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There is increasing concern in the media, among politicians and within environmental organizations, about the effects of chemicals in our environment that affect the endocrine systems of wildlife and humans. At its simplest these are referred to as `gender-bending' chemicals or `environmental estrogens'. The chemicals in question (pesticides, PCBs, plasticizers, petrochemicals, and a variety of industrial chemicals) have been known to decrease human sperm counts, cause fish to `change sex', and increase male genital abnormalities. A great deal of pressure has been placed on environmental protection agencies to devise regulatory tests for the effects of these chemicals and to require limitations on their manufacture and release. Fish are increasingly recognized as an excellent model for such tests, in that the aquatic environment may provide early warnings of the effects that these chemicals will have on human health. In addition, the large number of eggs which fish produce provides an excellent model to examine the effects on female fertility. Endocrine Disruption in Fish provides a simple yet extensive background to the field of fish endocrinology in order to assist those toxicologists who have a limited background in either mammalian or fish endocrinology. It shows that environmental estrogens do not simply affect male reproductive potential, but that they may equally well affect the female. It is possible that these chemicals may have a complex effect on the brain, hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad and liver of both sexes. There are many other chemicals which affect both the gonads and other parts of the endocrine system to cause decreased fertility, abnormal sexual differentiation and behavior, decreased response to stress, immune deficiency or altered basal metabolism. Many thousand man-made chemicals are released into the environment, but very few have been tested for endocrine disrupting activity. This book covers only the minute fraction for which evidence has been collected

Der Band beschäftigt sich mit dem Trend der Digitalisierung, der auch den Sportbereich betrifft. Die Auswirkungen können disruptiv – zerstörerisch – sein. Der Sport in seiner Vielfalt wird in verschiedener Weise von den Entwicklungen berührt und muss Wege finden, damit umzugehen. Die Beiträge betrachten die mit der Digitalisierung verbundenen Führungsanforderungen in Sportvereinen und eröffnen unter Bezugnahme auf den Sport in der Gesellschaft verschiedene Perspektiven zu diesem Thema. Die Beiträge untersuchen die Situation in Sportvereinen und –verbänden, in Bereichen des Profisports sowie in einigen ausgewählten Sportarten. Sie erörtern juristische Aspekte, Beiträge zum E-Sport sowie die Einbindung von Sport in der Smart City. Der Band stellt mögliche Zukunftsvision dar und öffnet den Blick darüber hinaus

This research addresses the effect of interruptions on task groups; interactions and individual group members' feelings about the task and the group itself. The interruptions that we consider are not generated from within the group, but have their source outside the group. Emphasizing the theories of structural ritualization, relational cohesion, and productive exchange, we predict that interruptions that have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the group all cause problems with the resolution of routine. We design and conduct a four-condition experiment to test our predictions. There was more stability in group procedures when there was no interruption than when there was any kind of interruption. There were no differences in efficiency or activities between positive and negative interruptions. However, there were more agreements in positive interruption groups than in negative interruption groups. Additionally, group members' perceptions varied by the type of interruption: those in positively interrupted groups reported higher levels of competence and feelings of success. We find that interruption, in and of itself, creates problems with resumption of group processes. Whether the interruption is positive or negative, however, does create interaction differences and differences in group members' perceptions and affect related to the group and each other. Adapted from the source document.

ObjectiveThis research addresses the effect of interruptions on task groups; interactions and individual group members' feelings about the task and the group itself. The interruptions that we consider are not generated from within the group, but have their source outside the group. Emphasizing the theories of structural ritualization, relational cohesion, and productive exchange, we predict that interruptions that have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the group all cause problems with the resolution of routine.MethodsWe design and conduct a four‐condition experiment to test our predictions.ResultsThere was more stability in group procedures when there was no interruption than when there was any kind of interruption. There were no differences in efficiency or activities between positive and negative interruptions. However, there were more agreements in positive interruption groups than in negative interruption groups. Additionally, group members' perceptions varied by the type of interruption: those in positively interrupted groups reported higher levels of competence and feelings of success.ConclusionsWe find that interruption, in and of itself, creates problems with resumption of group processes. Whether the interruption is positive or negative, however, does create interaction differences and differences in group members' perceptions and affect related to the group and each other.