This paper examines the case of Madrid with examples of mobilisation and transformative actions in public spaces of the city. It discusses how virtualisation of networks and spaces through ICTs (information and communication technologies) has contributed to new patterns of mobilisation and social networks among participants and supporters. Following sections will give an account of the transformation of political action in the real and virtual public space of Madrid and on the evolution of Spanish urban social movements in relation to these issues, and the role of new urban activists in the governance patterns of the neoliberal city in crises.
The article presents a review and consideration of the main aspects, directions and specifics of research publications on the history of liberal parties in Russia in the early 20th century and their parliamentary representatives (factions) in the State Duma over this period. Carrying out this research, the author used methods of structural-functional analysis, historical-comparative and problem-chronological method, as well as the principle of scientific objectivity. The author carefully examined the enormous work done by researchers on archival materials and sources related to the history of political life in Russia in the early 20th century, its institutions and representatives. At the same time, the research goes beyond consideration of the accumulated experience and views of Russian scientists (A.Ya. Avrekh, D.V. Aronov, A.N. Egorov, V.V. Shelokhayev and others) on the subject matter stated in the title of the article, but also presents the relevant opinions of international historians (L. Edmondson, W.G. Rosenberg, D. Wartenweiler, R. Williams, J. Hosking, M. Stockdale). One of the research results is the analysis of works on the history of the People's Freedom Party (Cadets) as one of the largest liberal parties in Russian politics during the studied period. The author claims that at present moment it seems viable to look at the main aspects of the history of the liberal movement (parties) in Russia in the early 20th century and their parliamentary representatives both for general understanding of the work done by domestic and international historians in this area, and for understanding the specifics of its transformational change regarding the temporary development factor.
Cyber media research in its relation to diversity is part of mass communication study particularly cyber media journalism which emerges fast nowadays. In the framework of political democracy in Indonesia, coverage and news coverage on diversity issues depend on the characteristics of the cyber media. Therefore, it is possible that the information being received can differ from one to another cyber media. Since cyber media have speed of information dissemination, they should be able to disseminate messages in accordance with the essential and importance of diversity. This does not disregard definitely that information from cyber media become reference for public to behave and take actions. This study aims to describing the meaning of cyber news coverage, describing cyber news coverage from the aspect of newsworthiness, reviewing the use of news coverage information, and analyzing various news coverage topics in cyber media. As the result, this study found the number of words related to cyber media attention to diversity issues, cyber news coverage that puts forward verification and newsorthiness, and different news coverage topics of diversity issues in each cyber media. ; Cyber media research in its relation to diversity is part of mass communication study particularly cyber media journalism which emerges fast nowadays. In the framework of political democracy in Indonesia, coverage and news coverage on diversity issues depend on the characteristics of the cyber media. Therefore, it is possible that the information being received can differ from one to another cyber media. Since cyber media have speed of information dissemination, they should be able to disseminate messages in accordance with the essential and importance of diversity. This does not disregard definitely that information from cyber media become reference for public to behave and take actions. This study aims to describing the meaning of cyber news coverage, describing cyber news coverage from the aspect of newsworthiness, reviewing the use of news coverage information, and analyzing various news coverage topics in cyber media. As the result, this study found the number of words related to cyber media attention to diversity issues, cyber news coverage that puts forward verification and newsorthiness, and different news coverage topics of diversity issues in each cyber media.
The article deals with the formation of the dictatorship of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez between 1931 and 1935 and its constitutional consecration in 1939, to which the title refers. For this, he describes the impact that the Great Depression had on the Salvadoran economy, as well as the repercussions of the generalized crisis that the country experienced and that manifested itself in the reorganization of the State, the mobilization of rebel groups and, more importantly, the shift towards the dictatorship as a political regime. It is, suggested that the opposition between democracy and authoritarianism has summarized the political problems of the constitutional evolution of the 20th century in El Salvador. From a historical perspective, it argues that the tension between these two poles created, on the one hand, constitutional formality and, on the other, the reality of disrespect for the rights of citizenship. Throughout the century, the relationship between the struggles for democracy, the validity of authoritarianism and constitutional production was decisive in three periods: 1939–1944, 1950 1962 y 1983–1992. The first period was of the splendor of the dictatorship; the second corresponded to the authoritarian validity. In the latter, in the middle of the war, when the foundation of democracy, was configured. This approach is part of the broader research project on the "Salvadoran constitutional evolution in the 20th century", within the framework of the research agenda of the Evangelical University of El Salvador, with a view to the celebration of the Bicentennial of Independence, 1821-2021. ; El artículo aborda la formación de la dictadura del general Maximiliano Hernández Martínez entre 1931 y 1935 y su consagración constitucional en 1939 a la que se refiere el título. Para ello describe el impacto que tuvo la Gran depresión en la economía salvadoreña, así como las repercusiones de la crisis generalizada que experimentó el país y que se manifestó en la reorganización del Estado, la movilización de grupos rebeldes y, más importante, el giro hacia la dictadura como régimen político. Se sugiere que la oposición entre la democracia y el autoritarismo ha resumido la problemática política de la evolución constitucional del siglo XX en El Salvador. Desde un enfoque histórico plantea que la tensión entre esos dos polos creó, de un lado, la formalidad constitucional y, de otro, la realidad de irrespeto a los derechos de la ciudadanía. A lo largo del siglo, la relación entre las luchas por la democracia, la vigencia del autoritarismo y la producción constitucional fueron decisivas en tres periodos: 1939–1944; 1950–1962; 1983–1992. El primer periodo fue del esplendor de la dictadura; el segundo, correspondió a la vigencia autoritaria. En el último, en medio de la guerra, se configuró la fundación de la democracia. Este planteamiento está inscrito en el proyecto más amplio de investigación sobre la «Evolución constitucional salvadoreña en el siglo XX», en el marco de la agenda de investigación de la Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador (UEES), de cara a la celebración del Bicentenario de la Independencia, 1821-2021.
Historians have discussed and debated the many reasons for the Colombian Catholic church'sdecline. National trends such as the growing secularization of society, emergence of Protestantism, and the decline of the Conservative Party have all been cited as contributing to the weakening of the Catholic Church's importance. This article examines the evolution of theCatholic Church in the department of Cauca during the twentieth century. It focuses specifically on the changes in the relationship between the Catholic Church and indigenous people.
Historians have discussed and debated the many reasons for the Colombian Catholic church'sdecline. National trends such as the growing secularization of society, emergence of Protestantism, and the decline of the Conservative Party have all been cited as contributing to the weakening of the Catholic Church's importance. This article examines the evolution of theCatholic Church in the department of Cauca during the twentieth century. It focuses specifically on the changes in the relationship between the Catholic Church and indigenous people.
In the present article, first of all, some of the most frequent objections against the programs of affirmative action are analysed, followed by an examination of the reasons stated by those who plead for them. Finally, are presented the criteria which have to be fulfilled within their implementation in order to meet the requirements of the diverse dimensions of justice. The theoretical framework which comes up meets, on the one hand, the criteria of a normative theory of justice, and, on the other hand, the update of a republican tradition which understands the political association as a community of free and equal citizens.
Este artículo es una introducción a la biografía intelectual de Raymond Aron como intérprete del siglo XX; refiere a algunas de sus influyentes producciones científicas e intervenciones en política y periodismo; y presenta el contenido de este dossier centrado en la obra de este notable sociólogo francés, infrecuentemente enseñado en las universidades y cuyo legado ha sido escasamente valorizado en investigaciones en ciencias sociales en Argentina. ; This article is an introduction to the intellectual biography of Raymond Aron as an interpreter of 20th century. It refers to some of his influential scientific productions and interventions in politics and journalism. It presents the contents of this dossier focused on the work of this remarkable French sociologist, infrequently taught at universities and whose legacy has been poorly valued at research in social sciences in the Argentina. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
El autor de este texto afrma que el concepto de diversidad cultural "es un derecho emergente que pide ser reconocido jurídica, política y socialmente". ; The author of this text affirms that the concept of cultural diversity "is an emerging right that demands to be recognized legally, politically and socially".
Abstract. The Waorani of eastern Ecuador were known for their isolation. A groupof only about 500 people, speaking a language unrelated to any other, they were famousfor having maintained a hostile relationship with all surrounding societies. In effect, untilthe 1958 pacification of the first of their four mutually belligerent territorial groups, allWaorani were at war with the rest of the world. Nevertheless, their culture containedelements that they themselves identified as having come from other peoples. Some ofthese elements were remnants of previous inhabitants of their territory between the Napoand Curaray rivers: Unable to make stone axes themselves, they made gardens with axheads they found in the forest. Some were asserted to be transfers that came with captivegirls abducted from nearby lowland Quichua settlements. One informant suggested thatmanioc mashers were introduced to the Waorani by this route. Others were adopted fromsurreptitious observations of neighboring non-Waorani. After contact, Dayuma,American missionary Rachel Saint's protégé, encouraged intermarriage with lowlandQuichua among her converts, a practice still somewhat contested by those who want tomaintain ethnic and political boundaries. Such incorporation of practices and peoples bythe Waorani continues today as they redefine what being Waorani means in a globalizedworld.Diversidad constitutiva entre los Waorani del Oriente EcuatorianoResumen. Los Waorani del oriente ecuatoriano fueron reconocidos por suaislamiento. Un grupo de solo 500 personas, que hablaban idiomas diferentes. Erafamoso por mantener relaciones hostiles con las sociedades circundantes. En efecto, en1958 se produjo la pacificación del primero de los cuatro grupos territoriales,mutuamente beligerantes. Todos los Waorani estaban en guerra con el resto del mundo.A pesar de lo anterior, su cultura contiene elementos que ellos mismos identifican comoprovenientes de otros pueblos. Algunos de estos elementos son remanentes de lospobladores que les precedieron en el territorio entre los ríos Napo y Curaray. Incapacesde fabricar hachas de piedra por sí mismos, pero sí preparaban sus tierras de cultivo conlas cabezas de hachas que encontraban en la selva. Algunos aseguraban que erantransferencias logradas a través de niñas cautivas secuestradas en las inmediaciones delas tierras bajas de los asentamientos quichua. Un informante sugirió que los pilonespara machacar la yuca fueron introducidos a los Waorani por esta vía y que algunos seadoptaron a partir de observaciones subrepticias de vecinos no Waorani. Después delcontacto, Dayuma, protegido de la misionera estadounidense Raquel Saint, alentó losmatrimonios mixtos entre sus conversos de las tierras bajas quichua; práctica todavíacriticada por aquellos que quieren mantener los límites étnicos y políticos en el grupo.Tal incorporación de prácticas y pueblos por los Waorani continúa hoy en día, ya queello redefine lo que significa ser Waorani en un mundo globalizado.
