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Los historiadores económicos Robert Fogel de la Universidad de Chicago y Douglas North de la Universidad de Washington (Saint louis) acaban de recibir el premio Nobel de Economía de 1993. Este merecimiento se les otorga debido a sus trabajos de historia económica, y al enfoque particularmente multidisciplínario, y esto es más cierto para North que para Fogel, que le han imprimido a esos trabajos, enriqueciendo la historia económica con elementos de la sociología, la política, la cultura y la ideología. Por fin, los académicos suecos rompen su tendencia de otorgar el nobel de economía a los economistas de sofisticados modelos econométricos, que se acercan más a una economía de ciencia ficción que a la economía real que todos padecemos, y que está muy lejos de ser la imagen, así sea distante, de estos complicados y limpios modelos./ Abstract. Economic historians Robert Fogel of the University of Chicago and Douglas North of Washington University (Saint Louis) just received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1993. This merit are given their jobs because of economic history, and particularly multi-disciplinary approach, and this is more true than for Fogel North, which have been printed in such work, enriching economic history with elements of sociology, politics , culture and ideology. Finally, Swedish scholars break their tendency to award the Nobel economists economy sophisticated econometric models, which are closer to an economy of science fiction than the real economy are all suffering, and that is very far from the image, and is distant, and clean these complicated models

. It was in Baffin Island that Pat Baird first set foot in Canada. He was to return there many times, for he came to love the Arctic, its mountains, snow and ice. . Pat Baird became a well-known public figure in 1945-46, when he participated in the celebrated "Lemming" and "Muskox" military exercises in the Canadian northwest. Because of his experience, he led the main party in Exercise Muskox, an unprecedented automotive journey of 3400 miles around the Canadian Arctic, starting in Churchill and going to Victoria Island, then as far as Coppermine and back to the Peace River country. He did this successfully and well, and did not suffer any accidents or lose any men on his party. Col. Baird's decade of arctic and military experience led to his appointment as chief of the Arctic Section of the Canadian Defence Research Board. A year later, in 1947, he was made Director of the Montreal (head) Office of The Arctic Institute of North America, a post he held until his return to Scotland in 1954. During that time he planned and led two major expeditions to Baffin Island - to the Barnes Icecap region in 1950 and to the Pangnirtung Pass area and the Penny Highland in 1953. On these expeditions, glaciological investigations were undertaken for the first time in Canada's Arctic, and Pat became an authority on mountain glacier research and arctic mountaineering. . On his return to Canada in 1959 Pat Baird was appointed Director of the Gault Estate of McGill University . and Supervisor of Northern Field Studies in the Department of Geography [Schefferville Subarctic Research Station. After his retirement in 1969, Pat Baird continued to travel] . on several subsequent climbing trips to his beloved Baffin Island, where Baird Peninsula is named after him. .

This groundbreaking series brings together a critical selection of key papers by the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics that have helped shape the development and present state of economics. The editors have organized this comprehensive series by theme and each volume focuses on those Laureates working in the same broad area of study. The careful selection of papers within each volume is set in context by an insightful introduction to the Laureates' careers and main published works. This landmark series will be an essential reference for scholars throughout the world

Le douglas est une espèce forestière originaire de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord, particulièrement appréciée et valorisée pour la qualité de son bois, sa vigueur et sa résistance aux maladies et insectes. Après le pin maritime, c'est l'essence résineuse la plus utilisée dans les reboisements français.Dès le début des années 1960, l'INRA s'est engagé dans un programme d'amélioration génétique du douglas pour, d'une part, créer des variétés adaptées aux reboisements dans les stations forestières productives de basse et moyenne altitude et, d'autre part, mettre en place des vergers à graines pour assurer la production de semences.Ces travaux de recherche ont contribué à générer plusieurs impacts sociétaux : - Economique : plus de 100 000 ha de reboisement ont été réalisés à partir des graines améliorées issues des travaux de l'INRA, ce qui a engendré un supplément de revenu pour le massif français de douglas. - Politique : depuis 2011, la France n'est plus tributaire d'importation pour satisfaire ses besoins en graines de douglas et est même exportatrice en Europe. - Environnemental : Le douglas tend à se substituer à l'épicéa commun qui souffre de dépérissement dans le contexte du changement climatique. Avec un impact minime sur les sols comparativement à d'autres résineux, le douglas est l'espèce forestière métropolitaine la plus performante pour la séquestration du carbone. - Sociaux : le douglas contribue à la compétitivité et la dynamique de la filière forêt-bois dans de nombreuses régions de France. Toutefois, dans certaines régions, la présence de plantations de Douglas suscite des controverses chez les riverains.Cette étude a été conduite selon la méthode Asirpa ex-post. ; Douglas fir is a forest species native to western North America, particularly appreciated and valued for the quality of its wood, its vigor and its resistance to diseases and insects. After maritime pine, it is the resinous species most used in French reforestation.From the beginning of the 1960s, INRA started a genetic improvement ...