Suchergebnisse

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest European countries – both in terms of area and population. As in the case of the so-called European micro-states (with less than 500,000 inhabitants – Luxembourg alone has slightly more), it is characterized by a high economic level, especially the living standards of its inhabitants.
As the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's statistical data show (official OECD website), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the wealthiest Member State of the European Union in terms of average annual income per capita (gross domestic product per capita). Due to this fact, foreigners-immigrants continuously come to this country by seeking better living conditions there. It was, therefore, reasonable to explore how this high proportion of immigrants in Luxembourg's society influences the public security of that country. Luxembourg has one of the highest economic immigration rates in Europe, the number of its citizens is continually growing, and yet the crime rates are among the lowest in the world.
The article aims to explore the impact of the presence of many immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on public security of that country. The article focuses on the main threat to public safety, i.e., crime – in the analysed case: the crime committed by foreigners-immigrants.
The main research problem took the form of the question: To what extent does the presence of a significant number of immigrants affect the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg? The main hypothesis took the form of the assumption that the presence of large numbers of immigrants does not have a significant adverse effect on the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The adopted research method was the analysis of statistical data using the technique of content analysis (desk research). World Bank statistics were used as the primary source of information, while articles from scientific journals and reports from Luxembourg public administration bodies as supplementary sources.
To deepen the exploration and understanding of the migration conditions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the article presents its history as well as economic and social characteristics.
The research was carried out as part of the Research Project No. 146/WNB/65/DzS called: "The Migration Policy of the Republic of Poland as an Indicator of Its Internal Security", carried out at Faculty of Security Studies of General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Wrocław, Poland).

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest European countries – both in terms of area and population. As in the case of the so-called European micro-states (with less than 500,000 inhabitants – Luxembourg alone has slightly more), it is characterized by a high economic level, especially the living standards of its inhabitants. As the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's statistical data show (official OECD website), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the wealthiest Member State of the European Union in terms of average annual income per capita (gross domestic product per capita). Due to this fact, foreigners-immigrants continuously come to this country by seeking better living conditions there. It was, therefore, reasonable to explore how this high proportion of immigrants in Luxembourg's society influences the public security of that country. Luxembourg has one of the highest economic immigration rates in Europe, the number of its citizens is continually growing, and yet the crime rates are among the lowest in the world. The article aims to explore the impact of the presence of many immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on public security of that country. The article focuses on the main threat to public safety, i.e., crime – in the analysed case: the crime committed by foreigners-immigrants. The main research problem took the form of the question: To what extent does the presence of a significant number of immigrants affect the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg? The main hypothesis took the form of the assumption that the presence of large numbers of immigrants does not have a significant adverse effect on the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The adopted research method was the analysis of statistical data using the technique of content analysis (desk research). World Bank statistics were used as the primary source of information, while articles from scientific journals and reports from Luxembourg public administration bodies as supplementary sources. To deepen the exploration and understanding of the migration conditions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the article presents its history as well as economic and social characteristics. The research was carried out as part of the Research Project No. 146/WNB/65/DzS called: "The Migration Policy of the Republic of Poland as an Indicator of Its Internal Security", carried out at Faculty of Security Studies of General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Wrocław, Poland).

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest European countries – both in terms of area and population. As in the case of the so-called European micro-states (with less than 500,000 inhabitants – Luxembourg alone has slightly more), it is characterized by a high economic level, especially the living standards of its inhabitants. As the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's statistical data show (official OECD website), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the wealthiest Member State of the European Union in terms of average annual income per capita (gross domestic product per capita). Due to this fact, foreigners-immigrants continuously come to this country by seeking better living conditions there. It was, therefore, reasonable to explore how this high proportion of immigrants in Luxembourg's society influences the public security of that country. Luxembourg has one of the highest economic immigration rates in Europe, the number of its citizens is continually growing, and yet the crime rates are among the lowest in the world. The article aims to explore the impact of the presence of many immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on public security of that country. The article focuses on the main threat to public safety, i.e., crime – in the analysed case: the crime committed by foreigners-immigrants. The main research problem took the form of the question: To what extent does the presence of a significant number of immigrants affect the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg? The main hypothesis took the form of the assumption that the presence of large numbers of immigrants does not have a significant adverse effect on the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The adopted research method was the analysis of statistical data using the technique of content analysis (desk research). World Bank statistics were used as the primary source of information, while articles from scientific journals and reports from Luxembourg public administration bodies as supplementary sources. To deepen the exploration and understanding of the migration conditions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the article presents its history as well as economic and social characteristics. The research was carried out as part of the Research Project No. 146/WNB/65/DzS called: "The Migration Policy of the Republic of Poland as an Indicator of Its Internal Security", carried out at Faculty of Security Studies of General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Wrocław, Poland).

279Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — EC Treaty, 1957 — Supremacy of EC law over conflicting provisions of national law — Whether EC law taking precedence even over national constitutional provisionsTreaties — Successive treaty obligations — Existing treaty obligations — EC Treaty, Article 234 — Whether authorizing Member States to exercise rights in intra-Community relations under treaties concluded prior to the EC Treaty which conflict with Community obligations — European Convention on Establishment, 1955, Article 13 — Whether capable of constituting derogation from Article 48(4) of EC TreatyTreaties — Derogations — Existing treaty obligations — EC Treaty, Article 233 — Scope of derogation permitted to members of Benelux Union from EC treaty rules — Benelux Treaty, 1958, Article 61 — Whether limiting scope of application of Article 48 of EC Treaty — Protocol to EC Treaty on Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Article 2 — Scope of right of Grand Duchy to have its special demographic situation taken into accountAliens — Freedom of movement of workers — EC rules — Scope of derogations — Employment in public service — Nationality requirement — Permissibility — EC Treaty, Article 48(4) — Scope of exceptionInternational tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Jurisdiction — Actions against Member States for failure to fulfil treaty obligations — EC Treaty, 1957, Articles 169–71 — Finding of breach by Court of Justice of the European Communities — Whether Court empowered to grant period of grace for compliance with its judgments — The law of the European Community

By refering to the examples of different cultural traditions, Arūnas Sverdiolas in his study Constitution and Preservation described the mechanisms that are involved in the creation of culture – constitution and preservation. The goal of this article is to show how these mechanisms operated in the reality of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article analyzes the roles that the Lithuanian political society gave to legislation, upbringing, historical narratives, heroic and occasional poetry while constituting and preserving itself.

The purpose of the research consists in, primarily, studying the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw during 1807 – 1815; outlining the directions of a military education; conducting a historical and pedagogical analysis of the military educationprocess aimed at forming a soldier-citizen's patriotism. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, an authorial objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, an anthropological approach, as well as special historical methods (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian historical science the forms and content of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 (in Polish – Księstwo Warszawskie) have been analyzed; the directions of a military education have been determined; the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 have been specified. The Conclusions. The system of education in a civil and military schooling during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw was entirely national. In general, as a result of educational work based on the best traditions of T. Kosciuszko uprising and the functioning of the legions, the armed forces became a school of patriotism, which made it possible to understand that the Duchy of Warsaw provided freedom of the personality and the opportunity to pursue a military career as a citizen-soldier. The educational activities focused on the awakening of a sincere patriotism and a national consciousness in young people, the formation of love of the native language, history, Polish customs and traditions, and national affiliation. The study of historical and educational aspects of a military education provides an opportunity to state that the army of the Duchy of Warsaw, according to the personnel and organizational concept, was a national army that adhered to the democratic direction of education, which formed military, national and social virtues, which in its turn created a positive image of the army of the Duchy of Warsaw in the society. Internal relations in the Polish army were based on respect for historical victories in the past, which in turn determined the process of a military education aimed at forming a soldier–citizen–statesman, deeply patriotic, nationally conscious and loyal to his country. It is important that during this period two directions of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw were singled out at the same time: the first direction promoted the ideas of an absolute discipline, complete obedience and order; the second direction of a military education advocated the continuation of the soldierseducation in the traditions of T. Kosciuszko and legionnaires

The purpose of the research consists in, primarily, studying the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw during 1807 – 1815; outlining the directions of a military education; conducting a historical and pedagogical analysis of the military educationprocess aimed at forming a soldier-citizen's patriotism. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, an authorial objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, an anthropological approach, as well as special historical methods (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian historical science the forms and content of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 (in Polish – Księstwo Warszawskie) have been analyzed; the directions of a military education have been determined; the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 have been specified. The Conclusions. The system of education in a civil and military schooling during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw was entirely national. In general, as a result of educational work based on the best traditions of T. Kosciuszko uprising and the functioning of the legions, the armed forces became a school of patriotism, which made it possible to understand that the Duchy of Warsaw provided freedom of the personality and the opportunity to pursue a military career as a citizen-soldier. The educational activities focused on the awakening of a sincere patriotism and a national consciousness in young people, the formation of love of the native language, history, Polish customs and traditions, and national affiliation. The study of historical and educational aspects of a military education provides an opportunity to state that the army of the Duchy of Warsaw, according to the personnel and organizational concept, was a national army that adhered to the democratic direction of education, which formed military, national and social virtues, which in its turn created a positive image of the army of the Duchy of Warsaw in the society. Internal relations in the Polish army were based on respect for historical victories in the past, which in turn determined the process of a military education aimed at forming a soldier–citizen–statesman, deeply patriotic, nationally conscious and loyal to his country. It is important that during this period two directions of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw were singled out at the same time: the first direction promoted the ideas of an absolute discipline, complete obedience and order; the second direction of a military education advocated the continuation of the soldierseducation in the traditions of T. Kosciuszko and legionnaires

The purpose of the research consists in, primarily, studying the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw during 1807 – 1815; outlining the directions of a military education; conducting a historical and pedagogical analysis of the military educationprocess aimed at forming a soldier-citizen's patriotism. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, an authorial objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, an anthropological approach, as well as special historical methods (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian historical science the forms and content of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 (in Polish – Księstwo Warszawskie) have been analyzed; the directions of a military education have been determined; the historical and educational aspects of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807 – 1815 have been specified. The Conclusions. The system of education in a civil and military schooling during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw was entirely national. In general, as a result of educational work based on the best traditions of T. Kosciuszko uprising and the functioning of the legions, the armed forces became a school of patriotism, which made it possible to understand that the Duchy of Warsaw provided freedom of the personality and the opportunity to pursue a military career as a citizen-soldier. The educational activities focused on the awakening of a sincere patriotism and a national consciousness in young people, the formation of love of the native language, history, Polish customs and traditions, and national affiliation. The study of historical and educational aspects of a military education provides an opportunity to state that the army of the Duchy of Warsaw, according to the personnel and organizational concept, was a national army that adhered to the democratic direction of education, which formed military, national and social virtues, which in its turn created a positive image of the army of the Duchy of Warsaw in the society. Internal relations in the Polish army were based on respect for historical victories in the past, which in turn determined the process of a military education aimed at forming a soldier–citizen–statesman, deeply patriotic, nationally conscious and loyal to his country. It is important that during this period two directions of a military education in the Duchy of Warsaw were singled out at the same time: the first direction promoted the ideas of an absolute discipline, complete obedience and order; the second direction of a military education advocated the continuation of the soldierseducation in the traditions of T. Kosciuszko and legionnaires

The study builds on a representative sample of more than 2,500 court cases against vagrants in the Duchy of Brabant between 1767 and 1776. Individual evidence on social background and whereabouts has been quantitatively processed to provide qualitative insight into the "why" and "how" of their movements. Transcending the judicial framework and historical and historiographical biases, these "vagrants" are shown to have displayed various patterns of mobility that fit intelligibly within the wider framework of migration history and theory. By exposing the varied scope of the concept of "vagrancy" in meaning and policy practice, the article argues against its continued ubiquitous (and often dismissive) use in historiography as if it refers meaningfully to a distinct marginal social category, which not only often reiterates the biases of a distorted elite view, but also obstructs a more unified and insightful understanding of patterns of migration in history.

Klappentext: "The Duchy of Warsaw, 1807-1815 is the first academic history of the state established by Napoleon in pre-partitioned Poland at the turn of the 19th century. The book examines the political, social and cultural dynamics of the Duchy and considers its role in Napoleon's wider empire and the politics he engaged in across the European continent during the period. Czubaty explores the history of the Duchy to reveal how political and social ideas, systems and mechanisms from France, Italy and Germany began permeating Central Eastern Europe at this time and goes on to consider how this impacted on the changing political mentalities of the Polish people"--