript book about Diplomatics which is found at the Military Historical Service, we have aimed at studying its authorship, apart from its description and formal analysis, and have contributed some data about the teaching of this discipline. The complete transcription of the manuscript could be the first Spanish Diplomatics manual ever known up to the present.

During the ongoing researches in several archives in Benevento, Rome, Frascati and Naples, there have been discovered new documents, charters and even simple details concerning the history of the abbey of St. Sofia in Benevento, one of the most important monastic foundations of Southern Italy, built in the late VIII century. According to these new important informations, it was now possible to integrate the existing generic references to the abbey commenda, believed to start in 1455 with the grant of the benefit to Rodrigo Borgia according to a centuries-old historical tradition, and to establish a temporal succession of the commendatory abbots based on dated documents. Other important evidence came to light in relation to the events that led the abbey to appear before the Major Chaplain of Naples as defendant in the trial for 'regio patronato' declaration, and also to the events that led to the exclusion of St. Sofia from the 'restitution plan' drawn up by the archbishop of the city and by Pope Pius VII, in the early decades of the Nineteenth century, at the time of the restoration of the papal government after the French occupation.

ITALIANO: Nella zona di Ariano Irpino (AV), in un'epoca di crescita e di cambiamenti come è quella che interessa l'XI e il XII secolo, così come nel campo negoziale, anche in ambito processuale si apprende come sia la prassi a costituire il terreno di saldatura tra le mutate esigenze sociali, politiche ed economiche e la necessità di produrre una documentazione al passo con i tempi. Notai e giudici collaborano alla costruzione di una prassi che sarà poi chiamata ad assolvere il ruolo fondamentale di fonte del diritto. / ENGLISH: In the area of Ariano Irpino (AV) we see, in the XIth and XIIth century, a pattern of growth and changes, mirrored by our parchements. In private as well as in processual acts we can appreciate the essential role of praxis in binding the new social, political and economic behaviour with the written records keeping pace with the new necessities. Notaries and judges cohoperate in the building of a praxis that will become in strides a relevant source of law.

Revisamos en este trabajo la legislación francesa sobre pasaportes dictada desde la Revolución hasta la caída de la Monarquía de Julio, fijándonos en particular en los aspectos relacionados con la Paleografía y la Diplomática: caracteres externos, tipografía, formulario, elementos de validación, visados., antes de entrar en el estudio de dos ejemplares conservados en los archivos municipales de Toledo y Escalona. ; This paper reviews the French legislation about passports issued from the Revolution to the fall of the July Monarchy. We focus on the aspects related with Palaeography and Diplomatics: external characters, typography, form, validation elements, visas. Immediately after we study two specimens preserved in the municipal archives of Toledo and Escalona.

This paper presents the results of a research project in Digital Humanities. The project explores archival documents within the online system Engineering Historical Memory (EHM). EHM enables users to read primary historical sources according to different knowledge and expertise levels interactively. Here, as a showcase, the authors present the interdisciplinary research (Diplomatics, History, Animation) that empowered the online publication of the original privilege issued by pope Gregory X to the monastic community of Mount Sinai in 1274. The application embodies the following research tools: 1) Digital recomposition and restoration of the photographic survey of the original parchment split into two pieces and held in two different locations in Egypt (Holy Monastery of St Catherine at Mt Sinai, and the Archive of the same monastery in Cairo); 2) Force-directed graph to navigate the diplomatics structure of the papal privilege; 3) Interactive geospatial visualisations of the place names (satellite views and political maps); 4) Search engines for scholarly texts, images, and videos related to the individual diplomatics, historical, and geographical entities itemised in the application; 5) 3D modelling of the lost lead seal of the privilege; 6) Customary web-based visualisation tool for the 3D model of the seal. ; Questo articolo presenta i risultati di un progetto di ricerca in Umanistica Digitale che esplora documenti d'archivio all'interno del sistema online Engineering Historical Memory (EHM) consentendo agli utenti di leggere fonti storiche primarie secondo diversi livelli di conoscenza e competenza in modo interattivo. Qui, come caso di studio, gli autori presentano la ricerca interdisciplinare (diplomatica, storia, animazione) che ha consentito la pubblicazione online dell'originale del privilegio concesso da papa Gregorio X alla comunità monastica del Monte Sinai nel 1274. L'applicativo comprende i seguenti strumenti di ricerca: 1) ricomposizione digitale e restauro della campagna fotografico sulla pergamena originale che è conservata in due parti in due diverse località egiziane (Sacro Monastero di Santa Caterina al Monte Sinai e Archivio dello stesso monastero al Cairo); 2) force-directed graph per navigare la struttura diplomatica del privilegio papale; 3) visualizzazione geospaziale interattiva dei toponimi (viste satellitari e mappe politiche); 4) motori di ricerca accademici per testi, immagini e video relativi alle singole entità diplomatiche, storiche e geografiche identificate nell'applicativo; 5) modellazione 3D del perduto sigillo pendente in piombo del privilegio; 6) sistema sviluppato ad hoc per la visualizzazione sul web del modello 3D del sigillo.

At the beginning of the XVIIth centry, Japan sent to Spain two diplomatic missions for a negotiation about political, economic and missional matters. The first mission of "Keichô Era" offered to Spanish ships a safe stopover in Japanese ports, demanding in exchange the opening to one of these ports of the trade held in the Mexican town of Acapulco, but Franciscan Alonso Muñoz's strong effort in the Council of the Indies did not get a positive response from Spanish authorities. The second mission of "Keichô Era", with Japanese ambassador Tsunenaga Hasekura at its head, arrived to Seville when the negotiation could already be considered as a definitive failure, but it obtained at the moment a greater visualization and so far a greater historical echo. ; A principios del siglo XVII, Japón envió dos embajadas a España para entablar una negociación sobre asuntos políticos, económicos y misionales. La que debe ser llamada "primera embajada de la era Keichô" ofreció a los barcos españoles una escala segura en los puertos japoneses a cambio de abrir alguno de esos puertos al comercio con la plaza novohispana de Acapulco, pero el denodado esfuerzo del franciscano Alonso Muñoz ante el Consejo de Indias no consiguió la adhesión de las autoridades hispanas. Por su parte, la que debe ser llamada "segunda embajada de la era Keichô", que llevaba a su frente a Tsunenaga Hasekura, llegó a Sevilla cuando ya podía considerarse definitivo el fracaso de las negociaciones, pese a lo cual obtuvo en su momento una mayor visualización y hasta ahora una mayor resonancia historiográfica.

From its foundation in 1135 onward, the Cistercian abbey of S. Maria di Chiaravalle Milanese has played a leading role in Mi- lan's political, social, economical and religious life. Despite the ideal of the desertum prescribed by the Order's Rule, the monks of Chiaravalle Milanese were closely linked to the urban élites and to the public insti- tutions for the entire Middle Ages. Nonetheless, as a Cistercian monas- tery, Chiaravalle Milanese had other privileged interlocutors: the most important one was the Papacy, as proven by the large number of letters (up to 120 until the beginning of the 15th century) addressed by popes to Chiaravalle Milanese and still preserved into the monastic archives. This paper aims at pursuing the critical editorial work recently carried out on Chiaravalle Milanese's papal and Apostolic legates' charters from 1139 to 1311, by publishing 16 unedited papal letters dating from the ponti cate of John XXII to that of Boniface IX. In addition, 3 more charters are edited in an Appendix, which are useful to contextualize and explain the relationship between Chiaravalle Milanese and the Holy See during the 14th century.

RESUMEN: Baldomero Sanín Cano was one of Colombia's most prominent thinkers of the twentieth century. This essay seeks to outline the critical intellectual profile setting its sight on the newspapers, diplomatics and international politics analysis. The main objective is to expose these facets and stimulate a rereading of Colombian thinker who was a correspondent and editor of the newspaper La Nación of Buenos Aires (1918-1931), diplomat in London (1911-1914) and Buenos Aires (1933-1935), and even national and international political analyst with a history of more than four decades. It also explores some of the analytical scenarios in which the critic contributed: those referring to the sociological analysis of modernity and the critique of mass in the twentieth century. The essay highlights some of the major historical and political contexts in which lies the creative output of Sanín Cano.

The text approaches Diplomatics of condolences. We use as a source of information the recently published collection of letters of condolence and announcers of deaths of the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries). By means of the analysis of the documentary structure of ninety-three letters of condolence, we will know how the real discourse develops when it received the news of the death of a relative or acquaintance, how social elites show the duel and the most intimate emotions and as long as the Christian doctrine and the concept of death in the Middle Ages are reflected. We will also note that despite the unfortunate circumstances, the end of life is an auspicious occasion to talk about the political situation of the kingdom and to establish new relationships between royal houses. In the end, this brief study intends to draw attention to the value and usefulness of this type of documents for historical research. ; El artículo realiza un acercamiento a la diplomática del pésame tomando como fuente de información la reciente colección de cartas de condolencia y anunciadoras de fallecimientos del Ar-chivo General de la Corona de Aragón (siglos XIII al XVI). A través del análisis de la estructura documental de noventa y tres cartas de condolencia, conoceremos el modo de articular el discurso real ante la noticia del fallecimiento de un familiar o conocido, cómo se manifiesta el duelo y las emociones más íntimas de las élites sociales y en qué medida se reflejan la doctrina cristiana y el concepto que sobre la muerte había en la Edad Media. También advertiremos que a pesar de las desafortunadas circunstancias, el fin de la vida supone una ocasión propicia para comentar la situación política del reino y establecer nuevas relaciones entre casas reales. En definitiva, con este breve estudio pretendemos poner sobre la mesa el valor y utilidad de este tipo de diplomas para la investigación histórica. ; Este trabajo se inscribe en los proyectos de investigación MIGRAVIT. La muerte del Príncipe en Francia y en los reinos hispánicos (ss. XI-XV). Modelos de comparación (HAR2016-74846-P) y SEPULTUS. Enterrar al príncipe en Francia y en la Península Ibérica (ss. X-XV).

The international financial and political crisis named Panama Papers (2016) provided a rather good material for information studies, particularly for digital diplomatics. First, the comments, in some languages, allow to analyze how media and newspapers use the words information, data, document, file and record, each with its own culture: some papers are directly written with the own words of the journalist, others are translations, showing notably the differences between English and French professional and common vocabulary. Second, it was also an opportunity to check the place of email in those cases of disclosure of sensitive data in the "society of information". The point is that the fragility of the digital files themselves (format, preservation) is not the worse for information and records management; the risk is more linked to the fragility of the international network and the ability of search engines to reach these records, wherever they may be stored.

Juan Catalina García y López held for 26 years the leading positions in the Spanish archeology from 1885 until his death in 1911, as Professor of Archaeology and Museums Management in the Higher School of Diplomatics (1885-1900), Professor of Archaeology, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Central University of Madrid (1900-11), the direction of the National Archaeological Museum (1900-11) and the position of Antiquarian in the Royal Academy of History (1901-08), with the support of politicians from his party as Alejandro Pidal and Luis Pidal or the Marquis of Cerralbo. He was Senator from 1904 to 1911, representing the extreme right of the Conservative Party, grouped in Catholic Union. Trained at the Higher School of Diplomatics between 1863-66, lacked proper training in archeology, with his main lines in library studies, Medieval History and, in particular, the local history of Guadalajara, which wrote its Monumental Catalogue during 1902-06, excavated in 1889 one Celtiberian necropolis between Ruguilla and Cifuentes (Guadalajara), identified in 1893 the possible location of the Visigoth town of Reccopolis (Guadalajara) and participated two years in the excavations of Numantia (1906-07). ; Juan Catalina García y López ocupó durante 26 años los principales cargos de la arqueología española desde 1885 hasta su muerte en 1911, como catedrático de Arqueología y Ordenación de Museos en la Escuela Superior de Diplomática (1885-1900), catedrático de Arqueología, Numismática y Epigrafía en la Universidad Central de Madrid (1900-11), la dirección del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (1900-11) y el puesto de Anticuario de la Real Academia de la Historia (1901-08), gracias al apoyo de políticos de su partido como Alejandro Pidal y Luis Pidal o del Marqués de Cerralbo. Fue Senador entre 1904-11, representando a la extrema derecha del Partido Liberal-Conservador, agrupada en Unión Católica. Formado en la Escuela Superior de Diplomática entre 1863-66, carecía de preparación adecuada en arqueología, siendo sus principales líneas de trabajo la Biblioteconomia, la Historia Medieval y en particular, la historia local de Guadalajara, de la cual elaboró su Catálogo Monumental entre 1902-06, excavó en 1889 una necrópolis celtibérica entre Ruguilla y Cifuentes (Guadalajara), identificó en 1893 el posible emplazamiento de la ciudad visigoda de Recópolis (Guadalajara) y participó dos años en las excavaciones de Numancia (1906-07).

Dieser Sammelband enthält Beiträge zur Konferenz "Studying Documents in Premodern South Asia and Beyond: Problems and Perspective", die im Oktober 2015 in Heidelberg stattfand. Experten aus unterschiedlichen Fächern – der Indologie, Tibetologie, Geschichtswissenschaft, Ethnologie, Religionswissenschaft und Digital Humanities – beleuchten Themen wie Diplomatik und Typologie von Dokumenten, ihren Stellenwert gegenüber anderen Texten und Textgattungen, Archivierungs- und Editionsmethoden sowie ihr "soziales Leben", d. h. ihre Rolle in sozialen, religiösen und politischen Konstellationen, die Akteure und Praktiken ihrer Herstellung und Nutzung sowie die Normen und Institutionen, die sie verkörpern und konstituieren. Das Buch ist der erste Band der Reihe Documenta Nepalica – Book Series, welche von der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften in Zusammenarbeit mit dem nepalesischen Nationalarchiv herausgegeben wird. ; This volume is the outcome of the conference "Studying Documents in Premodern South Asia and Beyond: Problems and Perspective", held in October 2015 in Heidelberg. In bringing together experts from different fields—including Indology, Tibetology, History, Anthropology, Religious Studies, and Digital Humanties—it aims at exploring and rethinking issues of diplomatics and typology, the place of documents in relation to other texts and literary genres, methods of archiving and editing documents, as well as their "social life", i.e. the role they play in social, religious and political constellations, the agents and practices of their use, and the norms and institutions they embody and constitute. The book is the first volume of the Documenta Nepalica – Book Series, published by theHeidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities in collaboration with the National Archives, Nepal.