Suchergebnisse

Diplomacy and Administration.
At first glance, diplomacy seems yet another branch of administration. However, diplomats and administrators live in very different spheres, foreign to each other, often meeting but never coinciding. Administration is installed in hierarchical, closed and stable System, whereas diplomacy acts in a contractual and open System. This basic différence engenders many others which may affect as well the differences in functioning between the administrator and the diplomat or which may affect their psychology. These important différences should not hide the necessary complementarity between diplomacy and administrations.

Economie Diplomacy.
Any diplomacy has an économie component. But some administrations don't accept easily that this diplomacy be exercised by a member of the foreign service. Even if they are intellectually well equipped and politically supported, diplomats must learn to find their own field. Generally speaking, économie diplomacy covers three areas : bilateral diplomacy, mainly concerning the countries which receive loans to finance imports from France ; functional diplomacy, which covers sectors deemed important either because of French industrial and technological capacities, or because they are needed to provision vital sectors, or because of spécifie international régulations ; multilatéral diplomacy which tends to become more and more prevailing, with the globalization and liberalization of exchanges and the growing intégration of national économies in some of the planet's régions.

Issues related to Pakistan's current defense and foreign policies and domestic situation; interview with Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan's Prime Minister. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 420 and 434-5.

Natural Disasters and Diplomacy, by Eric Lepointe
Projected by the mass media in the international news, some major disasters are utilized for economical or political purposes. For the most disadvantaged countries, it is a mean to rouse the compassion of those countries that can support them. For the rich countries, it is an opportunity to spread their generous strength, and when they are themselves in a situation of weakness, to exalt national values. Disasters can also strike in crisis situations and serve as an excuse to diplomatical initiatives, in order to modify the events. In particular, two strong earthquakes, one in the Soviet Union in 1988, and the other one in Iran, in 1990, have illustrated this « diplomacy of disaster ». This way of reading international relations is an usefull part of classical analysis.

Der Golfkrieg ermöglichte dem durch wirtschaftliche und innenpolitische Unruhen geschwächten Ägypten seine Beziehungen zu den "gemäßigten" arabischen Staaten erheblich zu verbessern; die Außenpolitik unter Mubarak; das Verhältnis zu Israel, PLO, Irak und den Supermächten; Perspektiven. (DÜI-Wit)

Der Dualismus zwischen staatlicher Diplomatie und privater Wirtschaftsdiplomatie ist seit Ende des 2. Weltkrieges in Japan besonders ausgeprägt. Die Zurückhaltung des Außenministeriums in der Diplomatie hat neben politischen technische und strukturelle Gründe (Vorrang des Industrie- und Handelsministeriums / MITI). Unternehmerorganisationen fungieren wie Parallel-Außenministerien, agieren über Sonderbotschafter, Wirtschaftsmissionen und bi- bzw. multilaterale Ausschüsse. Am Beispiel der Normalisierung der chinesisch-japanischen Beziehungen wird die Praxis der Privatdiplomatie und die damit verbundene Personalisierungstendenz dargestellt. (AuD-Hng)