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'This Course Companion in Criminal Justice by Ursula Smartt is to be applauded. It is an essential handbook for all students and practitioners who are studying the criminal justice system. The user-friendly framework provides students with practical support in how they can organise their approach to studying to maximise their knowledge and revision skills. I have no hesitation in commending this Companion as a valuable complementary text' - Professor Allyson MacVean, John Grieve Centre for Policing & Community Safety, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College. Designed as an accessible refe

The Kingdom of Swaziland is one of the few countries in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Africa and the world where traditional institutions play a very important part in the overall governance of the country. The Kingdom, which in 1998 celebrated thirty years of political independence, has what has been described as a "modified traditional monarch". The significance of traditional institutions in general and the monarch in particular, manifests itself not only in the general administration of the country but in the administration of criminal justice as well. This contribution describes the crises and confusion that arose in the administration of criminal justice in Swaziland in the 1990s in general and, in particular, the part played by the Director of Public prosecutions – DPP, who was assumed to have been connected to, and in league with, traditional bodies and officials. An analysis is made of how adherence to traditional norms and the influence of traditional institutions contributed to and became part of the crises. A conclusion is drawn that the DPP, who is an officer of the court, is in law expected to exercise his professional powers independently. When that ceases to be the case, this office can become a cause of injustice not only to individuals but to society as a whole.

This collection draws upon perspectives from nine English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries in four regions of the Americas to add to knowledge of how human variations inform crime and criminal justice issues beyond our domestic setting. Extending beyond the traditional focus on North America in race and criminal justice, this book covers Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United States. Amidst the unique perspectives of the respective societies, are there areas of convergence and divergence in regards to how human physical differences are theorized and applied to crime and criminal justice situations? Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas serves as an extension of Kalunta-Crumpton's earlier edited collection, Race, Crime and Criminal Justice: International Perspectives.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- The Impact of Legally Mandated Change on Women Prisoners -- Washington D.C.-Parole Inequity -- New Jersey-Sentencing Inequities -- PART I: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE-BATTERED WOMEN -- Restraining Orders for Battered Women: Issues of Access and Efficacy -- Restraining Order Statutory Provisions: An Overview -- Problems in the Implementation of Restraining Order Legislation -- Restraining Orders and the Prevention of Subsequent Abuse -- Methods and Data Sources -- Results -- Suggestions for Improving the Effectiveness of Restraining Orders -- Domestic Violence in Criminal Court: An Examination of New Legislation in Ohio -- The Data -- Findings -- Dismissed Cases -- Those Who Are Found Guilty -- Evaluation -- PART II: SEXUAL ASSAULT -- Rape Law Reform: The New Cosmetic for Canadian Women -- Introduction -- Canadian Women and Rape Law Reform -- Corroboration -- Credibility -- Redefinition of Rape -- Consent -- Conclusions -- Sexual Assault Prosecution: An Examination of Model Rape Legislation in Michigan -- Introduction -- Michigan's Model Reform Law -- The Study -- Site Findings -- Rate Comparisons Within State -- Comparisons with Traditional Law Jurisdictions -- Application and Results of the 1974 Michigan Rape Law -- Conclusions -- PART III: PROSTITUTION -- The White Slave Traffic Act: Historical Impact of a Federal Crime Policy on Women -- Development and Expansion of the White Slave Traffic Act -- Enforcement of the Mann Act -- The Women in Alderson -- The Present Status of the Mann Act -- New York State's Prostitution Statute: Case Study of the Discriminatory Application of a Gender Neutral Law -- Part I: Introduction -- Part II: Buffalo Law Enforcement of the New York State Prostitution Statute -- Part III: Conclusion

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Federal Crime Control Issues in the 111th Congress* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Crime Statistics2 -- Violent Crime Rate -- Property Crime Rate -- Violent Crime Control -- Hate Crimes6 -- Gangs14 -- Gun Control24 -- Combating Fraud and Theft -- Identity Theft31 -- Organized Retail Crime -- Drug Control -- Sentencing Reform50 -- Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparities -- Early Release -- State and Local Justice Assistance -- Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)67 -- Juvenile Justice71 -- Witness Protection Program -- Criminal Justice System Review -- End Notes -- DC Gun Laws and Proposed Amendments* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Overview of Congressional and DC Legislation -- Analysis of DC Gun Laws under the Proposed Amendments -- Authority of DC to Promulgate Rules -- DC Semiautomatic Ban -- Registration Requirements, Ammunition Sales, -- and Interstate Purchases -- Registration -- Ammunition Sales and Registration -- Interstate Transfers of Firearms -- Trigger Lock Requirement -- Criminal Penalties for Possession of Unregistered Firearms -- Regulating Inoperable Pistols and Harmonizing -- Definitions for Certain Types of Firearms -- Prohibitions of Firearms from Private -- and Sensitive Public Property -- Regulating the Carrying and Transport of Firearms -- Carrying of Firearms -- Transportation of Firearms -- Toy and Antique Pistols -- Providing Jurisdiction to Office of Administrative Hearings -- Additional District Provisions that Would Be Affected by the Congressional Proposals -- Qualifications and Duties for Dealers of Firearms -- Transfer or Sale by Non-Dealers and by Licensed Dealers -- Assault Weapons/Handgun Roster -- Large Capacity Ammunition Feeding Devices -- Waiting Period -- Microstamping and Discharge of Firearms -- End Notes

Thinking about justice -- The possibility of a justice convention -- The justice convention continued: Deliberating about the proper scope of public protection -- The justice convention continued: Deliberating about the appropriate response to wrongdoing -- The justice convention continued: Deliberating about criminal procedure -- The justice convention concluded: Deliberating about equality -- From natural law to human rights -- Nuremberg and beyond: the creation oa a system of international criminal justice -- Transitional justice: New democracies grapple with their past -- The right to be let alone: determining the scope of personal freedom -- Justice in a lifeboat: Thinking about life-life tradeoffs -- Restorative justice: A challenge to the currrent system of criminal justice -- Sentencing offenders in noncapital cases -- Sentencing offenders in capital cases: The death penalty -- Justice and mercy.