Search results

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. ; A search for heavy right-handed Majorana or Dirac neutrinos NR and heavy right-handed gauge bosons WR is performed in events with a pair of energetic electrons or muons, with the same or opposite electric charge, and two energetic jets. The events are selected from pp collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector at s√=13 TeV. No significant deviations from the Standard Model are observed. The results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of a left-right symmetric model and lower limits are set on masses in the heavy right-handed W boson and neutrino mass plane. The excluded region extends to mRR=4.7 TeV for both Majorana and Dirac NR neutrinos. Open image in new window ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZ_S, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-_nanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

A search for heavy right-handed Majorana or Dirac neutrinos NR and heavy right-handed gauge bosons WR is performed in events with a pair of energetic electrons or muons, with the same or opposite electric charge, and two energetic jets. The events are selected from pp collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector at s√=13 TeV. No significant deviations from the Standard Model are observed. The results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of a left-right symmetric model and lower limits are set on masses in the heavy right-handed W boson and neutrino mass plane. The excluded region extends to mRR=4.7 TeV for both Majorana and Dirac NR neutrinos. ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, ...

WOS: 000456888300001 ; A search for heavy right-handed Majorana or Dirac neutrinos N (R) and heavy right-handed gauge bosons W (R) is performed in events with a pair of energetic electrons or muons, with the same or opposite electric charge, and two energetic jets. The events are selected from pp collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected by the ATLAS detector at TeV. No significant deviations from the Standard Model are observed. The results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of a left-right symmetric model and lower limits are set on masses in the heavy right-handed W boson and neutrino mass plane. The excluded region extends to TeV for both Majorana and Dirac N (R) neutrinos. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; CRC, Canada; COSTEuropean Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST); ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDFEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos program - EU-ESF; Thales program - EU-ESF; Aristeia program - EU-ESF; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal SocietyRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

Journal of High Energy Physics 2011.07 (2011): 034 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) ; We present a detailed study of a filtering method based upon Dirac quasi-zero-modes in the adjoint representation. The procedure induces no distortions on configurations which are solutions of the euclidean classical equations of motion. On the other hand, it is very effective in reducing the short-wavelength stochastic noise present in Monte-Carlo generated configurations. After testing the performance of the method in various situations, we apply it successfully to study the effect of Monte-Carlo dynamics on topological structures like instantons ; We acknowledge financial support from the MCINN grants FPA2009-08785 and FPA2009-09017, the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid under the program HEPHACOS S2009/ESP-1473, and the European Union under Grant Agreement number PITN-GA-2009-238353 (ITN STRONGnet). The authors participate in the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CPAN (CSD2007-00042). We acknowledge the use of the IFT clusters for part of our numerical results

We work with photonic graphene lattices under strain with gain and loss, modeled by the Dirac equation with an imaginary mass term. To construct such Hamiltonians and their solutions, we use the free-particle Dirac equation and then a matrix approach of supersymmetric quantum mechanics to generate a new Hamiltonian with a magnetic vector potential and an imaginary position-dependent mass term. Then, we use a gauge transformation that maps our solutions to the final system, photonic graphene under strain with a position-dependent gain/loss term. We give explicit expressions for the guided modes.

1 Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics -- 1.1 Formal quantum mechanics -- 1.2 The Schrödinger equation -- 1.3 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and related topics -- 1.4 Angular momentum -- 1.5 Electron spin -- 1.6 The need for a relativistic theory -- 2 Vector and Matrix Algebra -- 2.1 Vectors and vector multiplication -- 2.2 The repeated subscript convention for summation -- 2.3 The Kronecker delta ?ij -- 2.4 The ?ijk notation -- 2.5 The ?ijk sum rules -- 2.6 Examples I -- 2.7 The vector operator ? -- 2.8 The gradient -- 2.9 The divergence -- 2.10 The curl -- 2.11 Examples II -- 2.12 Second derivatives in vector calculus -- 2.13 The Dirac delta function -- 2.14 Matrices and determinants: a summary -- 2.15 Vectors in four dimensions -- 3 Classical Mechanics -- 3.1 Inertial frames and Galileo's relativity principle -- 3.2 The principle of least action -- 3.3 Lagrange's equations of motion -- 3.4 The Lagrangian for a system of particles -- 3.5 Constants of motion -- 3.6 The Hamiltonian -- 4 Special Relativity -- 4.1 Einstein's principle of relativity -- 4.2 The interval -- 4.3 The Lorentz transformation -- 4.4 Contraction, dilation and paradoxes -- 4.5 The transformation of velocities -- 4.6 The relativistic mechanics of a free particle -- 4.7 Four-vectors -- 5 The Interaction of Charged Particles with Electromagnetic Fields -- 5.1 Units -- 5.2 The electromagnetic potentials -- 5.3 The field vectors -- 5.4 The Lorentz transformation of electric and magnetic fields -- 5.5 Gauge transformations -- 5.6 Maxwell's equations -- 5.7 The potentials and fields due to a stationary charge -- 5.8 The potentials due to a moving charge -- 5.9 The interaction of two charged particles -- 5.10 The Thomas precession -- 6 The Classical Theory of Electromagnetic Fields -- 6.1 Continuous mechanical systems -- 6.2 The Lagrangian density for an electromagnetic field -- 6.3 The current four-vector -- 6.4 The second pair of Maxwell's equations -- 6.5 Electromagnetic waves -- 6.6 Solution of the wave equation for free space -- 6.7 The characteristic vibrations of an electromagnetic field -- 7 Relativistic Wave Equations -- 7.1 Quantization of classical equations -- 7.2 Gauge invariance of quantum mechanical equations -- 7.3 The Klein-Gordon equation -- 8 The Dirac Equation -- 8.1 The Dirac equation for a free electron -- 8.2 The Dirac operators ? and ? -- 8.3 The introduction of an electromagnetic field -- 8.4 Electron spin -- 8.5 Lorentz invariance of the Dirac equation -- 8.6 The negative energy solutions — positrons -- 8.7 The non-relativistic approximation of the Dirac equation -- 8.8 The method of small components -- 8.9 The Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation -- 8.10 The free electron -- 9 The Wave Equation for Many Electrons -- 9.1 The electromagnetic potentials due to a moving electron -- 9.2 The Hamiltonian for two electrons -- 9.3 The Breit equation -- 9.4 Reduction of the Breit equation to non-relativistic form -- 9.5 Radiative corrections -- 9.6 The many-electron Hamiltonian -- 10 The Molecular Hamiltonian -- 10.1 The introduction of nuclei -- 10.2 Finite nuclear size effects -- 10.3 Spectroscopically useful Hamiltonians -- 10.4 Effective Hamiltonians -- 11 The Hydrogen Atom -- 11.1 Non-relativistic theory for a one-electron atom -- 11.2 The non-relativistic approximation of the Dirac equation -- 11.3 The simultaneous eigenfunctions of j2, jz, l2, s2 and K -- 11.4 Commutation relations for the Dirac Hamiltonian -- 11.5 The Dirac equation in polar coordinates -- 11.6 Solution of the radial equations -- 11.7 The energy levels -- 11.8 Comparison of Dirac and non-relativistic atomic orbitals -- 11.9 The Lamb shift -- 11.10 More complicated systems -- 12 Quantum Field Theory -- 12.1 Quantization of the electromagnetic field -- 12.2 Solution of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator equation -- 12.3 Creation and annihilation operators -- 12.4 Photons -- 12.5 Zero-point energy and vacuum fluctuations -- 12.6 Fermions and second quantization -- 13 The Interaction of Radiation and Matter -- 13.1 The interaction Hamiltonian -- 13.2 Time-dependent perturbation theory -- 13.3 Matrix elements of the interaction Hamiltonian -- 13.4 Absorption and emission -- 13.5 Comparison of the semiclassical and quantized theories -- 13.6 Multi-photon processes -- 13.7 The scattering of photons by molecules -- 13.8 Line widths and resonance fluorescence -- Appendix A Units -- A.1 SI units -- A.2 Conversion from the mixed (Gaussian) CGS system to the SI system -- A.3 Recommended values of physical constants -- Appendix B Vector Relations in Three Dimensions -- Appendix C General Bibliography -- Author Index.

Altres ajuts: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of EPLANET and ERC, European Union and MICINN, Spain. ; This letter reports on a search for hypothetical heavy neutrinos, N, and right-handed gauge bosons, W , in events with high transverse momentum objects which include two reconstructed leptons and at least one hadronic jet. The results were obtained from data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb −1 collected in proton-proton collisions at with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. Excluded mass regions for Majorana and Dirac neutrinos are presented using two approaches for interactions that violate lepton and lepton-flavor numbers. One approach uses an effective operator framework, the other approach is guided by the Left-Right Symmetric Model. The results described in this letter represent the most stringent limits to date on the masses of heavy neutrinos and W bosons obtained in direct searches.

PUBLISHED ; Export Date: 6 January 2017 ; We present highly-excited charmonium, D s and D meson spectra from dy- namical lattice QCD calculations with light quarks corresponding to M 240 MeV and compare these to previous results with M 400 MeV. Utilising the distillation framework, large bases of carefully constructed interpolating operators and a variational procedure, we extract and reliably identify the continuum spin of an extensive set of excited mesons. These include states with exotic quantum numbers which, along with a number with non- exotic quantum numbers, we identify as having excited gluonic degrees of freedom and interpret as hybrid mesons. Comparing the spectra at the two di erent M , we nd only a mild light-quark mass dependence and no change in the overall pattern of states. ; We thank our colleagues in the Hadron Spectrum Collaboration. GC is supported by the Cambridge European Trust, the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and St. John's College, Cambridge. COH acknowledges support from the School of Math- ematics at Trinity College Dublin. GM acknowledges support the Herchel Smith Fund at the University of Cambridge. SMR acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland [RFP-PHY-3201]. CET acknowledges support from the STFC [grant ST/L000385/1]. DT is supported by the Irish Research Council Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme [grant GOIPG/2014/65]. This work used the DiRAC Complexity system, operated by the University of Leices- ter IT Services, which forms part of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). This equipment is funded by BIS National E-Infrastructure capital grant ST/K000373/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K0003259/1. DiRAC is part of the National E-Infrastructure. This work also used the Wilkes GPU cluster at the University of Cam- bridge High Performance Computing Service (http://www.hpc.cam.ac.uk/), provided by Dell Inc., NVIDIA and Mellanox, and part funded by STFC with industrial sponsorship from Rolls Royce and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Computations were also performed at Je erson Laboratory under the USQCD Initiative and the LQCD ARRA project and on the Lonsdale cluster maintained by the Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing (TCHPC) funded through grants from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI). The software codes Chroma [65], QUDA [66, 67 ], QPhiX [68], and QOPQDP [69, 70 ] were used to compute the propagators required for this project. This research was supported in part under an ALCC award, and used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the O ce of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. This research is also part of the Blue Waters sustained-petascale computing project, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (awards OCI-0725070 and ACI-1238993) and the state of Illinois. Blue Waters is a joint e ort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and its National Center for Supercomputing Applications. This work is also part of the PRAC \Lattice QCD on Blue Waters". This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scienti c Computing Center (NERSC), a DOE O ce of Science User Facility supported by the O ce of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DEAC02-05CH11231. The authors acknowledge the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin for providing HPC resources that have contributed to the research results reported within this paper. Gauge con gurations were generated using resources awarded from the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy INCITE program at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, the.

Dirac fermion dark matter models with heavy Z ' mediators are subject to stringent constraints from spin-independent direct searches and from LHC bounds, cornering them to live near the Z ' resonance. Such constraints can be relaxed, however, by turning off the vector coupling to Standard Model fermions, thus weakening direct detection bounds, or by resorting to light Z ' masses, below the Z pole, to escape heavy resonance searches at the LHC. In this work we investigate both cases, as well as the applicability of our findings to Majorana dark matter. We derive collider bounds for light Z ' gauge bosons using the CLS method, spin-dependent scattering limits, as well as the spin-independent scattering rate arising from the evolution of couplings between the energy scale of the mediator mass and the nuclear energy scale, and indirect detection limits. We show that such scenarios are still rather constrained by data, and that near resonance they could accommodate the gamma-ray GeV excess in the Galactic center. ; CNPq ; FAPESP ; U.S. Department of Energy ; ERC ; Research Executive Agency (REA) of the European Union ; European Union ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Fis, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, Brazil ; Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany ; Univ Paris Saclay 11, CNRS UMR 8627, Lab Phys Theor, F-91405 Orsay, France ; Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA ; Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Fis, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, Brazil ; CNPq: 307098/ 2014-1 ; FAPESP: 2013/22079-8 ; U.S. Department of Energy: DE-SC0010107 ; Research Executive Agency (REA) of the European Union: PITN-GA2012-316704 ; European Union: 674896 ; Web of Science

This letter reports on a search for hypothetical heavy neutrinos, N, and right-handed gauge bosons, WR, in events with high transverse momentum objects which include two reconstructed leptons and at least one hadronic jet. The results were obtained from data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb−1 collected in proton–proton collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. Excluded mass regions for Majorana and Dirac neutrinos are presented using two approaches for interactions that violate lepton and lepton-flavor numbers. One approach uses an effective operator framework, the other approach is guided by the Left–Right Symmetric Model. The results described in this letter represent the most stringent limits to date on the masses of heavy neutrinos and WR bosons obtained in direct searches. ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIEN-CIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET and ERC, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. ...

PUBLISHED ; We present the ground and excited state spectra of doubly charmed baryons from lattice QCD with dynamical quark fields. Calculations are performed on anisotropic lattices of size 163?128, with inverse spacing in temporal direction at-1=5.67(4)GeV and with a pion mass of about 390 MeV. A large set of baryonic operators that respect the symmetries of the lattice yet which retain a memory of their continuum analogues are used. These operators transform as irreducible representations of SU(3)F symmetry for flavor, SU(4) symmetry for Dirac spins of quarks and O(3) for spatial symmetry. The distillation method is utilized to generate baryon correlation functions which are analyzed using the variational fitting method to extract excited states. The lattice spectra obtained have baryonic states with well-defined total spins up to 7/2 and the pattern of low-lying states does not support the diquark picture for doubly charmed baryons. On the contrary the calculated spectra are remarkably similar to the expectations from models with an SU(6)?O(3) symmetry. Various spin-dependent energy splittings between the extracted states are also evaluated. ; We thank our colleagues within the Hadron Spectrum Collaboration. Chroma [66] and QUDA [67,68] were used to perform this work on the Gaggle and Brood clusters of the Department of Theoretical Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, at Lonsdale cluster maintained by the Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing funded through grants from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), at the SFI/HEA Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC), and at Jefferson Laboratory under the USQCD Initiative and the LQCD ARRA project. Gauge configurations were generated using resources awarded from the U.S. Department of Energy INCITE program at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the NSF Teragrid at the Texas Advanced Computer Center and the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center, as well as at Jefferson Lab. M. Padmanath acknowledges support from the Trinity College Dublin Indian Research Collaboration Initiative, Graduate School Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai and Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Grant No. I1313-N27; N.?M. acknowledges support from Department of Theoretical Physics, TIFR; R.?G.?E. acknowledges support from U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, under which Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, manages and operates Jefferson Laboratory; M. Peardon acknowledges support from the European Union under Grant Agreement No. 238353 (ITN STRONGnet).

Comments: 99 Pages. Expanded and Presented Article's Version at "The 2016 GRavitational-Wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Sorbonne University, 'Paris VI - UPMC, CNRS, LERU, EUA', Paris, France (2016). 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) ; International audience ; In Part I (pp. 1-10) of this article, I provide a general analysis of a number of current discontinuous approaches to fundamental physics. In Part II (the main part, pp. 11-99, Ref. [37]), as a new mathematical approach to the origin of basic laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), "it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by a set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms" ; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. Based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented by the corresponding quantum matrix operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it is concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times. On the basis of these discrete symmetries of the derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Moreover, it is shown that the (1+3)-dimensional cases of uniquely determined two classes of general covariant field equations, represent, respectively, new massive forms of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles; and (1+2)-dimensional cases of these equations represent new massive forms of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively. As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that Lagrangian densities specified for the originally derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are also gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by the corresponding torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive gauge boson is identified (compatible with U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 -50 kg ", which generated by a coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry. Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the "SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R " symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the "SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R " gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons are predicted axiomatically by this new mathematical approach (on a fundamental gauge-theoretic basis) . As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the uniquely derived general covariant form of Maxwell (and also Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 99 Pages. A summary of a submitted and accepted research project ("Foundations of Physics", "Investigation of the Origin of Space-Time", and "Ontology"), Japan, 2012 - 2015. Expanded and Presented Article's Version at "The 2016 GRavitational-Wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Sorbonne University, 'Paris VI - UPMC, CNRS, LERU, EUA', Paris, France, 2016. 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/41880261/, http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl/, http://www.ijqf.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202/, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.Nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .

Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations.    As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry.    Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .

Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations.    As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry.    Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .