Suchergebnisse

The historiography selected 1135 as the year of foundation of the Notre-Dame de Chaage abbey, located in a town of Meaux. The article proposes a revision of this date and recontextualises the 1135 Act in the canal reform movement linked to the order of Saint Victor. The existence of a religious community prior to 1135 is evidenced by a Breton text from the beginning of the nineteenth century reporting on the journey of Saint Mélor's ties and by a few local documents. The 1135 Act refers to the installation of regular sonoins in the abbey and its entry into the order of Saint-Victor. This reform policy was then orchestrated by the Bishop Manassès II of Cornillon, whose family has special affinities with the Victorin order. ; L'historiographie a retenu 1135 comme année de fondation de l'abbaye Notre-Dame de Chaage, située dans un faubourg de Meaux. L'article propose une révision de cette datation et recontextualise l'acte de 1135 dans la mouvement de réforme canonial lié à l'ordre de Saint-Victor. L'existence d'une communauté religieuse antérieure à 1135 est avérée par un texte breton du début du XIe siècle relatant le périple des reliques de saint Mélor et par quelques documents locaux. L'acte de 1135 fait quant à lui référence à l'installation de chanoines réguliers dans l'abbaye et à son entrée dans l'ordre de Saint-Victor. Cette politique de réforme est alors orchestrée par l'évêque Manassès II de Cornillon dont la famille a des affinités particulières avec l'ordre victorin.

Summary: Personal identification has forced individuals to have multiple passwords, tokens and personal identification numbers or documents, which have proved not to be the most suitable for online activities. Biometric technologies have offered efficient forms of identification and validation, but have also proved to be unsafe in the face of possible transgressions or misuse by controllers. While there is legislation to regulate this information, it is still limited. With the new European General Data Protection Regulation, the protection of biometric data is expected to be extended to all countries, so that current security, privacy and human rights risks and challenges are mitigated. ; Resumen: La identificación personal ha obligado a los individuos a tener múltiples contraseñas, tokens y números o documentos personales de identificación, que han resultado no ser lo más adecuado para actividades en línea. Las tecnologías biométricas han ofrecido formas de identificación y validación eficientes, pero también han resultado ser inseguras ante posibles trasgresiones o mal uso que pudieran realizar los controladores. Si bien existe legislación para reglamentar esta información, resulta todavía limitada. Con el nuevo Reglamento General de Protección de Datos europeo, se espera que se extienda la protección de los datos biométricos a todos los países, para que los riesgos y retos actuales sobre seguridad, privacidad y derechos humanos sean atenuados.

Summary This article describes how cholera and yellow fever affected public health in the state of Colima, where its proliferation was associated with certain hygienic conditions. In the case of cholera, it was the epidemic in 1885 that gained the highest presence in the press of colimense. For its part, yellow fever began to play a leading role since 1884 and was described as the 'funesta epidemic'. The explanation of the origin and contagion of these diseases was based on myasmatic theory and was disseminated by the press and municipal and state documents. In conclusion, the way in which epidemics were understood by politicians and doctors at the time favoured the implementation of specific hygiene measures. ; Resumen En este artículo se describe cómo el cólera y la fiebre amarilla afectaron a la salud pública en el estado de Colima, donde su proliferación se asoció a ciertas condiciones higiénicas. En el caso del cólera, fue la epidemia de 1885 la que adquirió mayor presencia en la prensa colimense. Por su parte, la fiebre amarilla, comenzó a tener protagonismo a partir de 1884, siendo calificada como la "funesta epidemia". La explicación sobre el origen y contagio de estas enfermedades se basó en la teoría miasmática, y fue difundida por la prensa y en documentos municipales y estatales. En conclusión, la manera en cómo fueron comprendidas las epidemias por los políticos y médicos de la época, favoreció la implementación de medidas higiénicas específicas.

At the beginning of this year, on 9 March 2015, Barack Obama declared Venezuela a 'threat to national security' and imposed sanctions against seven Venezuelan officials for alleged human rights violations in their country. The fact further strained the diplomatic relationship between the two countries, which since 2008 have no ambassadors in their respective capitals and, since the death of Hugo Chávez in 2013, his successor in power, Nicolás Maduro, has increased his rhetoric against Washington. Maduro even mentioned that these sanctions were targeting the people of Venezuela and that a US military intervention was ahead on Venezuelan territory. which did not happen. Department of International Security and Defence. Institute for International Relations ; A principios de este año, el 9 de Marzo de 2015, Barack Obama declaró que Venezuela era una "amenaza para la seguridad nacional" e impuso sanciones contra siete funcionarios venezolanos por presuntas violaciones a los derechos humanos en su país. El hecho tensó aún más la relación diplomática entre ambos países, que desde 2008 no tienen Embajadores en sus respectivas capitales y, desde la muerte de Hugo Chávez en 2013, su sucesor en el poder – Nicolás Maduro – ha incrementado su retórica contra Washington. Maduro incluso llegó a mencionar que estas sanciones atentaban contra el pueblo de Venezuela y que se avecinaba una intervención militar norteamericana en territorio venezolano…la cual no ocurrió. Departamento de Seguridad Internacional y Defensa. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

The opinions expressed in the series of GREDEG working documents are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the institution. The documents have not been submitted to a formal report and are therefore included in this series to obtain comments and encourage discussion. The rights to documents belong to the authors. The views expounded in the GREDEG Working Paper Series are set out of the tomorrow (s) and do not necessarily reflect the methodology of the institution. The Working Papers have not been formally reviewed and approved. ; Documents de travail GREDEG GREDEG Working Papers Series ; The opinions expressed in the series of GREDEG working documents are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the institution. The documents have not been submitted to a formal report and are therefore included in this series to obtain comments and encourage discussion. The rights to documents belong to the authors. The views expounded in the GREDEG Working Paper Series are set out of the tomorrow (s) and do not necessarily reflect the methodology of the institution. The Working Papers have not been formally reviewed and approved. ; Les opinions exprimées dans la série des Documents de travail GREDEG sont celles des auteurs et ne reflèlent pas nécessairement celles de l'institution. Les documents n'ont pas été soumis à un rapport formel et sont donc inclus dans cette série pour obtenir des commentaires et encourager la discussion. Les droits sur les documents appartiennent aux auteurs. The views expressed in the GREDEG Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the institution. The Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval.

Summary: This article addresses the presence of Francisco de Miranda in Cuba between 1780 and 1783, considered to be one of the most complex periods of his trajectory. An assessment was made of the key factors affecting their intellectual formation and military trajectory during the phase under discussion. The sources used correspond to documents in your personal archive and other documents saved in Cuban archives, as well as prestigious student texts of your work and thinking. As a result, we appreciate the contradictions that led to their confrontation with the then two main Hispan powers: the Crown and Acquisition. These events led to his departure from the Spanish army and formed the preamble for the formation of his first pro-independence ideas in favour of Hispanoamerica. ; Resumen: El presente artículo aborda la presencia de Francisco de Miranda en Cuba, entre 1780 y 1783, considerado uno de los periodos más complejos de su trayectoria. Se realizó una valoración de los factores fundamentales que incidieron en su formación intelectual y trayectoria militar durante la etapa abordada. Las fuentes utilizadas se corresponden con documentos de su archivo personal y otros resguardados en los archivos cubanos, así como textos de prestigiosos estudiosos de su obra y pensamiento. Como resultado se valoran las contradicciones que provocaron su enfrentamiento con los dos principales poderes hispanos de entonces: la Corona y la Inquisición. Estos hechos provocaron su salida del ejército español y conformaron el preámbulo para la formación de sus primeras ideas independentistas a favor de Hispanoamérica.

The purpose of this study is to develop a method for classifying herbivore livestock farms (dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and goats) for data from the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Built on experts and in successive stages, the proposed typology aims to identify the main technical systems of herbivore farming, with an initial constraint on the wish to use indicators and thresholds common to all fifteen Member States of the European Union. This classification method is in response to a request from the European Commission's Directorate for Agriculture to have a typology complementary to that of the technical and economic guidelines (OTEX) to assess the micro-economic impact of changes in public policy. The accompanying documents present numerous tables allowing a better understanding of the diversity of livestock holdings in the Member States of the European Union (based on FADN data from 1995). ; L'objet de cette étude est l'élaboration d'une méthode de classification des exploitations d'élevage herbivore (bovins lait, bovins viande, ovins, caprins) applicable aux données du Réseau d'information comptable agricole (RICA) européen. Construite à dire d'experts et par étapes successives, la typologie proposée vise à identifier les principaux systèmes techniques d'élevage herbivore, avec comme contrainte initiale le souhait de retenir des indicateurs et des seuils communs à l'ensemble des quinze Etats membres de l'Union européenne. Cette méthode de classification répond à une demande de la direction de l'Agriculture de la Commission européenne qui souhaite disposer d'une typologie complémentaire à celle des orientations technico-économiques (OTEX) pour évaluer l'impact micro-économique des changements de politique publique. Les documents annexes présentent de nombreux tableaux permettant de mieux appréhender la diversité des exploitations d'élevage dans les pays membres de l'Union européenne (à partir des données du RICA de 1995).

La question du statut des secrétaires dans la péninsule italienne pendant les guerres d'Italie est ici posée par le biais de celle du conseil politique dans la correspondance diplomatique et administrative de Machiavel (1498-1512). Il s'agit de mener une analyse sémantique des usages de « consiglio » par le biais de l'outil d'analyse textuelle Machiato. À partir des relevés d'occurrences, nous présentons nos résultats en trois temps : le problème du conseil face à l'inédit de la situation (omniprésence du danger et pratique chorale du conseil), l'affirmation d'un ancrage réaliste du conseil (nécessité et occasion) et enfin, la tension entre la vocation pratique et l'aspiration théorique du conseil (la règle). La questione dello statuto dei segretari nella penisola italiana durante le guerre d'Italia è posta tramite quella del consiglio politico nella corrispondenza diplomatica e amministrativa di Machiavelli (1498-1512). Si tratta di condurre un'analisi semantica degli usi di «consiglio» attraverso lo strumento di analisi testuale Machiato. A partire dalle occorrenze, presentiamo i nostri risultati in tre fasi: il problema del consiglio di fronte alla situazione inedita (onnipresenza del periculo e pratica corale del consiglio), l'affermazione di un radicamento realistico del consiglio (necessità e occasione) e infine, la tensione tra la vocazione pratica e l'aspirazione teorica del consiglio (regula). We question the status of secretaries during the Italian wars by analyzing expressions of political advice in the diplomatic and administrative correspondence of Machiavelli (1498-1512). We conduct a semantical analysis of the uses of "consiglio" with the textual analysis tool Machiato. From the records of occurrences, we present our results in three stages: the problem of advising facing an unprecedented situation (omnipresence of the danger and choral practice of the advice), the affirmation of an advice deeply rooted in realism (necessity and opportunity) and finally, the tension between the practical vocation ...

Portuguese mustars are only known by documents that do not emanate from their institutions or practices. It is legitimate and highly necessary to "divert" these documents to study their own lives, but this can only be done by measuring in advance the social practices and ideology of Christian society towards mustars, especially as they are "embedded" in Portuguese society and largely dependent on its dynamics. This article, in the form of a trial, proposes some preliminary reflections on the alterity of mustars: as members of separate legal communities, they are considered by the State and their Christian neighbours to be very ambiguous Portuguese citizens and, from 1320-40 onwards, they are increasingly perceived as foreigners. ; Les mudéjares portugais ne sont connus que par des documents qui n'émanent pas de leurs institutions ni de leurs pratiques. Il est légitime et hautement nécessaire de "détourner" ces documents pour étudier leur vie propre mais on ne peut le faire qu'en mesurant préalablement les pratiques sociales et l'idéologie de la société chrétienne envers les mudéjares, d'autant plus que ceux-ci sont "encastrés" dans la société portugaise et dépendent largement de sa dynamique. Cet article, sous forme d'essai propose quelques réflexions provisoires sur l'altérité des mudéjares : en tant que membres de communautés légales séparées, ils sont considérés par l'Etat et par leurs voisins chrétiens comme des citoyens portugais très ambigus puis, à partir des années 1320-40, ils sont perçus de plus en plus comme des étrangers.

RESUMEN: This article seeks to strengthen a growing literature challenging dominant interpretations of the 'war against drugs', which assume that South America has merely been a recipient and victim of external drug policy models. Through the analysis of official documents, protocols of diplomatic conferences and media articles, the text states that since the 1970s South American governments have promoted and developed, on the basis of their own interests and initiatives, prohibitionism policies. This recontextualisation helps to understand why prohibitionism remains the main approach to drug policies today, despite its obvious failure. ; RESUMEN: El presente artículo busca fortalecer una creciente literatura que desafía las interpretaciones dominantes sobre la "guerra contra las drogas", las cuales asumen que América del Sur ha sido meramente un receptor y una víctima de modelos externos de políticas de drogas. A través del análisis de documentos oficiales, protocolos de conferencias diplomáticas y artículos mediáticos, el texto sostiene que desde los años setenta los gobiernos sudamericanos impulsaron y desarrollaron, con base en intereses e iniciativas propias, las políticas del prohibicionismo. Esta recontextualización ayuda a entender por qué el prohibicionismo sigue siendo el principal enfoque de políticas sobre drogas hoy en día, a pesar de su evidente fracaso.