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Intro -- Cooperation with Drug Transit Countries of Illegal Drugs -- Contents -- Preface -- International Drug Control Policy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- U.S. National Drug Control Strategy -- U.S. Bilateral and Regional Counterdrug Initiatives -- Alternative Policy Approaches -- Policy Issues and Considerations -- References -- Mexico's Drug Cartels -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drug Trafficking -- Drug Cartels -- Enforcer Gangs -- Police Corruption -- Turf Wars -- Mexican Government Response -- U.S. Counternarcotics Assistance to Mexico -- Policy Approaches and Debates -- References -- Merida Initiative: Proposed U.S. Anticrime and Counterdrug Assistance for Mexico and Central America -- Abstract -- Background -- Mexico Program Components [2] -- Central America Program Components -- Legislation -- References -- Drug Control: U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts, but the Flow of Illicit Drugs into the United States Remains High -- What GAO Found -- Why GAO Did this Study -- What GAO Recommends -- Summary -- Background -- Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking by Mexican Drug Organizations Have Continued Virtually Unabated -- U.S. Assistance Helped Mexico Improve Its Counternarcotics Efforts, but Coordination Can Be Improved -- USAID, DEA, INL, and Other U.S. Agencies Support Mexico's Rule-of-Law Efforts -- Conclusions -- Appendix I: Estimated Amounts of Illicit Drugs Transiting or Produced in Mexico and Seized, Calendar Years 2000-2006 -- References -- Drug Control: U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts, but Tons of Illicit Drugs Continue to Flow into the United States -- What GAO Found -- Why GAO Did this Study -- What GAO Recommends -- Results in Brief -- Background -- Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking by Mexican Drug Organizations Has Continued Virtually Unabated -- Corruption Persists.

Cover; International Drug Control; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Figures and maps; Tables and boxes; Preface and acknowledgements; Abbreviations; 1: Introduction; The global drug prohibition regime; On the right path? Differential metrics of success; Approaches and key themes; Plan of the book; 2: Soft defection and the domestic normalization of harm reduction; The mechanics of soft defection: harm reduction via glitches in the system; The domestic normalization of harm reduction; Opioid substitution therapy -- from law enforcement to public health.

6 The Case for Dynamic Interpretation of the International Drug Control Conventions7 Moving the 'thumb on the scales' -- Towards a Dynamic Human Rights-based Interpretation of International Drug Control Law; 8 The Future for a 'Fifth Stage' of Drug Control; Bibliography; Index

This book provides for an extensive legal analysis of the international drug control system in light of the growing challenges and criticism that this system faces. In the current debate on global drug policy, the central pillars of the international drug control system – the UN Drug Conventions as well as its institutions – are portrayed as outdated, suppressive and seen as an obstacle to necessary changes. The book's objective is to provide an in-depth and positivist insight into drug control's present legal framework and thus provide for a better understanding of the normative assumptions upon which drug control is currently based. This is attained by clarifying the objectives of the international drug control system and the premises by which these objectives are to be achieved. The objective ofthe currentglobal framework of international drug control is the limitation of drugs to medical and scientific purposes. The meaning of this objective and its concrete implications for States' parties as well asits problems from the perspective of other regimes of international law, most notably international human rights law, are extensively analysed. Additionally, the book focuses on how the international drug control system attempts to reach the objective of confining drugs to medical and scientific purposes, i.e. by setting up a universal system that exercises a rigid control on drug supply. The consequences of this heavy focus on the reduction of drug supply are outlined, and the book concludes by making suggestions on how the international drug control system could be reformed in the near future in order to better meet the existing challenges.The analysis occurs from a general international law perspective. It aims to map the international drug control system within a wider context of international law and to understand whether the problemsthat the international drug control system faces are exemplary for the difficulties that institutionalized systems of global scope face in the twenty-first century.

Introduction -- The sources and actors of the international drug control system -- The emergence of the international drug control system -- The objective of the international drug control system : limitation of drugs to medical and scientific purposes -- The material scope of the international drug control system -- Challenges to the implementation of the international drug control system -- Concluding remarks and outlook

Intro -- INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL AND TRAFFICKING ISSUES -- INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL AND TRAFFICKING ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- U.S. Policy Context -- International Policy Context -- U.S. NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY -- Funding -- Agency Roles -- INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL TOOLBOX -- Multilateral Cooperation -- Foreign Assistance Sanctions -- The FY2010 "Drug Majors" -- Drug Certification Procedures -- Methamphetamine Precursor Chemicals -- Other Drug-Related Foreign Aid Certification Requirements -- Crop Eradication -- Alternative Development -- Interdiction -- Anti-money Laundering Efforts -- Extradition -- Institutional Capacity Building -- MILITARY ROLE IN COUNTERDRUG TRAINING AND EQUIPPING92 -- SELECTED LEGISLATIVE ISSUES FOR THE 111TH CONGRESS -- Counternarcotics Aid to U.S. Transit Zone Countries: Mérida Initiative and Beyond -- Beyond Mérida: The Four Pillar Strategy -- The Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI) and the Central American Regional Security Initiative (CARSI) -- Plan Colombia, the Andean Counterdrug Program, and the Future of Counternarcotics Aid to South America -- Afghanistan Counterdrug Programs -- West Africa -- ALTERNATIVE POLICY APPROACHES -- Rebalance Current Drug Policy Tools -- Emphasize "Hard-Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize "Soft-Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize Drug Demand Reduction -- Reevaluate Prohibitionist Drug Regime -- Legalize Illegal Drugs -- Decriminalize Illegal Drugs -- Allow Government-Supervised Drug Use for Addicts -- APPENDIX. CRS REPORTS ON INTERNATIONAL DRUG POLICY -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING AND U.S. COUNTERDRUG PROGRAMS -- SUMMARY -- AN OVERVIEW OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN1

The 2016 UNGASS on drug policy resulted in an Outcome Document detailing profound differences of opinion and practice between different states polarising public health and human rights themes. This book examines the different positions, the underlying problems, and the options open for the next international gathering on drugs

"Popular 'war on drugs' rhetoric postulates drug use in the West as the product of the drug production and trafficking roles of non-western societies and non-western peoples within and outside the West. In such rhetoric, African societies and people of African descent in Africa and in Diaspora have received criticisms for their respective roles in drug production and drug trafficking, including the position of many African countries as transit routes for drugs exported to the West. By contrast, the abuse of drugs by populations of African origin around the globe and the harmful consequences of the drug trade and drug abuse on these populations has been little studied. Drawing on contributions from seven countries in Africa; two countries in Europe; and seven countries in the Americas, this volume examines the relationships between drug use, drug trafficking, drug controls and the black population of a given society. Each chapter examines the nature and pattern of drug use or abuse; the effects of drug use or abuse (illegal or/and legal) on other areas such as health and crime; the nature, pattern, and perpetration of trafficking and sale of illegal or/and legal drugs; and past and current policies and control of illegal and /or legal drugs. It will be essential reading for all students, academics and policy-makers working in the area of drug control."--Publisher's description