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The US accreditation system has a long and successful history, but is now under unprecedented criticism. Especially problematical are increasing demands for accountability to government and the public. Issues of employability and how to access are also involved.

Analysiert man Status quo und Effizienz der aktuellen Forschungsförderung, kommt man nahezu durchweg zu ernüchternden Ergebnissen. Eine radikale Alternative könnten dezentrale Systeme rund um Blockchain und Token Economy bieten.

The UK leaving the European Union, a 'Brexit,' would have economic and political implications. One of the most profound economic impacts would be on trade—the EU is the UK's most important trade partner, with approximately half of UK total trade. A Brexit would imply looser economic integration between the UK and EU. In addition to the trade barriers that would arise from leaving the single market, there would also be negative trade policy effects. Previous analyses of the cost of a Brexit to the UK economy in terms of trade have probably underestimated the impact because they overlook the trade- enhancing role of migration. A Brexit would be likely to limit migration, which, in turn, would aggravate the exit's trade-disruptive effect.

Urbanism happened in the city causes smart urbanism as a result of the development of smart technology applied in the urban areas. Urban hardware, urban software, and urban actors are those three main components that form urbanism. Similarly, platform has spatial, economic, and political service effects. The study was conducted in Yogyakarta. It is quantitative study. Random sampling was applied to select the respondents for the study. The questionnaire was created in googleform and distributed through WhatsApp. There were 64 respondents in this study. The result of the study shows that community members had been involved in planning and implementing program and activities for Covid-19 handling. Community members provide useful information related to Covid-19 handling such as providing information about positive cases and travellers who arrived in their neighbourhood. Community members were also involved in giving opinions and ideas for preventing and handling Covid-19 especially in their neighbourhood.

UK government policies for social inclusion through engaging with the learning society aim at repositioning people as capable participants in their social worlds. These policies at first sight appear to be aimed at a sophisticated restructuring of social contexts as well as at an enhancing of individual learning. However there is a degree of conceptual confusion within these policies. In this paper we explore some of the tensions evident in a study of a family learning centre in an English city. In the exploration we examine the extent to which the tools offered by sociocultural and activity theory (SAT) can assist in resolving that conceptual confusion and how SAT itself might need to develop in order to analyse complex and sustained forms of intervention.

During the past 20 years, investigations involving endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity have dominated the landscape of ecotoxicological research. This has occurred in concert with heightened awareness in the scientific community, general public, and governmental entities of the potential consequences of chemical perturbation in humans and wildlife. The exponential growth of experimentation in this field is fueled by our expanding knowledge into the complex nature of endocrine systems and the intricacy of their interactions with xenobiotic agents. Complicating factors include the ever-increasing number of novel receptors and alternate mechanistic pathways that have come to light, effects of chemical mixtures in the environment versus those of single EAS laboratory exposures, the challenge of differentiating endocrine disruption from direct cytotoxicity, and the potential for transgenerational effects. Although initially concerned with EAS effects chiefly in the thyroid glands and reproductive organs, it is now recognized that anthropomorphic substances may also adversely affect the nervous and immune systems via hormonal mechanisms and play substantial roles in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

New forms of business in the sharing economy, and new technologies like autonomous vehicles, have the potential to "disrupt" existing regulatory structures. This seminar examined the challenges facing regulators and legislators, who must respond so as to both (a) promote innovation and (b) protect the public interest. ; https://repository.upenn.edu/pennwhartonppi_bschool/1009/thumbnail.jpg

Die deutsche Wirtschaft wird von einer Reihe potenziell disruptiver Veränderungen herausgefordert. Dazu gehört beispielsweise der umfassende Klimaschutz oder die Digitalisierung. Während einzelne dieser grundlegenden Veränderungen bereits alle Anstrengung erfordern, um Geschäftsmodelle anzupassen und auch zukünftig noch erfolgreich sein zu können, sehen sich viele Unternehmen mit mehreren solcher Strukturfragen gleichzeitig konfrontiert. Multiple Disruption droht vor allem in starken Branchen wie Maschinenbau/Elektroindustrie/Fahrzeugbau, der Metallerzeugung und -bearbeitung sowie der Chemie. Zur Bewältigung der Herausforderungen wünschen sich die Unternehmen mehr Investitionen der Politik in die digitale Infrastruktur, Bildung und Forschung sowie eine robustere Handelspolitik.

International audience ; La disruption installe une situation chronique de désajustement (au sens de Bertrand Gille) entre système technique (devenu mondial) et systèmes sociaux qui arrivent toujours trop tard, le désajustement chronique conduisant à une vide juridique et politique abyssal. Cette intervention tentera de montrer pourquoi un tel état de fait n'est pas soutenable : il induit une tendance entropique mortifère. Une nouvelle approche de l'anthropologie est requise, qui, à partir de la question de l'exosomatisation, ouvre la question d'une « néganthropologie ».

International audience ; La disruption installe une situation chronique de désajustement (au sens de Bertrand Gille) entre système technique (devenu mondial) et systèmes sociaux qui arrivent toujours trop tard, le désajustement chronique conduisant à une vide juridique et politique abyssal. Cette intervention tentera de montrer pourquoi un tel état de fait n'est pas soutenable : il induit une tendance entropique mortifère. Une nouvelle approche de l'anthropologie est requise, qui, à partir de la question de l'exosomatisation, ouvre la question d'une « néganthropologie ».

The Bulgarian land reform process is burdened by a fundamental tension between disruption and continuity. This tension arises from the dual roles played by the nomenklatura in the transition to a market economy. Both roles stem from their privileged status in the old order. While the nomenklatura have the potential to provide the agricultural sector with indispensable human capital, they also have the' potential to extract rents from the sector, thus undermining its competitiveness. Both the productivity of nomenklatura capital and their capacity to extract rents are diminished to the extent that the reform disrupts the established agrarian order. Thus in order to succeed, the agrarian reform process must sail between Scylla and Charybdis. Too much disruption degrades economic productivity, possibly to the extent of threatening the viability of the reform movement itself. Too much continuity skews the distribution of political power in favor of the nomenklatura, which may undermine the competitiveness of the nascent free market institutions. This chapter develops a formal political-economic model of this trade-off. The model challenges the conventional political economic wisdom that decoupling politics from economics will improve economic performance. In particular, we identify conditions under which the quality of the transition is enhanced by coupling the nomenklatura's acquisition of political power to the magnitude of the rents that they extract.

This Master's thesis is an extensive literature review on pandemic management in Finnish flight operations. It aims to answer the following four research questions. First, how is pandemic preparedness and management of Finnish air operators currently regulated. Second, have these regulatory requirements been effective for the management of past SARS and H1N1 pandemics as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, what type of risk a pandemic event represents to air operations. And fourth, what beneficial lessons can be learned from past and current pandemics in order to cope with them better in the future. The pandemics of SARS, H1N1 and COVID-19 were used as reference cases in this study. Based on this study the following key results and conclusions can be presented. Firstly, pandemic management in flight operations is currently regulated by global and Finnish national level legislation. Present requirements produce a thorough basis for preparedness of air operators, but can be considered lacking in details. Loose legislation on global level leaves individual countries with room for interpretation and possibility to adapt common requirements to country-specifics. On the other hand, this can be considered a major disadvantage. World Health Organization has repeatedly pleaded global community for unison pandemic response, because it is the only viable approach to effective containment of pandemics. Therefore, any room in legislation left for improvisation undermines the goal of common coordinated actions. As of 2020, no common EU level aviation-specific requirements on preparedness for air operators exists. This fact clearly stands out, because in general aviation is considered a very explicitly regulated domain. On the other hand, Finnish legislation has so far included only basic aviation-specific preparedness requirements. During COVID-19 they were complemented with detailed guidance for air operators that aims to improve their preparedness for future disruptions, such as pandemics. Another deficiency identified by this research is the lack of Finnish National Aviation Preparedness Plan that is required of all states by ICAO on global level. Due to these issues, among others, the effectiveness of current legislation on pandemic management for flight operations is considered to be questionable. However, it is important to notice, that each new requirement brings also additional compliance burden to its subjects. Therefore, in regulatory work, balance should be sought between the efforts and resources their implementation requires and the benefits they provide. Overall, seven practical improvement suggestions for current legislation were derived based on this research. In addition to them, other practical contribution as well as many lessons that were learned during SARS, H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics are provided. In terms of scientific contribution, this study produced an interesting viewpoint that a pandemic, although a threat from outside of aviation sector, can in fact fit several existing risk categories relevant for air operations. In addition, numerous areas for further scientific research are suggested.

"The enemy of my enemy is my friend." This common adage, which seems to be adhered to in social interactions (e.g. high school cliques or work relationships) as well as in political alliances within countries and between countries, describes the ability of groups or people to work together when they face an opponent, although otherwise they have little in common. In social psychology this phenomenon has been termed the "common enemy effect". Such group behavior can be studied using networks to depict the players within a group and the relationships between them. In this paper we study the effect of a common enemy on a model of network formation, where self-interested, myopic players can use links to build a network, knowing that they are facing a common enemy who can disrupt the links within the network and whose goal it is to minimize the overall value of the network. We find that introducing such a common enemy can lead to the formation of stable and efficient networks which would not be stable without the threat of disruption. However, we also find that fragmented networks as well as the empty networks are also stable. While the common enemy can thus have a positive effect on the incentives of players to form an efficient network, it can also lead to fragmentation and disintegration of the network.

Digitalisation and the platform economy have changed business and consumption patterns. Similarly, ways of working have also changed and become polarised as a result of automation, robots, e -commerce and blockchains bringing new innovations to the markets and changing earnings logic. Lower and middle-class jobs decrease or disappear, and high skilled roles increase. The new digital innovations and the progressive expansion of large platforms, such as Airbnb and Uber, have also placed pressure on the development of legislation, globally. The purpose of this study is to describe how digitalisation and the platform economy affect the service sector in general and how this disruption has implications for service sector companies, blue-collar workers and consumers. This research is based on qualitative content analysis. According to the results, digitalisation and the platform economy have both positive and negative effects. For example, these phenomena are expanding business markets and increasing the choice of consumers and the freedom of employees. On the other hand, the insecurity of employees and competition between local and global companies may increase uncontrollably. (C) 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk ; Peer reviewed