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Influential accounts of European cultural history variously suggest that the rise of nominalism and its ultimate victory over realist orientations were highly implemental factors in the formation of Modern Europe since the later Middle Ages, but particularly the Reformation. Quite probably, this is a simplification of a state of affairs that is in fact more complex, indeed ambiguous. However, if there is any truth in such propositions - which have, after all, been made by many prominent commentators, such as Panofsky, Heer, Blumenberg, Foucault, Eco, Kristeva - we may no doubt assume that literary texts will have responded and in turn contributed, in a variety of ways, to these processes of cultural transformation. It seems of considerable interest, therefore, to take a close look at the complex, precarious position which literature, as basically a symbolic mode of signification, held in the perennial struggles and discursive negotiations between the semiotic 'twin paradigms' of nominalism and realism. This collection of essays (many of them by leading scholars in the field) is a first comprehensive attempt to tackle such issues - by analyzing representative literary texts in terms of their underlying semiotic orientations, specifically of nominalism, but also by studying pertinent historical, theoretical and discursive co(n)texts of such developments in their relation to literary discourse. At the same time, since 'literary nominalism' and 'realism' are conceived as fundamentally aesthetic phenomena instantiating a genuinely 'literary debate over universals', consistent emphasis is placed on the discursive dimension of the texts scrutinized, in an endeavour to re-orient and consolidate an emergent research paradigm which promises to open up entirely new perspectives for the study of literary semiotics, as well as of aesthetics in general. Historical focus is provided by concentrating on the English situation in the era of transition from late medieval to early modern (c. 1350-1650), but readers will also find contributions on Chrétien de Troyes and Rabelais, as well as on the 'aftermath' of the earlier debates - as exemplified in studies of Locke and (post)modern critical altercations, respectively, which serve to point up the continuing relevance of the issues involved. A substantial introductory essay seeks to develop an overarching theoretical framework for the study of nominalism and literary discourse, in addition to offering an in-depth exploration of the 'nominalism/realism-complex' in its relation to literature. An extensive bibliography and index are further features of interest to both specialists and general readers

This article explores the conceptual analysis in literary discourse using the example of the novel "Day of Execution" by Azerbaijani writer Y. Samedoglu. The author proposes a comprehensive approach to concept analysis, including examining the nominative field, semantic analysis, and intertextual relationships. Various techniques and elements such as embedded texts, temporal parallels, intertextuality, irony, and allegory are examined, which help reveal the concept's meaning and organisation in the novel. Additionally, the article emphasises the importance of cognitive-semantic analysis and the study of intertextual relationships in literary discourse. The research contributes to a better understanding of the conceptual worldview in the novel "Day of Execution" and its connection to linguistic means and structures. This article interests linguists, literary scholars, and anyone interested in cognitive analysis and academic discourse.

Michael Andindilile in The Anglophone Literary-Linguistic Continuum: English and Indigenous Languages in African Literary Discourse interrogates Obi Wali's (1963) prophecy that continued use of former colonial languages in the production of African literature could only lead to 'sterility', as African literatures can only be written in indigenous African languages. In doing so, Andindilile critically examines selected of novels of Achebe of Nigeria, Ngũgĩ of Kenya, Gordimer of South Africa and Farah of Somalia and shows that, when we pay close attention to what these authors represent about their African societies, and the way they integrate African languages, values, beliefs and cultures, we can discover what constitutes the Anglophone African literary-linguistic continuum. This continuum can be defined as variations in the literary usage of English in African literary discourse, with the language serving as the base to which writers add variations inspired by indigenous languages, beliefs, cultures and, sometimes, nation-specific experiences

Death inhabits our collective imaginary, even though sometimes, like a squatter, it hides discretely in order to avoid conflicts. It is undoubtedly a multi-faceted subject of study, which requires consideration from an interdisciplinary perspective. This book deals with this phenomenon, and more specifically with the discourses that surround – and construct our perspectives and understanding of – death and dying. Of course, the present volume does not attempt to be exhaustive, and considers the subject from several standpoints, including linguistics, anthropology, history of medicine, and importantly, literary studies. It combines various points of view and different methodologies of knowledge, in the hope that they come together to constitute a written dialogue –or more precisely, a polylogue. The ordering of the texts in this volume provides readers with an itinerary that begins with more general approaches, such as a historical presentation of the medicalisation of death and an in-depth reflection on the best way to die, and ends with studies of specific literary works from different periods. The itinerary that this book provides is framed by a discourse analysis-based overview that explores how different approaches to death and dying intersect and complement each other in an interdisciplinary endeavour. This analysis focuses on literary and non-literary genres in order to shed some new light on a topic that is inexhaustible because of its sociocultural relevance.

In some academic and literary circles, there is a tendency to regard translation as an unserious or unimportant pursuit, compared to other spheres of scholarship, and the lack of literary translation acts as a cultural "iron curtain" around a country such as Uzbekistan. But in fact, literary translation is specific phenomenon which plays an important role in the spiritual and cultural development of the nation. Through literary translations, readers will be informed of certain nation's culture, traditions, and most importantly, recognizes the representative of that country. Moreover, heterogeneous functions of literary translation, in the sense of ideological framework, lead to an essential importance in the social, political and cultural context, and translation was utilized for different purposes by different agents in the literary process in Uzbek literary discourse. In the following article I will study the problems of transporting culture, specific items in the translations done from Uzbek into English and I will give my own suggestions on conveying extra linguistic context in Uzbek translations which could be useful for the specialists, native speakers, translators working in this field. Besides, current article supplies readers with the details on "free translations" which played an important factor in encouraging soviet politics. The translation strategies and principles provided by the world translation theorists used for the research are also explained through the examples.

Figurative & literal representations of the AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic are examined within the framework of literary theory & political/ideological motivations. Based on the assumption that both politics & AIDS are susceptible to analysis by the critical methodologies of literary theory, it is argued that representations of the AIDS epidemic are ultimately determined by political motivations. Although attempts have been made to distinguish between the biological/literal & the literary/fictive, it is suggested that these distinctions represent a political drive to assert authority. Citing the "Silence=Death" slogan utilized as a means of promoting awareness, discussion, & treatment of the AIDS epidemic, it is argued that any discourse on AIDS is simultaneously literal & figurative. Furthermore, interpretations of the facts & symbols of these discourse are ultimately beyond the control of the individual or group enlisting these discourses. As such, the slogan both undermines the repressive urges of the political & medical community & implicitly reinforces the discursive structures on which these symbols & acts of repression rely. It is concluded that neither the literal nor figurative provides a neutral, value-free framework for discussion of AIDS. T. Sevier

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the translation quality of a political literary text, i.e. Orwell's Animal Farm, from the viewpoint of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and explore the degree to which ideology and power relations play major roles in the two Persian translations. Adopting the CDA framework of Van Dijk under Lefevere's notion of ideology, change and power in literature and society, this paper examined two different English-Persian translations of an excerpt from Animal Farm, The Seven Commandments, to pinpoint the interwoven relation between ideology, change and power and translation. To discover the impact of these phenomena on each other, a detailed contrastive/comparative study at the micro/macro-level in terms of fore/back-grounding mechanisms was conducted to examine, describe and subsequently interpret the patterns in the source text (ST) and its target texts (TTs). The findings of the study illuminated that too significant ideological distortions and manipulation were made in the translations to consider them as adequate translations.

Post-World War II French critical theory was a key pivot-point in the renovation of Hispanic American literary thought during the 1960s and 1970s. Starting from a text by Nicolás Rosa and Foucault's concept of discourse, the article addresses the reception of said theory in Argentina, both in its political and epistemological dimensions, with a particular emphasis on the critical uses of that tradition, and the collective nature of the problematization of literature in relation to other practices and discourses.